15.re-invest_2015_investors_guide (3).pdf

7/25/2019 15.RE-Invest_2015_Investors_Guide (3).pdf

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Investors Guide

Re-invest 2015

January 2015


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Table of contents

Renewable Energy Scenario 3

RE potential and growth in India 3

Enabling framework for growth of Renewable Energy sector in India 5

Incentives available to Renewable Energy Projects in India 7

Investment Opportunities 8

Financing Renewable Energy in India 11

Land Availability for Renewable Energy Projects 12

Clearances required for setting RE projects 13

Power Sale Options 15

Manpower Availability 17

India as favorable Renewable Energy Destination 17

Annexure I- MNRE Schemes on Renewable Energy 18

Grid Connected Power 18

Off-Grid Power 19

MNRE RD&D support 20

Annexure II- State wise Feed-In Tariffs as per State Regulations 21

Annexure III: Renewable purchase obligation for all the States 23

Photo Gallery 27


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Investors Guide - Re-invest 2015

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Renewable Energy Scenario

Renewable energy is one of the cleanest sources of energy options with almost no pollution or carbon

emissions and has the potential to significantly reduce reliance on coal and other fossil fuels. By expanding

renewable energy, world can improve air quality, reduce global warming emissions, create new industries

and jobs, and move world towards a cleaner, safer, and affordable energy future.

The quest for energy independence, economic growth, and environmental sustainability increasingly

suggests the importance of renewable energy sources across the globe. Renewables are seen not only as

sources of energy, but also as tools to address many other pressing needs, including: improving energy

security and access; reducing the health and environmental impacts associated with fossil and nuclear

energy and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. In 2013, renewables accounted for 10 percent of the

worlds global energy consumption and around 19 percent of global electricity needs were satisfied by

renewable sources1.

Indias substantial and sustained growth has placed enormous demand on the countrys natural resources.

Today, India imports substantial quantities of gas, oil and coal in order to meet its growing energy

demand. The increasing dependence on imported fuels may create a serious threat to the future fuel

security of the country. In addition, the countrys 254 GW2of power generation capacity based mainly on

conventional sources has further strained the natural resources. Around 60%2

of Indias current powergeneration capacity is based on coal which is expected to remain the dominant power source in the future.

However, the coal sector is facing many challenges and India is increasingly relying on coal & oil imports

to meet its requirements of energy, thereby exhibiting a lot of pressure on Indian economy from these high

import factors.

RE potential and growth in India

India meets close to 65% of its electricity needs from fossil fuels and is expected to continue doing so in

the foreseeable future. This poses questions on cost of electricity supply in future, environmental impacts

and energy security. At this juncture, Renewable Energy (RE) is being seen as one of the important means

to meet the growing power needs of the economy while enhancing energy security through diversification

of fuel sources and providing opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

India has vast renewable energy potential through wind, solar, biomass, small hydro etc. The potential is

concentrated in certain parts of India. The wind and solar potential is mainly in the southern and western

States viz. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan, however the

exercise on mapping of potential is continuing in several other areas in the country.

1REN 21 Global Status Report 2014:http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf2CEA Executive Power Summary September2014: http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executive_rep/sep14.pdf

Technology Potential (MW)

Wind 102,800(80m hub height)

Small Hydro (up to 25MW) 19,700

Biomass including bagasse cogeneration (including waste to energy) 22,500

Solar 50MWp/km

2

Source: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)

Indias Renewable Ener Potential


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The renewable power generation portfolio

stands at 33.79 GW out of the total 254 GW in

the country, as of December 2014. India is

already the worlds fifth largest producer of

wind power. Other renewable energy sources

like solar, small hydro, biomass power and

bio-fuels are also being increasingly tapped.

As per the present estimates, India has an

estimated renewable energy potential of about

895 GW from commercially exploitable

sources with 750 GW solar power potential

assuming only 3% wasteland is made

available.

Further, there exists significant potential

from decentralized distributed applications for

meeting hot water requirement for residential,

commercial and industrial sector through solar energy and also meeting cooking energy needs in the rural

areas through biogas. Renewable energy has great capacity to usher in universal energy access. In a

decentralized or standalone way renewable energy is quite appropriate, scalable and viable solution for

providing power to un-electrified or power deficient villages and hamlets. Around 1.1 million households

are using solar energy to meet their lighting energy needs and almost similar number of the households

meets cooking energy needs from biogas plants. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) power systems are being used for

a variety of applications such as rural electrification, railway signalling, microwave repeaters, TV

transmission and reception and for providing power to border outposts. Over 10000 remote and

inaccessible villages and hamlets have been provided with basic electricity services through distributed

renewable power systems.

Historic Trends and Growth Enablers of RE

The Renewable Energy source based power generation capacity was 18 MW in 1990 with a slow rate of

growth till 2008, however, 2008 onwards the progress in the made in the sector has been considerable.This can be attributed to numerous factors which have led to this impressive growth. The driving factors

for the renewable energy projects in India include demand/supply (low per capita consumption, large un-

electrified areas; technology improvements and cost reduction in renewable technologies, entry of large

number of players), policy (targets set under the NAPCC, JNNSM, fiscal and other incentives) and other

issues (fuel challenges, and significant potential for renewable energy capacity addition) affecting

conventional power generation. Against this backdrop the renewable technologies are maturing in India

and their growth in India in the last decade has been commendable.The Indian growth story can be seen

from the fact in the period from FY07 onwards the capacity addition from Renewable Energy based

sources in India has seen a CAGR of 18.41%.

3Biomass shown includes Bagasse cogeneration and Waste to Power generation capacity

Wind22,465.03MW

SHP3990.83MW

Biomass34273.13MW

Solar3062.82MW

Total33791.74 MW

Installed Renewable Energy Capacity in India

66%

12%

13%

9%

Wind Power

Small Hydro

Biomass

Solar


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RE Policy Enabler and Growth Timelines

Enabling framework for growth of Renewable Energysector in India

Existing policy and regulatory support

Electricity Act 2003: Launched in June 2003, this is the most important piece of legislation for thesector and nullifies all earlier enactments that governed the electricity businesses. EA 2003 providesfor policy formulation by the Government of India and mandates State Electricity RegulatoryCommissions (SERCs) to take steps to promote renewable and non-conventional sources of energy

within their area of jurisdiction. It calls to promote cogeneration and generation of electricity fromrenewable sources of energy by providing suitable measures for connectivity with grid and sale of

electricity to any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity from such sources, a percentageof total consumption of electricity in the area of distribution licensee. Further, EA 2003 has explicitlystated the formulation of National Electricity Policy (NEP), National Tariff Policy and plan thereof fordevelopment of power systems to ensure optimal utilization of all resources including renewablesources of energy.

