#16 - sss11 · our hypothesis is that between the two areas, ... a block is constituted of semi ......

Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium

16.1SYNTACTIC STUDY OF THE OLD AND THE NEW DOUIRET VILLAGES.Study of the new homes spatial reconfiguration generating process in the new village of Douiret

#16SYNTACTIC STUDY OF THE OLD AND THE NEW DOUIRET VILLAGES.Study of the new homes spatial reconfiguration generating process in the new village of Douiret

HAJER MENAJA BESSIOUD National School of Architecture and Urbanism (ENAU), Tunis, [email protected]

SAID MAZOUZOum El Bouaghi University, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to make a comparative syntactic study on a former Tunisian troglodyte Berber village that has undergone a massive “dislodging” operation of its population of Berber culture, the former “Douiret” on one hand and, on a newly built village, “the new Douiret “, with the same dislodged population, on the other hand.

In 25 years’ time span, this population has triggered a process of distortion and reconfiguration of the resettlement areas in the new village. The latter was remodelled and reshaped by numerous and undeniable curiously different formal transformations of their original habitat in the old Douiret.

We explore in this study the generating process of these changes. The comparison aims to find a hypothetical relationship between the ancient cave dwellings and the new housing units after their modification. Our hypothesis is that between the two areas, the old and the new, and beyond their very different physical conformations, there would be a relationship governing the structural reorganization of the new homes. We seek through our comparative study to show that the spatial reconfiguration follows in fact a morphogenesis process in a topological organizational structure inspired from old ancient structures found in older homes.

With Space syntax we first of all have found that there are similar types of structures in the houses of two villages. Thus, residents have corrected and readapted their living spaces by restructuring them along the same organizational process. The space syntax tools allowed us to find that these transformations, seemingly anarchical, are actually organized according to types of a configurational order.

This study also allowed us to find a representation that we called “permeability pathways” (PPs) embodying the topological organization in each type of pattern. Comparing the “permeability paths” belonging to the same types revealed a recurrence in the configurational topology found in different physical conformations.

KEYWORDS

Spatial reconfiguration, comparative syntactic study, topological organization, permeability paths



1. INTRODUCTION

Douiret, a hundred-year-old troglodytic dwelling Berber village located in the mountainous area of southern Tunisia, juxtaposes another village, newly built in 1990, called “the new village of Douiret”. The former is in a state of ruin and abandonment whereas the latter appears anarchic and disordered.

In reality, in the context of urban renewal, entering into the process of “modernity” as seen thought and undertaken by the political leaders of Tunisia in the mid-1980s, large-scale relocation operations were applied urgently to several tissues considered as archaic, unhealthy and very “traditional” in the eyes of politicians. These operations aimed at curing all the disorders and the dysfunctions identified in these old tissues were applied without any real operational strategies of intervention.

These approaches become even more important when they investigate specific human settlements of the built heritage: such as our case study: the vernacular village of Douiret. A village long neglected and abandoned by the authorities and which, due to lack of maintenance, witnessed a long process of deterioration. These vernacular dwellings housed a homogeneous Berber community, jealous of its particular socio-cultural traditions in a country which has been “arabised” for hundreds of years and which bears marked traces of French colonization both socially and architecturally. These inhabited spaces represented much more than simple boxes for the population: they organized a whole way of life (André, L., 1975).

During these operations, this entire population was displaced, forced to leave its ancestral village the “former Douiret”, and relocated to a new village specially built for her, some 2km from the old one called ‘The new Douiret’.

In the 25 years span, the new village has changed its morphological aspect. The population has undeniably reshaped the new habitation fabric. There are extensions and transformations and a striking mutation in the forms of the initial units of the dwellings, which are obviously different from their original habitat found in the former Douiret.

Over time, this operation became an antagonism between the concepts of the developer, expressed by their programs and execution, and the practices of the relocated, expressed by the remodelling and reshaping of the buildings originally conceived. There is even a tendency to speak of a “degradation of the new village”.

Our study proposes to go beyond the visible and the hasty and subjective interpretations on a purely formal observation. We question the importance of the mental representation of the spaces and the links that the sub-spaces can have in their composition of space. Is there a hidden order in an apparent disorder?

