16. planetary processes
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PlanetsTRANSCRIPT
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Geologic Processes
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Geological Processes• Tectonics
– Rocks bend and break (folding and faulting).• Volcanism
– Materials melt, explode and freeze.• Erosion and surface processes
– Surfaces flatten out: mountains crumble and holes are filled in.§ Mass wasting (gravity action)§ Wind action§ Water action
• Impact Cratering (external)– Bodies from space hit the ground, making a hole.
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Tectonics -Folding• When rocks are squashed they will compress
and bend away from the direction of maximum pressure
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Wrinkle Ridges on the Moon
• Cooling rocks contract, the shrinkage causes folding and ridges form
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Tectonics -Faulting1. Extension Faults -crust moves apart, makes a larger area.
1. Compression Faults -crust moves together, makes smaller area.
1. Strike-slip Faults -crust moves sideways, no gain or loss of area
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is true of convection that stresses a planet's crust?
A. Mountains may form where the crust is pushed together.
B. Cracks and valleys may form where the crust is pulled apart.
C. Convection has no effect on a planet's crust.
D. A and B
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Volcanism
• Materials melt, erupt and explode, then freeze and coat the surface
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Generic Volcano Structure
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Volcanic Processes• Rocks melt and explode.• 2 components: lava, gasses• Lavas - variable viscosity,depending on chemistry
• Low viscosity range of viscosity High viscosity (runny lava) (gooey, sticky lava)
Low gas content High gas Result: Result: Low broad shapes range of volcanoes Tall cone shapes Volcanic Shield Cinder Stratovolcanoes
Floods Volcanoes cones
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Volcanic Floods -VERY low Viscosity
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Hawaiian Effusive eruption
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Shield Volcano
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Olympus Mons Martian Shield Volcano
• Note the broad shield shape and the central cauldera
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Volcanic Processes• Rocks melt and explode.• 2 components: lava, gasses• Lavas - variable viscosity,depending on chemistry
• Low viscosity range of viscosity High viscosity (runny lava) (gooey, sticky lava)
Low gas content High gas Result: Result: Low broad shapes range of volcanoes Tall cone shapes Volcanic Shield Cinder Stratovolcanoes
Floods Volcanoes cones
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Explosive Stratovolcanos
• Occur only on Eartha product of plate tectonics
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Soufrière Hills, Monserrat 1995 Southern half of island evacuated and capital city lost
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Alternative Materials
sulfur volcanoes, Io
carbonatites, East Africa, Earth
Water eruption plume, Enceladus
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Erosion and Surface Processes Gravity pulls everything into a smooth sphere. Thus,
surfaces flatten out: mountains crumble and holes are filled in.
The processes that carry out erosion each show characteristic patterns that we can see on Earth and on different worlds:
§ Mass wasting (gravity action)- land slides
§ Wind action- sand dunes, wind streaks
§ Liquid action- river channels, ocean shores, glacial erosion
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Sand Dunes in the Sahara (imaged by the Space Shuttle)
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Ice/tar dunes on Titan
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Water Channels on Mars
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Ethane Channels on Titan
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Impact Cratering• Bodies from space hit the ground, making a hole.
(the only external process -it comes to the planet from the outside)
• The size of the hole depends on the energy of the impact. – A small, slow-moving, ice-ball makes a small hole.– A massive, fast moving, rock makes a large hole.
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Imbrium BasinMoon
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Crater Dating• Solar System debris falls onto planets at a regular
rate, making craters.• The number of holes on a surface is a measure of
how long it has been exposed to impacts.• Impact craters can be destroyed by the three
internal processes (tectonics, volcanism, erosion)
• Surfaces with few craters have active processes destroying the craters. (called YOUNG surfaces)
• Surfaces with lots of craters have no active processes & are undisturbed. (OLD surfaces)
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Which Surface is Older?
A
B
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Which World is More Active?(Be able to explain your choice)
Earth Moon
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Planetary Atmospheres
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Atmospheric Basics
• Our goals for learning• What is an atmosphere?
• How do you obtain an atmosphere?
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What is an atmosphere?
An atmosphere is a layer of gas that surrounds a world
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How do you obtain an atmosphere?– Gain volatiles by comet impacts
– outgassing during differentiation
– Ongoing outgassing by volcanoes
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Keeping an Atmosphere• Atmosphere is kept by the world’s gravity and
temperatures– Low mass (small) worlds = low gravity = little atm.– High mass(large) worlds = high gravity = thick atm.– Low temperatures = slow gases = more atm.– High temperatures =excited gases = atm.loss
• Gravity and pressure– Air pressure depends on how much weight of
gas is there ie. The atmospheric thickness.
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What have we learned?• What is an atmosphere?
– A layer of gas that surrounds a world
• How do you obtain an atmosphere?– comet impacts plus outgassing by differentiation,
or volcanoes.– How much atmosphere is retained depends on
the world’s gravity and temperatures
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Atmospheric Processes 1
• Our goals for learning
• What are the key processes?
• What creates wind and weather?
• How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet?
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Atmospheric Processes
• Atmospheric circulation (convection)– Convection cells move gas from equator to pole and
back. • Coriolis Effect
– Gas dragged sideways by the rotation rate of the world.
• Greenhouse Effect– Infrared energy is re-reflected back to the ground by
CO2
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Air MovementGas molecules move from high density to lower density
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Atmospheric Pressure
Gas pressure depends on both density and temperature.
Adding air molecules increases the pressure in a balloon.
Heating the air also increases the pressure.(molecules more energetic)
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Atmospheric Circulation (convection)
• Heated air rises at equator
• Cooler air descends at poles
Maximum Sun warming
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Coriolis Effect
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Coriolis Effect breaks upGlobal Circulation
• On Earth the large circulation cell breaks up into 3 smaller ones, moving diagonally
• Other worlds have more or fewer circulation cells depending on their rotation rate
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Coriolis Effect
Winds blow N or S Winds blow W or EWinds are diagonal
Venus EarthMars
Jupiter, Saturn Neptune, Uranus(?)
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Greenhouse Effect
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
If there was no greenhouse effect, Earth...
A. would be warmer than it is today.
B. would have a thicker atmosphere.
C. would be colder than freezing.
D. would have no protection from ultraviolet radiation.
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What have we learned?• What creates wind and weather?
– Atmospheric heating and Coriolis effect.
– Solar warming creates convection cells.– The coriolis effect drags winds sideways and breaks up
the cells– The faster a planet spins, the more E-W gas movement
there is• How does the greenhouse effect warm a planet?
– Atmospheric molecules allow visible sunlight to warm a planet’s surface but absorb infrared photons, trapping the heat.