National Electricity Policy 2005: Aims to exploit feasible potential of renewable energyresources, reduce capital costs, promote competition and private sector participation. The percentagefor purchase of power from non-conventional sources should be made applicable for the tariffs to bedetermined by the SERCs. Progressively the share of electricity from non-conventional sources wouldneed to be increased as prescribed by SERCs. Such purchase by distribution companies shall bethrough competitive bidding process. It essentially reemphasised the need of harnessing REgeneration.

National Tarriff Policy 2006: Formulates that a minimum percentage of RE procurement shouldbe made applicable. Also, a preferential tariff should be determined by SERCs to enable RETs tocompete and procurement of RE should be through competitive bidding.

NAPCC 2008: The National Action Plan of Climate Change by the Government of India identifies 8core national missions running through 2017, envisaging several measures to address global warming.One of the missions states that a dynamic minimum renewable purchase standard (DMRPS) be set,

with escalation each year till a pre-defined level is reached. It set targets of 5% RE purchase for FY


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2009-10, with an increase of 1% in target each year to reach 15% renewable energy penetration by2020. SERCs may however set higher percentages than this minimum at each point in time.

Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO): SERCs set targets for distribution companies topurchase certain percentage of their total power requirement from renewable energy sources knownas RPO. The states have already specified their RPOs ranging from 2% to 14% of their total energydemand to be met by renewable energy. In order to address the mismatch between availability of REsources and the requirement of the obligated entities to meet their RPO across States, the RECmechanism was introduced in 2010 to enable and recognize interstate RE transactions. The RECmechanism facilitates emergence of large number of cross-border RE transactions based on non-firmRE sources, while at the same time, enhancing the volume of cross-border RE transactions based onfirm RE sources as well. RECs serve as a motive for high RE potential states to further develop theirRE potential and for lesser potential states to develop maximum RE as they can.

Other planned initiatives

Solar park scheme: Solar parks are concentrated zones of development for solar power generationprojects, demarcating an area that is well characterized, properly infra-structure and where theproject risks are minimized & clearances are facilitated. As per the National Schemeon Draft Solarparks, MNRE will setup 25 solar parks of capacity sizes between 500 MW to 1000 MW. It will providesupport of INR 20,00,000/MW to the park development agencies.

National offshore wind policy: Preliminary assessments suggest intersting prospects ofdevelopment of offshore wind energy in India. The MNRE in order to tap this potential is currently

working on a policy for deployment of offshore wind energy projects in the Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) of the country. The policy proposes to address issues such as resource assessment & surveys,seabed allocation & lease arrangement, facilitation in clearances and approvals and evacuation ofpower generated from offshore wind power projects. As a first step towards development of offshore

wind sector in India a MoU was signed on 1stOctober 2014 for setting up of a Joint Venture Company(JVC) towards undertaking the First Demonstration Offshore Wind Power Project in the country. TheMoU was signed by MNRE, National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), and consortium of partnersconsisting of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd(PGCIL), Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), Power Finance Corporation(PFC), Power Trading Corporation (PTC), and Gujarat Power Corporation Ltd (GPCL).

Transmission infrastructure: This involves development of a network specifically for wheeling ofRE power. The proposed evacuation infrastructure will be capable of evacuating power from proposedcapacity additions such as UMPPs in Leh. It proposes a high capacity transmission system (Greenenergy corridor) that will evacuate renewable power from RE rich states to load centres and makemake pockets of RE generation grid interactive. It will be integrated with the existing grid and fosterreliable forecasting of RE based generation and reduce evacuation losses.

Green energy transmission corridor: In 2012, Powergrid has planned high capacitytransmission systems (green energy corridors) for evacuation of renewable power from RE rich statesto load centres with an aggregate capital outlay of around INR 425 billion (EUR 5 billion). With theimplementation of the Green corridor, the pockets of the RE generation would get grid interactive andthereby the restrictions on RE evacuation, losses (as RE would be connected at EHV than HV level)

would reduce.

RE resource assessment databases: To locate potential RE rich sites in the country through field

measurements, India has developed data bases for renewable energy resource assessment. This hasbeen done in a bid to promote development of utilization of RE in the country. The National Instituteof wind energy(NIWE) has developed the wind atlas of India. NIWE also collects data from SolarRadiation Resource Assessment (SRRA) stations to assess and quantify solar radiation availability,quality of data assessment, processing, modeling and to make solar atlas of the country.


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Incentives available to Renewable Energy Projects inIndia

Government of India provides a mix of tax and non-tax benefits to promote these technologies, so as to

create an enabling investment climate where these projects are taken up by market forces. The different

incentives offered by central and state governments can be broadly illustrated as under:

Tax Incentives Details

Income tax Holiday 100% for 10 consecutive years - MAT @ 20% to apply

Accelerateddepreciation

Accelerated depreciation @ 80% on solar & wind assets

Additional depreciation @ 20% on new plant/machinery in the 1styear

Deemed exportbenefits

Available to specified goods manufactured and not actually exported

Advance authorization from Directorate General of Foreign Trade

Deemed export drawbacks

Exemption/return of Terminal Excise Duty

Service tax based onnegative list

Certain services are exempted from service tax

Services of transmission or distribution of electricity by an electricityutility

Customs and ExciseLaws

Various duty concessions and exemptions to RE Sector

Reduced VAT Certain States allow reduced VAT rates (5%) on RE projects

Additional one-timeallowance

Available @15% in Budget 2014 on new plant and machinery

Tax-free GrantsGrants received from the holding company engaged in generation, distributionor transmission of power

Non-Tax Incentives Details


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Feed-in-tariffs When renewable generators sell to state utilities under the MoU route

Rates decided by the CERC and the SERC

Rebates

Available on the manufacturing of solar and wind components

Targeted at specific types of renewable energy technology

Include subsidies and rebates on capital expenditures

Favorable landpolicies

By various state governments for renewable development Reduce capital costs and favors ease of land allocation

Government R&Dprograms

Improve renewable energy technologies

Lead to growing performance, importance and reducing costs

Incentives offered

Investment Opportunities

The renewable energy sector in India is full of opportunities and merits careful consideration by market

participants. The Indian renewable energy market is highly attractive as it has the potential to reduce

Indias rising demand supply gap, hence becoming a key cog in the wheel for Indias energy security

strategy. The government in India has placed and encouraging policy & regulatory framework with a

combination of feed-in tariffs, renewable procurement obligations, and Renewable Energy Certificates.