Morphologically different, would these houses hide in their configurational organisations a link with the old vernacular dwellings of the “old Douiret”? What links can these transformations have with the spatial characteristics of old homes?

Through a comparative study of the structural organisations between the ancient troglodytic dwelling of the old village and the new habitation transformed by the inhabitant in the new village, we explore in this study the generating process of these transformations.

2. DATASETS AND METHODS

2.1. PRESENTATION OF THE CASE STUDY

Our work explores a specific human settlement, the Berber community of a mountain in the Tunisian South, with the specific social and cultural context, and the characteristics of the old village of Douiret: a troglodytic village belonging to the Tunisian cultural heritage.

Our study site is located in a mountainous area at the gates of the desert. It is composed of two villages: on one side the ancient village of Douiret, troglodytic, built by the population itself over time for hundreds of years, now in a state of ruin and abandonment located on the flank;



On the other hand, the new village at the foot of the same mountain, some 2 km from the first, built by the State through a state body in 1990 to house all the displaced community of the old village. In order to take into account the new spatial transformations and update the graphic documents, a comprehensive survey was carried out in 2015.

2.1.1. THE FORMER BERBER TROGLODYTIC VILLAGE OF DOUIRET

The singularity of the old village of Douiret lies in its location, and in the techniques and building materials used, so it seems to form part of the mountain and the surrounding environment.

The troglodytic houses of Douiret appear similarly ordered. It is a century-old vernacular architecture that reflects the material and ideal needs of its inhabitants. The dwellings are generally composed of several rooms dug horizontally in the rock (ghar), in front of the hollow ghar extends a raised and discovered terrace (doukkana) connected by stairs to a sort of patio (bahw). A stone built part in front of the rooms stands between the street and the patio, in which there are cells serving as family granaries (ghorfa), a kitchen (matbakh), sometimes a livestock barn (zriba), and chicane (skifa) mark the separation between the street and the interior of the dwelling. These walls are at the same time partitions and ramparts and are built in materials from the mountain itself (the rocks extracted from the caves). The number of ghar cells grows as the family grows. [Figure 1]

2.1.2- THE NEW VILLAGE OF DOUIRET:

In order to improve its living conditions, the population was granted social housing a few kilometres down from the old village, a new settlement called “the new village of Douiret”. The process of dislodging and reintegrating the inhabitants of the former village into the new village took place over a five-year period (1985-1990).

The initial urban development plan (1990) contains six variants of the same typical plan. The difference between the variants lies in the dimensions of the spaces and the type of roofs (flat or vaulted). The typical house is simple in shape with rudimentary spaces for a lower cost. It is 12m/9m and composed of a room of 4m / 3m juxtaposed with a kitchen of 3m / 3m overlooking a court of 6m/7m containing a toilet of 1m / 1m [Figure2]. The urban plan is composed of several

Figure 1 - Views, plan and section of the troglodytic house of the old village of Douiret.



blocks; a block is constituted of semi-detached houses in parallel strips. The strips are formed by two or more juxtaposed houses.

At the beginning and for the implementation of this work we carried out in a methodical and organized way the updating and the reconstitution of the urban development plan of the agglomeration in 2015 (Menaja Bessioud, 2015). A systematic and meticulous in-situ survey of all the dwellings (208 specimens) and the equipment (7 specimens) was carried out by the all available documents (plans, facades, photographs). All the dwellings were listed in individual sheets including: plans, facades, photographs, location and composition in terms of spaces. We then successively superimposed the new plans on a mass plan dating back to 1995 that was provided to us by the Ministry of Equipment. The work obtained is an updated development plan which contains all the dwellings of the new village as they are in 2015, carried out in an exhaustive manner. [Figure2].

According to the same principle observed in the ancient dwellings, the family structure that occupies these houses is generally extended; it is composed of the family nucleus (parents + children) with the grandparents and paternal uncles. The extension of the house allows for the newly married children (sons) to settle in private rooms while sharing common spaces (kitchen, pantry, storeroom, zriba, garage, and toilet). For larger families and due to the lack of space, some married children settle in independent houses but always close to the family home

Figure 2 - Comparison of the house initially built and after transformation and the Urban Development scheme updated in 2015



2.2. METHODOLOGY

Morphologically, the new transformed dwellings of the new village of Douiret are different, on one hand between each other-in fact the modifications made are not similar and each house is singular in relation to the other- and on another hand, compared to the old troglodytic dwellings where visible and formal disparities become obvious.