The most dominant asset classes, wind and solar, have attracted considerable supplier interest and hence

equipment and EPC is available at increasing competitive rates thus boosting margins. The Jawahar Lal

Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) and several state-level solar policies are helping develop solar

energy market. Recent budgetary allocation for generation based incentives and reintroduction for

accelerated depreciation for wind power will spur investments in wind energy. The size of the renewable

energy market will see further growth as the application of Renewable Purchase Obligation expands to

cover open access and captive consumers.

Stipulated Renewable Energy targets to attract investment in

RE space

Existing targets

JNNSM: The JNNSM was launched in January 2010 by the Government of India under the NationalAction Plan of Climate Change (NAPCC). It is envisaged that as a result of rapid scale up as well astechnological developments, the price of solar power will attain parity with grid power by the end ofthe Mission period, enabling accelerated and large-scale expansion thereafter. The mission includes amajor initiative for promoting solar photovoltaic (PV) applications. It had three phases out of whichthe first phase finished in 2013, and subsequent phases are under way which target a capacityaddition of 20,000 MW in India via grid connected solar power plants. Apart from grid connectedtargets, JNNSM also set up targets for off grid applications and Solar Thermal in India.

Application SegmentTarget forPhase I (2010-

13)

CumulativeTarget for

Phase 2 (2013-17)

CumulativeTarget for

Phase 3

(2017-22)

Grid solar power

(large plants, roof top &distribution grid plants)

1,100 MW

10,000 MW

(3000 MW withCentral Support,6000 MW underState Initiatives)

20,000 MW


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Off-grid solar applications 200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MW

Solar Thermal Collectors(SWHs, solar cooking/ cooling,industrial process heatapplications etc.)

7 millionsq. meters

15 millionsq. meters

20** million sqmeters

JNNSM Targets

MNRE strategic plan till 2017: This aims that renewable energy source based generation willmake up a significant part of Indias installed power capacity (targets 82 GW of installed capacity viarenewable energy sources by 2020). MNRE has also been continuously revising targets correspondingto the market factors such as reducing prices of renewable source based generation including solarand the MNRE is committed to achieve these targets much in advance of the set time limits.

State targets: Apart from the national renewable energy targets, individual states have their ownspecific renewable energy policy targets as per their feasibility and potential. Wind and solardominate the following table lists select states with solar policies and their planned solar targets:

State Solar targetsTarget MWfor FY 15

Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh Solar Policy 2012- Target of 1000MW by 2017

1000

Gujarat GEDA Planned Capacity; targets:FY15-200 MW, FY16-100 MW, FY17-100 MW

400

KarnatakaKREDL Solar Policy 2014; targets: FY15-350 MW,FY16-150 MW, FY17-150 MW, FY18-150 MW,FY19-200 MW, FY20-200 MW, FY21-200 MW

1400

MaharashtraTargets from MEDA Plan: FY15-125 MW, FY16-75MW, FY17-75 MW

275

Madhya Pradesh Targets in policy are to match RPO 1036

RajasthanTargets from RREC Solar Policy 2011: 400 MWfrom 2013-17

400

Tamil NaduSolar Policy 2012: Total solar target of 3000 MW

by 2015, with 200 MW of utility scale solar in FY 15200

Select States Solar Policy Targets

The following table lists down select states with wind power policies and their planned windpower targets:

State Total MW for FY15

Rajasthan 600

Madhya Pradesh 700

Gujarat 400

Maharashtra 800

Andhra Pradesh 500

Karnataka 400

Tamil Nadu 400

Telangana 200

Select States Wind Power Targets

Expansion of targets

In order to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy in India, the Government is currently planning

to scale up the existing targets for all renewable energy technologies. Further, Government is also


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planning to achieve the new targets at a much faster rate and earlier than the timelines set under the

existing targets.

Solar Scale up Vision4: Loking beyond JNNSM, the Government plans to scale up solar to acumulative 100GW by 2022. This would include large scale deployment of rooftop projects under

both net metering and feed in metering to achieve 40GW of capacity till 2022; increased pace of gridconnected projects so as to achieve 40GW by 2022, for this Solar parks have been set up in Charanka

(Gujarat, 500 MW) and Bhadla (Rajasthan, 1500 MW) and others have been planned in over 15states; thirdly through laying thrust on large scale projects (100 MW min.) to generate the remaining20GW capacity.

National Wind Energy Mission: In order to exploit the available wind potential in the countryexpeditiously, there is a need to address the issues and barriers in a focused manner. The Governmenttherefore proposes to launch the National Wind Energy Mission which aims to achieve 60,000 MW5of utility scale wind installations in the country by the end of 13th five year plan (end of 2022)6.

Wind power category

Utility scale on-shore wind 58,000 MW

Off-shore wind 1,500 MW

Distributed power 500 MW

National Wind Energy Mission Targets

Bio-Energy: The biomass atlas estimates surplus biomass availability at about 150 million metrictonnes per annum with a potential of over 18000 MW power generation capacity. Besides this, over60 million tonnes per annum of municipal solid wastes with a potential of over 2300 MW and bagassefrom sugar mills with a potential of over 5000 MW respectively are also available. Thus, the potentialfor installation of bioenergy projects including energy from biomass, municipal solid wastes andsugarcane bagasse is are estimated to be over 25000 MW. While a target of about 2700 MW by 2017is envisaged, this sector could get enlarged with availability of increased investments in this sector.Besides, a thrust is also being given to the production of gaseous and liquid fuels from biomass and

wastes / residues.

Manufacturing outlook

Apart from investment in generating assets, investment in manufacturing in the renewable energy sector

will also grow to support the targets and plans of the government. With the new government supportingmanufacturing in India through its Make in India initiative, we can envisage incentives and policies

conducive to support manufacturing of renewable energy equipment in India in the long run.