But beyond a comparison of the purely formal aspect, we thought of finding deep links between spaces: a spatial-configurational structural organisation which, despite the multitude of possibilities of spatial conformations and their geometrical and plastic characteristics, would be stable both in the new dwellings between them and on between the new houses and the old troglodytic dwellings.

This has led to the choice of the method of analysis, namely Space syntax (Hillier, Hanson, 1984). A method that investigates relationships and spatial links between elements and sub-elements that constitute a system (the object of study) and that allows to represent and describe them In terms of types of relationships and neighbourhood ties that allow characterizing them and identifying the organizational structures they make up (Hillier, 1996). A method that remains morphological because it allows us to have spatial measurements that are very sensitive to any morphological variations of spaces at the level of the dwelling; able to describe the socio-spatial properties of spaces and the syntactic relations between them. This may lead us to discern the expression of a spatial organization and from there to find a certain configuration structure. Finally, it is a method that allows us to correlate spatial organization and social behaviour but in terms intrinsic to the architectural discipline. All of the results obtained lead to a deciphering of the spatial organization of the whole system and make it possible to establish and represent an organizational structure in a configurational sense (Hillier, Hanson, 1984).

A spatial and syntactic analysis has been carried out on, firstly the troglodytic houses of the old village of Douiret and secondly the houses transformed in 2015, that is to say 25 years after their occupation by the population and the changes brought to them by the inhabitants. This enabled to identify types, patterns and syntactic characteristics of each house, and look for matches between types and which comparisons can inform us about the forms of stability that may exist.

The work was carried out on several levels

• 1. The codification of the spaces throughout the corpus and the matching between the spaces in the troglodytic dwellings and the modified houses.

• 2. A syntactic spatial study on the ancient and the new transformed dwellings to reveal types, subtypes and spatial-syntactic characteristics of each subspace.

• 4. Identify analogies between types between old and new dwellings.

• 5. Find the stability of the organizational structures of spaces between analogous types.

3. RESULTS

3.1. DIACHRONIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE OLD TROGLODYTIC DWELLINGS AND THE NEW TRANSFORMED DWELLINGS

3.1.1. THE CODIFICATION OF SPACES

A space coding table was developed, a letter has been assigned for each space, and a letter with an index number (its number) if there are several spaces with the same name. This table is applicable to the whole corpus: the old troglodytic dwellings and the transformed houses surveyed. (Menaja Bessioud, 2015). This makes it possible to compare the structures between the different corpuses in all objectivity. The coding takes into account the different nomenclatures and toponyms of the spaces in the different houses of the corpus. Indeed, the names attributed by the inhabitants can sometimes vary to designate only one space, depending on whether it is



a former dwelling or a new house: there is a linguistic mutation identified even in the dialect of the douiri inhabitants (Arabisation, Modernisation, cultural influences ...). This coding made it possible to have a better and objective reading of the spaces forming each house, to visualize their typological relationships and to identify possible patterns and structures. The structure thus obtained is an objective form which does not take into account the often subjective plastic descriptions. [Figure 3]

3.1.2 SPATIAL-SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT DWELLINGS

The purpose of this study is to identify the organizational principle of the spatial structure of the troglodytic dwelling, to understand the relationships that can occur between the subspaces of the same house and to find a principle or Structure that governs these dwellings.

In this section the different structures of the dwellings will be looked at in order to detect a possible recurrence between them.

The elaboration of the justified graphs and the resulting syntactic calculations allowed us to classify and compare the spaces according to their syntactic characteristics. We recorded the RA (Relative asymmetry) values of all the subspaces of all the dwellings that we classified in ascending order in each dwelling. We then associated with each value the code of the space that corresponds to it. We thus obtained coded structures for each dwelling. Spaces with the same value are represented by their juxtaposed codes without separation (they form a section) and the passage from one value to another is marked by a (-) link. The observation and comparison of the coded structures revealed a form of stability between the specimens located at the distribution spaces: the courtyard (C) and the skifa (B). The number and organization of these spaces in relation to one another will determine in our work the construction of types. A table of types is thus drawn up.