Solar Power: With JNNSM targets of 20 GW by FY 22 and proposals to increase this target to100GW provides a huge investment potential for solar manufacturing in India. For solar PV, currentlyas of August 2014, the cumulative installed capacity of Indian solar PV manufacturers is about 1,200MW of cells and 2,500 MW of modules7. Most power producers are importing cells/ modules due to

various factors including cost. Higher investment and R&D in solar manufacturing will help India incompeting with imported solar modules on both cost and technology in the long run. Solarmanufacturing in India is in a nascent stage and requires a nurturing environment if it is to compete

with international players in this rapidly evolving sector.

Wind Power:The global wind generation capacity is expected to increase to 1,149 GW by 2020 and

2,500 GW by 20308, Indias proposed National Wind Energy Mission also targets 60 GW generation

4Discussions with MNRE5This includes existing installed capacity6http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/national-level-consultation-on-national-wind-energy-mission-09012014.htm7MNRE: http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/tentative_cells_&_modules.pdf8GWEO Advanced scenario estimates


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capacity in India by 2022. Indias wind manufacturing capacity has an annual capacity of 10 GW9,cater to the global market owing to lower manufacturing costs. Considering this immense potential in

both domestic and global demand, the manufacturing sector is set to achieve new heights. Furthergovernment initiatives in promoting offshore wind energy and improving technology in the windgeneration avenue have strengthened Indias manufacturing sector and will continue to do so. As aresult, leading manufacturers like Suzlon, Vestas, Enercon, GE and Siemens have already set upoperations in India, and are further increasingly announcing new investments10.

Bio-energy and WtE: Equipment manufacturing in these renewable energy technologies isdominated by small to mid-sized companies. WtE sector particularly is at an early stage ofdevelopment in India and has potential due to increased urbanization and waste management issues.Bio-energy also has a huge untapped potential that provides a positive outlook for manufacturingramp-up in India. This sector will provide immense opportunities to project developers for captiveprojects for production of gaseous and liquid fuels besides power generation and co-generation.

Small Hydro Power: India has only around 25 equipment manufacturers listed as per the MNREwebsite, who fabricate almost the entire range of small hydro power equipment. As of now, India hasan estimated potential of about 20,000 MW, about 80% of which is untapped. Further, up gradationof water mills and micro hydel projects is also being undertaken throughout the sector. Both thesefactors depict promising potential for an increase in domestic manufacturing.

Financing Renewable Energy in IndiaImmense potential for Renewable Energy source based electricity generation coupled with policies and

plans for harnessing it has opened up vast opportunities for this sector in India. India witnessed globally

the third highest investments in solar water heating capacity and the fourth highest investments in CSP

and wind power in 201311. Also, India saw record small-scale project investment of USD 0.4 billion12.

FDI in the renewable energy sector

100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in renewable energy is permitted.

FDI inflows in renewable energy industry from April 2000 February 2013 were about USD 2.5billion13

During 2006-09, Indias annual total

renewable energy investment remained

between USD 4 billion and USD 5 billion.

Investment has risen rapidly since then,

from USD 4.2 billion in 2009 to USD 12.3

billion in 2011-12 14 . Higher rate of

investments in these years corresponds to

incentivization schemes by Government of

India such as GBI and accelerated

depreciation in wind sector. While wind continues to

receive the majority of investment, solar has seen the

highest growth, and the gap between the two is falling rapidly.

9http://www.electricalmonitor.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=1935&sid=210GE announces earlier in 2014 plans to invest USD 200 million in a manufacturing unit in Pune11Global Trends in RE investment 2014 by Bloomberg12Ren21 Renewables Global Status Report(GSR) 2014:http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf13Facts on FDI by DIPP: http://dipp.nic.in/English/Publications/FDI_Statistics/2013/india_FDI_February2013.pdf14 CPI report on Meeting Indias Renewable Energy Targets: The Financing Challenge:http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Meeting-Indias-Renewable-Targets-The-Financing-Challenge.pdf

Financing Cost for RE projects in India

Entity Rate ofInterest

Scheduled Commercial banks >12%

US Exim Banks ~ (10-12%)

NBFCs ~ (11.5-13%)

Multilaterals & Bilateral (ADB, IFCetc.)

>11%

Financing Cost for RE projects in India


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In view of recent development in solar technology, government of India plans to hasten the growth and

looking at steep fall in the solar prices there could be possible addition of 1 lakh MW solar capacity in next

5 years and also in other renewables. If it is so, investment requirement for solar itself will be nearly 100

billion USD in next 5 years.

To meet the financing requirement, more and more foreign investors are being attracted owing to potent

natural resources, large-scale investment opportunities, and attractive Government incentives. Wind and

solar sectors are expected to garner massive overseas investments in the coming years. All efforts are beingmade to attract FDI from investors and autonomous power producers internationally.

A variety of investors finance renewable energy projects in India, including institutions, banks, and

registered companies. Institutional investors are either state-owned or bilateral and multilateral

institutions. Among banks, both private sector and public sector banks are involved. In addition to

registered companies, venture capital and private equity investors contribute equity investment.

Development Banks-IREDA, continue to represent a key source of funds for RE investments, particularly

in project finance, over the medium term.

Potential Sources of Financing

Land Availability for Renewable Energy Projects

Land is a vital component of the total capital expenditure of renewable projects. In order to develop

renewable installations particularly, wind and solar projects, land requirements are quite significant.

Various state governments in India have announced favorable land policies that have been instrumental in

reducing the capital cost for the renewable projects. For instance, Rajasthan under its Solar Policy has

announced availability of land to the developers at low cost. Madhya Pradesh has announced investor

friendly government land allocation measures which have resulted in the increase of solar installations.

Renewable power projects are established on private, revenue or forest land. Different states have

different policies for land purchase/allotment. Further these policies and the clearances required differ

depending on the type of land.

Private land


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Most of the acquisition of private land for renewable energy projects occurs through mediations directly

with the land owners.

1. Certain states allow purchase of land without any conditions. Tamil Nadu has the most investorfriendly policy, wherein agricultural land can be directly purchased for the setting up renewableenergy projects. In Rajasthan also as per their recently announced solar policy, land owners arepermitted to set up solar power projects on their land, or sub-let his land for establishment of such

projects without any land conversion requirements.