Subtypes are subsequently identified in the types, according to the composition and the positional variations of the sections relative to each other, and in particular in this case of study, according to the position of the street (A) compared to other spaces. We thus obtain a first table. By comparing them we have grouped the dwellings with the same coded structure: patterns are therefore identified.[Figure 4]

We observe in this first work that 2 specimens can have the same coded structure and therefore the same principle of spatial and configurational organisation without necessarily having identical geometric appearances

The analysis of the corpus of the former Berber dwellings of the ancient village of Douiret reveals the presence of 3 types of structural organisations in which all the old troglodytic dwellings of the corpus studied can be grouped together. These types are determined by the number of distribution spaces, their mutual relations and with the rest of the spaces. We note

Figure 3 -Spatial Encoding Table



that for type1 and type2 we have the same type of graph and yet at the level of the syntactic calculations the values of RA differ, which implies a difference at the level of organisational structure.

3.1.3 SPATIAL-SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF NEW MODIFIED DWELLINGS

In the first place, we carried out surveys on social and spatial practices in the modified houses (Menaja Bessioud, 2015). We found that many spaces were added to the original plan. These additions make it possible to fill the lack of spaces for the practice of certain specific and important domestic activities in the daily life of the inhabitants. The number and the nature of these spaces vary according to several factors: the number and the composition of the families, their work, their economic level, the size of the spaces reserved for extension ... etc. [Figure 5]

However, we also noticed that beyond the material need in living spaces, the inhabitants make changes in the relationships between spaces: doors, courtyards, passages ... thus, the relations between the spaces within each house can undergo numerous evolutions and attempts at modelling and remodelling, reflecting dissatisfaction with the spatial organisation in the practice of space emanating from a desire to modify the circuits of passage and circulation from one space to another.

Figure 4 - Table of Types and subtypes of troglodytic dwellings of Douiret

Figure 5 - Comparative graph of the percentages of the spaces added in the new modified houses and the spaces counted in the troglodytic dwellings.



We then systematically calculated the post-occupation spatial-syntactic properties in all the spaces of all the houses (208 specimens). In the first place, we have elaborated the justified graphs making it possible to highlight the links of permeability between the different spaces of each house. The development of types in the new houses follows the same process used in the design of the types of old dwellings. Once the graphs were constructed we computed the syntactic calculations and classified the RA (Relative asymmetry) values in each specimen in ascending order.

From there, the same coding (used in the old houses) is applied which allowed the construction of structures comparable with those of ancient dwellings and the revelation of the principle of organisation of the spaces of each specimen in an objective way. We then made comparisons on the same principle as the comparisons already made in the previous section, in order to identify the patterns. We first identified and grouped together the specimens with the same structures. In a second step, we compared the coded structures of the specimens of our corpus; we were able to identify the existence of patterns (forms of stability between the specimens). We note that the most integrated space and which therefore occupies the first place in all cases of the study is the distribution space: a buffer space which can be the court or the skifa (the chicane) or both together. These spaces can be single or multiple and can have the same values or have consecutive values.

Thus all the possible combinations detected between these two spaces (C and B) help us to identify the types of our corpus: according to their nature, their number, their organisation and their links. The result is a table that highlights the structures found.

In this section let us remember that the letter represents the code of the space, each set of spaces having the same values is considered as a section. The sections are separated by a (-) connection: this marks the passage from one RA value to another. Two juxtaposed letters without hyphens mean they have the same RA value. The relation of the distribution spaces (in this case the court (A) and the Skifa (B)) with the street (A) determines these subtypes. [Figure 6]



Figure 6 - Table of classifications of coded structures of specimens of new dwellings and identification of types



The spatial-syntactic study of modified houses established that despite the multitude of possibilities of spatial conformations of houses and their very different geometric and plastic characteristics, we can detect forms of organizational stabilities that emerge in the spatial configurations.

3.1.4. ANALOGY BETWEEN THE TYPES OF OLD HOUSES AND NEW HOUSES IN DOUIRET

For the rest of the work we took into account only the specimens which represent the houses which are no longer under construction, that is to say, the houses which will no longer undergo new transformations and whose owners, after investigation, expressed their satisfaction. We found that all specimens of houses with stabilized structures belong to type2, type3, type5 and type6.

We therefore began our comparative work with a first comparison between the types found for the modified houses with stabilized structures and the former Berber dwellings. The following table sets out this work:

This table highlights many results:

• All the typological structures of the former dwellings are included in all the types of new dwellings with stabilized structures. [Figure 8]

• Analogies can be made between the types of old and new houses based on the coded structures representing each type, as follows:

T1 (ancient houses) T2 (new houses)



• A first very important result emerges from our study: beyond the physical conformations, the analogy between the types already allows us to trace a relationship between the old troglodytic dwellings and the new modified houses with stabilized structures.

• This very important result in itself will allow us to carry out research on the common points that may exist between the organizational structures in terms of spaces and spatial links between old dwellings and new dwellings, by type.

• We have therefore translated the types of the former Berber dwellings and the new modified houses with stabilized structures found in the previous table into topological structures expressed in terms of spatial links. Thus, each structure is expressed in terms of links between sections and each section in terms of “group of functions”, and this for each type. The comparison of spatial organisations in each group of similar types will serve as a comparative basis by a set of similar types to reveal the organizational principles re-adopted by the inhabitants in their process of re-designing their living spaces.

Figure 7 - Comparative table of the structures of the former dwellings and their correspondentin the new dwellings



Figure 8 - Comparative table of the topological structures of the old dwellings and their matches in the new dwellings



• We note here that the space of the Khazna (assigned the M code) belonging to the former dwellings and acting as a safe for the valuables has been suppressed in all the new dwellings and replaced by a piece of furniture: A wardrobe or a safe.

• This work made it possible to find organizational stability in the spatial configurations in terms of topological structures and spatial links between the new houses with stabilized structures and the former Berber dwellings of the former village of Douiret.

3.1.5. COMPARISON OF SYNTACTIC CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN NEW DWELLINGS AND NEW HOUSES BELONGING TO THE SAME TYPES

The following table shows a comparison of some syntactic features between old houses and new ones that belong to the same types.

The syntactic characteristics between the specimens are homogeneous in all types. It is noted that the values of the BDF(Base difference factor) vary between 0.86 and 0.99, which shows that these systems are non-rigid and consist of interchangeable subspaces. Depth levels and MD values show that these spaces are moderately deep. In general, the structures tend to be integrated with RRA values varying between 0.91 and 0.99. With a value of SLR(Space Link ratio) = 1, the majority of the systems are in tree and denote a rather closed space. Only a few specimens express systems which tend to be distributive and ringy, with higher values but which remain close to 1.

3.2. SPATIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL COMPARISON BETWEEN OLD DWELLINGS AND NEW POST-OCCUPATION HOUSES WITH STABILIZED STRUCTURES AND PERMEABILITY PATHWAYS

In this work we try to find the points of stability between the organization of spaces and circuits as they are found and represented in old houses with those found in new houses with stabilized structures.

We therefore carried out a comparison by group of two: in each type we took an old house and a new house, which represent the type. We have developed new graphs which spaces are coloured according to the functions to facilitate the comparison in terms of spatial organization according to depth levels.

In order to highlight the circuits followed by the inhabitants during their movements in the house to pass from one space to another, we have developed a process called «permeability pathways”. These are circuits established on the bottom of the graphs, which describe the successions of spaces necessarily borrowed by the inhabitants as they move from the entrance of the house to the objective space.

Figure 9 - Comparative table of syntactic characteristics between specimens of the same type



In our study, we detected the existence of four (4) possible pathways of permeability (PPs):

• PPs leading to living spaces (rooms).

• PPs leading to the service areas (kitchen, pantry, wc)

• PPs leading to the barn (zriba)

• The PPs leading to the shop

Each circuit is distinguished by a different colour, allowing us to have descriptions of the number of passing choices to reach the objective space, the types of traversed spaces, the number of borders to pass, and Depth in the system. In addition, comparing the circuits of the corpus houses with each other allows us to visualize the aspect of the stability and permanence of certain circuits. Thus, it is possible to verify whether, during the process of spatial reconfiguration, the inhabitants would give importance to the direction of movements from one space to another (materialized by a stability of the PPs in all the houses) and the passage required by a space for to reach another. [figure10]



Figure 10 - Comparative table of spatial-spatial characteristics and pathways of permeability in old homes and new houses belonging to the same types



This table has yielded important results regarding the stability and mutation in spatial organizations between old houses and new houses belonging to the same types: paths tend towards reorganization close to the ancestral model.