2. Other states require that private/agricultural land be converted to non-agriculture land for industriesto purchase this land. States have a set procedure for this conversion. In Karnataka this requires anamendment in the Karnataka Land Reforms Act Sections 79 A and 79 B. In Maharashtra, beforepurchasing private land, Dept of Industries and Commerce (DIC) permission has to be obtained for

which the survey/gut numbers of the locations have to be submitted. These procedures take upadditional time in the gestation periods of the projects.

Revenue land

1. Certain states such as Gujarat and Rajasthan have developer friendly procedures in acquiring revenueland. Revenue land files in Gujarat are cleared at DC level, whereas in Rajasthan, government land isallotted by the District Collector, on recommendations of RRECL (Rajasthan Renewable EnergyCorporation Limited), at a concessional rate.

2. Certain other States require clearances by higher authorities to acquire revenue land, which involvesadditional time.

3. Other states such as Maharashtra do not have any clear cut policies for execution of renewable energyprojects on revenue land.

Forest land

Indias Land acquisition Act, 1894 (as amended in 1985) allows forest land for developmental purposes.

However, this land can be acquired only on lease basis and is subject to clearances from the forest

department. Further, Indias Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Policy, 2007 ensures that minimum

displacement occurs in large scale projects. Of all the project options, the one with least displacement is

selected and adequate resettlement package is decided to compensate the displaced communities.

Forest areas are identified using forest atlas and GIS maps and alternatives have to be considered to

minimize forest land use during this process. Allocation of this on lease for RE projects happens through a

detailed two stage process by the MoEF (Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change).

Stage-I: The Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) assesses the Net Present Value (NPV) of the current forested

area to make recommendations for forest land diversion and determine areas for compensatory

afforestation.

Stage-II:MoEF or its regional office reviews the document and gives a go ahead for the project.

Further as per MoEF rules, the developer has to identify land contiguous to forest land for afforestation

and undertake compensatory afforestation.

Clearances required for setting RE projects

Indias regulatory system and implementing agencies ensure that environmental quality and social

concerns are not compromised and any arising concerns are addressed while implementing renewable

energy projects. In order to be compliant with these, projects have to get appropriate clearances.

Environmental clearances:


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During project initiation, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 (as amended in

2009) needs to be considered to assess if Environmental Clearance (EC) is required or not. EIA

notification categorizes various projects under A, B or B1 categories based on the capacity of the project

and subscribes different processes for EC.

Category A projects are screened, scoped and appraised at the central level by MoEFs Expert Appraisal

Committee (EAC) and Category B projects are evaluated by State Environmental Impact Assessment

Authority (SEIAA). Specific to the energy sector, environmental regulations for governing projects varydepending on the electricity generation capacities of the plants. Some of the major clearances required for

RE plants include:

All hydroelectric power projects have to get environmental clearance. These clearances fall undertwo categories; category A if the projects are of capacity >=50 MW; category B if capacity ofprojects is between 50 to 25 MW.

Biomass or non-hazardous solid waste based projects, with capacity more than 15MW, requireenvironmental clearance.

The following RE projects are exempt from EIA:

Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) projects up to a plant size of 50 hectares.

Small Hydro Projects (SHPs) up to a capacity of 25 MW. However, project proponents have toapproach State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) for clearance under Air and Water Act.

Wind projects

Consent Process

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) grant Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent toOperate (CTO) to projects, including solar and wind projects.

CTE is issued to projects after evaluating the potential environmental impacts and the design ofpollution control installations and upon verification of compliance with these conditions. A CTO isissued with emission and effluent limits based on industrial sector-specific standards.

Some states like Gujarat issue consolidated consents for air and water pollution and hazardous

waste based on Common Consent Applications (CCA). Others states like Chhattisgarh, issue waterand air consents as well as waste management authorizations separately.

Coastal Regulation Zone Clearance

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) clearance regulates development in areas located along the Indian coast.

Coastal areas are considered sensitive zones and classified by the MoEF as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)

I, II, III and IV for regulating development activities in the coastal stretches within 500 meter of High Tide

Line (HTL). Various activities are allowed in the different zones and rapid EIA is used as a tool for CRZ

clearance. Project proponent has to ensure that CRZ clearance has been obtained and the project is not

located in environmentally sensitive zones as notified under the CRZ classification.

Forest Clearance

RE projects are being set up on forested land have to obtain a two-stage approval by the MoEF. This two-

stage process involves approval by the Divisional Forest Officer and subsequently by the MoEF or its

regional office. Also, as per the MoEF Rules, the developers have to identify land contiguous to forest land

for afforestation. This compensatory afforestation activity is also permitted in private land.

Environmental Assessment for externally funded projects


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RE projects that are funded by bilateral and multilateral agencies have to meet additional environmental

and social performance standards prescribed by the respective funding agency

International Acts and Treaties

RE projects should not violate any regional/ multilateral treaty India is signatory to.

Project proponents and regulators have to ensure that environmental conservation and biodiversitypreservation is not compromised due to project activities. These treaties include UNs Convention on

Biodiversity, Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species and Convention on Conservation

of Migratory Species.

Social Governance Clearances

Projects have to comply with acts addressing social concerns such as Panchayat Act, 73rd Constitutional

Amendment, Tribal Rights Act and Forest Act, Indias Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R&R) Policy 2007,

Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and others. Further, these should be compliant with local laws and get

approvals from the local bodies/institutions. Two major clearances in this regard are:

o Local Governments

Projects are subject to local laws and have to get approvals from local bodies.

As per the 73rd constitutional amendment, rural local bodies or Pancahyati Raj Institutions(PRIs) decide on clearing developmental projects by providing them legal status.

Under the Panchayat Act, the PRIs or Gram Sabha at the village level has to be consulted bythe project proponent before establishing a project in areas falling under its jurisdiction. Thisgives villagers/ locals the right to raise their project development linked concerns.

o Land Acquisition

RE projects are established on private, revenue or forest land, for which different states havedifferent policies for land purchase/allotment. These have been discussed in the landfacilitation section, and involve clearances such as changing land use status non-agriculturalland, etc.

Apart from these major clearances, there are other clearances such as obtaining a No Objection Certificate

(NOC) from the energy department, a NOC from the district collector etc.

Power Sale Options

The renewable energy sector has witnessed evolution of several market models pursuant to the timely

Policy and Regulatory framework formulated at the central and State Level. A relook on the past scenario

shows that, while wheeling renewable power, particularly wind power for third party use or captive use

was a popular market model in the initial years, the provisions of National Electricity Policy and National

Tariff Policy on preferential Tariff and preferential treatment of Nonconventional sources of energy has

led to a feed-in-tariff regime which marked significant RE capacity addition in the Country in the later

years. Moving forward, the current policy and Regulatory framework offers the promising market model of

REC based off-take models which provides a pan-nation market for renewable energy.

Sale to third party under Open Access Regime

The model involves sale of energy to an Open Access consumer of the same DISCOM area within which

the generator is located or to a different DISCOM within the State, using the network of the Discoms or


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Transmission Companies in order to wheel the power from the point of injection to point of usage. Such a

market model of third party sale is largely made feasible with the introduction of the provisions for Open

Access transactions specified in the Electricity Act 2003 and through the subsequent Regulations framed

by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission. The Electricity Act 2003 defines Open Access vide Section

2(47), reproduced as under.

Open access means the non-discriminatory provision for the use of transmission lines or distribution

system or associated facilities with such lines or system by any licensee or consumer or a personengaged in generation in accordance with the regulations specified by the Appropriate Commission;

Open Access allows a bulk consumer, according to the framework developed by the appropriate

Commission, to contract directly with the generation company or with any other source of supply (other

than the incumbent distribution licensee in whose area the consumer is situated). The open access

framework also offers such freedom to generating company to supply power to such consumers who are

eligible to avail open access.

Sale through Group Captive under Open Access Regime

This model is very similar to that of the third party sale model discussed in detail in the above section.

However, in this model the consumers need to have a minimum level of stake holding in the renewable

power plant set up. Hence, in case a developer wants to set up power projects and sell power through a

Group Captive route, then the shareholding/capital structure of the power plant should be such that the

power plant gets qualified as a Captive generation plant. In accordance with the Captive Power Policy

notified by the Government of India, for any power plant to qualify as a captive power plant, they need to

abide by two major conditions which are as follows:

Not less than twenty six percent of the ownership is held by the captive user(s), and

Not less than fifty one percent of the aggregate electricity generated in such plant determined onan annual basis, is consumed for the captive use: Provided that in case of power plant set up byregistered cooperative society, the conditions mentioned under paragraphs at (i) and (ii) aboveshall be satisfied collectively by the members of the cooperative society.

As regards the structure of this power sale option, the developer/captive users may wheel the

power generated to the point of consumption through a dedicated lines or through the network ofthe transmission and/or the Distribution licensee after paying necessary transmission and

wheeling charges.

Sale to Distribution Licensee under Feed-in-Tariff Regime

The model essentially involves sale of power generated by a renewable power plant to the distribution

Utility at a rate approved by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission. Under this power off-take

Option, the Utility will have to enter into a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with the purchaser or the

Distribution utility. Such a model is a time tested and comparatively less complex one. However, the lesser

complexity of this power sale model comes at a price of the models dependency on the willingness of the

Utilities to procure RE power and the creditworthiness of the Utilities to pay for the power purchase.

Sale under the REC Mechanism

Under the REC mechanism, one REC will be issued to the RE generator for generating one MWh of

electrical energy fed into the grid. The RE generator may sell electricity to the distribution company at the

regulated price equivalent to average pooled cost of power purchase by Utility from all sources excluding

RE sources and its RECs to Obligated Entities at market price through exchange mechanism in a

transparent manner. The RE generator may sell the certificates only through power exchange to such

Obligated Entities who have to meet with their RPO target. The purchase of RECs will be deemed as a


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purchase of power generated from renewable sources and accordingly will be allowed for compliance with

the RPO target. The REC mechanism will enable obligated entities in a State to procure RECs generated

from any of the States in India and surrender the same to fulfil its RPO target.

Manpower Availability

The Renewable Energy sector in India employs sizeable manpower both in the organized as well as

unorganized sector, in manufacturing of equipment, their installation, operation, maintenance,

transmission and distribution of energy generated from renewable energy sources. The MNRE has been

supporting skill development activities in renewable energy by way of supporting various educational and

training organizations including NGOs/private organizations to conduct training courses in specific job

roles required by renewable energy industry. In addition, renewable energy as a subject has also been

incorporated in regular syllabus of the two year certificate course of Industrial Training Institutes of seven

trades (electronics, electricians, welder, fitter, turner, sheet metal work and machinist).

MNRE has in the past also been supporting Electronics Sector Skill Council and Power Sector Skill

Councils and is currently working on creating a separate Renewable Energy (Green Energy) Skill Council

in collaboration with Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.

The MNREW intends to create an army of 50000 Urja Mitraby way of roping in educational and traininginstitutions in next five years. These Urja Mitra will act as independent entrepreneurs at local level for

promotion propagation and deployment including servicing and maintenance of the renewable energy

systems in their respective areas. Skill development is a focus area of the government and the Skilling

India mission plans to train 500 million people by 2022 that the government believes would provide a job-

ready workforce to several industries.

India as favorable Renewable Energy Destination

India is fast emerging as a country with a vibrant renewable energy ecosystem that is expanding rapidly.

Some of the major immediate plans are as follows:-

Scale up renewable energy deployment plans to reach a cumulative installed capacity of around 165

GW by 2020 that include 100 GW solar power capacity;

Establish National University for Renewable Energy. The University will focus on research in cuttingedge renewable energy technologies including on developing countries specific issues, skilldevelopment, climate studies, and would produce the professionals to cater to increasing manpowerrequirement;

Organize the first Renewable Energy Global Investors Meet & Expo (RE-INVEST) on 15-17 February2015 in New Delhi, as a follow-up to the Make in India initiative launched by the Prime Minister ofIndia. The central theme of RE-INVEST is to attract large scale investments for the renewable energysector in India. It will be the first major platform for investment promotion in this sector atGovernment of India level to signal Indias commitment to the development and scaling up ofrenewable energy to meet its energy requirement in a sustainable manner. This will enable the globalinvestment community to connect with renewable energy stakeholders in India. The event is expected

be attended by over 300 investors and over 1000 delegates, both domestic and international. Besides,representatives from State Government, Public Sector Enterprises, renewable power developers andmanufacturers, state renewable energy nodal agencies, and other related stakeholders will playimportant roles.