First of all, we emphasize the suppression of the space of the Khazna in all the new houses; and the creation of two new spaces, the garage and the small shop, in margin with the demands of modern life. These changes resulted in the removal of a level of depth in the graphs of the new houses, which was reserved only for the Khazna in the old houses, and the appearance of two spaces (the garage and the small shop) adjoining both the street and inside the house in the graphs of the new houses.

• In all the houses, whether old or new, living spaces are always represented in the graph at the deepest level.

• The permeability path (PP) of the living spaces must imperatively pass through all the distribution spaces composing the house.

• Living spaces should not be directly attached to the skifa. It is a form of stability that is found in the interpretation of the relations that spaces must have with each other to pass from one space to another.

• If you are in the presence of 2 courts in the type, all the living spaces open on the 2nd courtyard. The first courtyard, which adjoins the skifa, is reserved only for service areas.

• In all cases of study it is necessary to cross at least two spaces of distribution in order to reach the spaces of life

• The permeability path (PP) of the service spaces can occur in the same graph at two levels of different depths. This shows that these spaces can be distributed on two levels of different depths. Conversely, the PPs of the living spaces must imperatively lead to the same level of depth: the last.

• The path of permeability of zriba, shops and garages never reach the last level of depth

• In almost all specimens, there is no living space or service that opens directly onto the skifa, it is a space of passage. The only exceptions are the probability of finding the zriba (in both houses) or the garage (in the case of new dwellings) adjoining the skifa.

• The kitchen space is always at the same level of depth as the living spaces.

• A single node can be found in the graphs of all specimens.

• Nevertheless, it is remarked that in the old houses the street never participates in the nodes. By cons in the new houses the street can participate in the nodes and this in several specimens. These nodes are related especially with the new spaces created and which are the garage and the small trade.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The elaboration of syntactic calculations resulting from morphological measurements has made it possible, in addition to informing us about the spatial characteristics of the components of the houses, to find forms of stability (patterns) at the level of the structural configurational principles between the different specimens collected and to construct structures revealing spatial organizations by classifying and comparing the values of each space in each specimen. These patterns detected in houses despite their different formal appearances confirm the presence of a non-apparent order that governs the inhabited space in the village inscribed in the form itself. The confrontation of patterns, spatial characteristics and pathways of permeability reveals a spatial configuration inscribed

The presence of circuits imposed on users of space, which are imperceptible when travelling within houses, and organizing the movements of the inhabitants, means that the practice of space is embedded in form and that it is of importance for the inhabitants who have reproduced



them through the transformations of the new dwellings in an intuitional way. These circuits and the creation of certain spaces in the new dwellings persist in certain cultural values of Douiri society. We cite respect for privacy and this by relaying and aligning all intimate living spaces to the last level of depth through the creation of Skifa-type buffer spaces or a 2nd courtyard between the living spaces and the outside. The creation of distribution spaces (courtyard and skifa (chicane)) has, on the one hand, preserved certain values (separation of public and private areas, strong control over passage to the rooms for safety reasons) and on the other hand to perpetuate certain traditions linked to the daily domestic life of the inhabitants and their subsistence.

Indeed, it is in the courtyard, become private and away from the street (thanks to the creation of a skifa or a 1st courtyard), that various activities take place: washing and drying of the linen, reception of guests, preparation the bread and, on a seasonal basis, preparation of the main sources of their food for their preservation (provisions for wheat kernels, bread semolina and drying figs, olives and dates for storing ) The activity of weaving (a know-how and an important economic activity for the Douiri society which begins with the preparation of the wool and ends with the making of the carpets) is also taking place there. The creation of the zriba, the pastoral activity being the main one for the population because it is a source of income, food and wool, also allowed continuing an economically important activity for the Douiri society.

Thus, the interpretation of the comparative spatial-syntactic analyses of the houses of the two villages of Douiret, allowed finding that the modification process taken over by the population relocated in the new houses, describes a morphogenetic process that follows a topological organizational structuring inscribed in the old troglodytic dwellings.



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#16 - sss11 · our hypothesis is that between the two areas, ... a block is constituted of semi ......

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