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Annexure I- MNRE Schemes on Renewable Energy

Grid Connected Power

Wind Energy

Scheme for Promotion of Grid Interactive Power Generation Projects based on Renewable EnergyTechnologies for wind power projects: Implemented during 2012-2017, the Ministry of New andRenewable Energy provides financial support for carrying out Wind Resource Assessment,organization of seminars/symposiums/workshops/training programs, strengthening of technicalinstitutions, testing facilities, engaging consultants and undertaking studies on a case-by-case basis.The total CFA under this scheme is INR 70 million for wind power and INR 85 million for C-WET.

Scheme for Generation Based Incentives (GBI) for Grid Interactive Wind PowerProjects: Implemented for the 12thPlan period, i.e. till 2017, Generation Based Incentives per unit ofelectricity fed into the grid for a period of not less than four years and up to ten years with a cap ofINR 10 million/MW will be provided. The GBI will be implemented through the Indian RenewableEnergy Development Agency (IREDA). The total expected liability for this scheme is estimated at INR163,640 million over the entire scheme duration spreading till 2027.

Biomass Power/Cogen

Promotion of Grid Interactive Biomass Power and Bagasse Cogeneration in SugarMills: Implemented for the 12thPlan period, i.e. till 2017, Central Financial Assistance (CFA) for allprojects implemented post 1st April 2013 will be provided. The Ministry of New and RenewableEnergy will also provide financial support for R&D activities, organizingseminars/symposiums/workshops/training programs, strengthening of technical institutions, testingfacilities, engaging consultants and undertaking studies on a case-by-case basis. The total CFA underthis scheme is INR 300 million for biomass and bagasse projects.

Biomass Gasification

Programme on Biomass Gasifier for industries: CFA is provided in the form of CapitalSubsidy for Biomass Gasifiers used for Thermal, Electrical Applications and also for biomass gasifiers

with 100% producer gas engines in Institutions for captive use. CFA is provided to a maximumcapacity of 5 MW irrespective of the total installed capacity of the project.

Biomass Gasifier based Programmes: CFA is provided for Biomass Gasifier based GridConnected Power systems of up to 2 MW capacity. These should either be 100% supported byproducer gas engines or be biomass based grid connected Boiler-Turbine-Generator (BTG) projects. Atotal subsidy of INR 60 million for will be provided for such projects.

Solar

Scheme for Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects in thecountry commencing from 2014-15 to 2018 19: CFA of INR 2.5 million for parks forpreparation of DPR, conducting surveys, etc. Also, a CFA of up to INR 2 million/MW will be provided.The total estimated CFA under this scheme is INR 40,500 million.

Scheme for Pilot-cum-Demonstration Projects for development of Grid ConnectedSolar PV Plants on Canal Banks and Canal Tops: CFA is provided on a per MW basis to canaltop SPV projects and canal bank SPV projects. The total CFA disbursed will be upto INR 2.25 billionover a period of two years.

Financial Support for grid connected to solar roof top projects: Objective of the scheme isto promote the grid connected SPV rooftop and small SPV power plants in the residential,community, institutional, industrial and commercial establishments. MNRE has set target ofachieving 300 MW through this scheme by 2017.


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Sanction of Funds for Research Design and Development of Solar Photovoltaic Technology. The totalfund allocation is INR 595 million.

Small Hydro Power

Small Hydro Power Programme (up to 25 MW Capacity): Central Financial Assistance(CFA)/Financial Support is provided in the form of Grants/Assistance/Subsidy for the following

activities: Resource Assessment and Support for Identification of new sites

Setting up new SHP projects in the private/co-operative/Joint sector etc.

Setting up new SHP projects in the Government sector

Renovation and Modernization of existing SHP projects in the Government sector

Development/Upgradation of water mills and setting up Micro Hydel Projects

Research and Development and Human Resource Development

Biogas

Biogas based Distributed / Grid Power Generation Programme: Subsidy for setting up

Biogas based Power Generation Systems and support for a variety of workshops, seminars, meetings,training programs to the implementing agencies /Biogas Development & Training Centers (BDTCs)among others. The total outlay for this scheme is INR 50 million.

Off-Grid Power

Aerogenerators/wind hybrid

Scheme on Small Wind Energy and Hybrid systems (SWES)

Biomass Gasification

Biomass Gasifier based Programmes: Central Financial Assistance (CFA) is provided for:

Biomass Gasifier based Distributed/Off-grid power programme for Rural Areas.

Biomass Gasifier based programmes in Rice Mills

Biogas

National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP)

Biogas Power (Off-grid) Programme

Small Hydro Power

Subsidy scheme for watermills and Micro Hydel Projects (up to 100 kW)

Solar

Capital Subsidy Scheme of Government of India for promoting Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) WaterPumping Systems for Irrigation purpose

Off-grid and Decentralized Solar Applications Programme

Off-grid and Decentralized Solar Cooker Programme

Capital subsidy scheme for installation of solar thermal systems


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Capital subsidy Scheme for providing basic lighting needs through solar charging stations withLanterns

Remote Village Electrification

Remote Village Electrification Programme: The Ministry is implementing a programme forproviding financial support for electrification of those remote unelectrified census villages and

unelectrified hamlets of electrified census villages where grid-extension is either not feasible or notcost effective and are not covered under Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana. Such villagesare provided basic facilities for electricity/lighting through various renewable energy sources.

Waste to Energy

Programme on Energy from Urban, Industrial and Agricultural Wastes/Residues: The mainobjectives of the programme are:

To promote setting up of projects for recovery of energy from urban, industrial and agriculturalwastes;

Create conducive conditions and environment, with fiscal and financial regime, to develop,demonstrate and disseminate utilization of wastes and residues for recovery of energy.

MNRE RD&D supportThe Ministry has been supporting Research, Design & Development (RD&D) in new and renewable energy

since 1982. MNRE has been under this scheme, supporting the RD&D projects based on prototype/pilot

plant development, demonstration, and commercialization. As part of the support scheme research can

also be supported in the areas of policy, resource assessment and regulatory issues. The scheme has in the

past supported RD&D projects carried out by industry. The scheme provides guidelines for project

identification, formulation appraisal, approval and financial support. The aim of the RD&D scheme is to

make the country a net foreign exchange earner in the New and Renewable Energy Sector.

A Research, Design & Development Project Appraisal Committee (RDPAC) under the chairmanship of

Secretary, MNRE provides guidance to the overall direction of RD&D effort in new and renewable energy.

This Committee also elicits RD&D proposals, appraises them, and recommends financial support

wherever required.

The focus areas under the Ministrys RD&D program are:

Alternate Fuels (hydrogen, bio & synthetic) to supplement and eventually substitute liquidhydrocarbons

Green Initiative for Future Transport (GIFT) based on Alternate Fuels for land, air & sea applicationsto supplement and eventually substitute fossil-fuel systems

Green Initiative for Power Generation (GIPS) based on Alternate Fuels for stationary & portablepower generation applications to supplement and eventually substitute fossil-fuel systems

Standalone new and renewable energy products to provide cost-effective energy for cooking, lightingand motive power

Distributed new and renewable energy systems to provide cost-competitive energy supply options forcooking, lighting and motive power

New and renewable energy products for urban, industrial and commercial applications, includingenergy recovery from urban and industrial wastes and effluents

MW scale grid interactive renewable electricity systems to contribute towards supplement andeventually substitute fossil-fuel based electricity generation


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Annexure II- State wise Feed-In Tariffs as per State Regulations

State-wise Feed-In-Tariffs

State Wind BiomassBagasse BasedCogeneration

Small Hydro Municipa

AndhraPradesh

4.7FC = 1.71 1.11(1st10thyr.)

VC = 3.09

FC = 1.82-1.12(1st10thyr.)

VC = 2.04

1.6 1.88(1st 10thyr.)

-

Bihar -FC = 2.90

VC = 4.08FC = 2.47

VC = 3.06- -

Chhattisgarh

Wind density>200 = 6.25201-250 = 5.68251-300 = 5.00301-400 = 4.17

>400 = 3.91

FC = 3.57VC = 2.16

FC = 3.54VC = 3.02

>2 MW = 5.662-5 MW = 5.165-25MW = 4.4

-

GujaratNet Tariff = 4.15

AD benefit = 0.37

Aircooled= 5.27

Watercooled = 5.04

4.85 - 6.8

Haryana

Wind density201-250 = 5.81251-300 = 5.06301-400 = 4.31>400 = 3.88

Aircooled= 8.62

Watercooled = 8.52

4.2 - -

Jammu andKashmir

CUF 20% = 5.80CUF 22% = 5.27CUF 25% = 4.64CUF 30% = 3.87

CUF 32% = 3.62

5.68 5.36 3.32 -

Karnataka 4.2 - - 3.40 4.15

Kerala 4.77 - 2.55


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MadhyaPradesh

5.92 5.64 6.28400 = 3.92

6.41 5.99

>500kW=5.44.5-1 MW=4.94

1-5MW = 4.445-25MW=3.76

4.88

Orissa 4.48 4.09 4.12400 = 2.80

FC = 2.10

VC = 2.48;escalationof 5% p.a.

FC = 2.85VC = 2.45; escalation of 5% p.a.


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Annexure III: Renewable purchase obligation for all the States

State RETechnology

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Andhra Pradesh Non-Solar 4.75% 4.75% 4.75% 4.75% 4.75% 4.75%

Solar 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25%

Total 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

Arunachal Pradesh Non-Solar 4.10% 5.45% 6.80%

Solar 0.10% 0.15% 0.20%

Total 4.20% 5.60% 7.00%

Assam Non-Solar 2.70% 4.05% 5.40% 6.75%

Solar 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% 0.25%

Total 2.80% 4.20% 5.60% 7.00%

Bihar Non-Solar 2.25% 3.75% 4.00% 4.25%

Solar 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% 0.75% 1.00% 1.25% 1.50%

Total 2.50% 4.00% 4.50% 5.00%

Chhattisgarh Non-Solar 5.00% 5.25%

Solar 0.25% 0.50%

Total 5.25% 5.75%

Delhi Non-Solar 1.90% 3.25% 4.60% 5.95% 7.30% 8.65%

Solar 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% 0.25% 0.30% 0.35%

Total 2.00% 3.40% 4.80% 6.20% 7.60% 9.00%

JERC (Goa & UT) Non-Solar 1.70% 2.60%

Solar 0.30% 0.40%


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Total 2.00% 3.00%

Gujarat Non-Solar 5.50% 6.00%

Solar 0.50% 1.00%

Total 6.00% 7.00%Haryana Non-Solar 1.50% 2.00% 3.00%

Solar 0.00% 0.05% 0.10%

Total 1.50% 2.05% 3.10%

Himachal Pradesh Non-Solar 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 11.00% 12.00% 13.00%

Solar 0.01% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.50%

Total 10.01% 10.25% 10.25% 10.25% 11.25% 12.25% 13.50%

Jammu andKashmir

Non-Solar 2.90% 4.75%

Solar 0.10% 0.25%

Total 3.00% 5.00%

Jharkhand Non-Solar 2.50% 3.00%Solar 0.50% 1.00%

Total 3.00% 4.00%

Karnataka Non-Solar 10% and 7%

Solar 0.25%

Total(Discomsonly)

10.25% &7.25%

Kerala Non-Solar 3.35% 3.65% 3.95% 4.25% 4.55% 4.85% 5.15%

Solar 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25%

Total 3.60% 3.90% 4.20% 4.50% 4.80% 5.10% 5.40%

Madhya Pradesh Non-Solar 2.10% 3.40% 4.70% 6.00%

Solar 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00%


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Total 2.50% 4.00% 5.50% 7.00%

Maharashtra Non-Solar 6.75% 7.75% 8.50% 8.50% 8.50%

Solar 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50%

Total 7.00% 8.00% 9.00% 9.00% 9.00%Manipur Non-Solar 2.75% 4.75%

Solar 0.25% 0.25%

Total 3.00% 5.00%

&Mizoram Non-Solar 5.75% 6.75%

Solar 0.25% 0.25%

Total 6.00% 7.00%

Meghalaya Non-Solar 0.45% 0.60%

Solar 0.30% 0.40%

Total 0.75% 1.00%

Nagaland Non-Solar 6.75% 7.75%Solar 0.25% 0.25%

Total 7.00% 8.00%

Orissa Non-Solar 4.90% 5.35% 5.80% 6.25% 6.70%

Solar 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% 0.25% 0.30%

Total 5.00% 5.50% 6.00% 6.50% 7.00%

Punjab Non-Solar 2.37% 2.83% 3.37% 3.81%

Solar 0.03% 0.07% 0.13% 0.19%

Total 2.40% 2.90% 3.50% 4.00%

Rajasthan Non-Solar 5.50% 6.35% 7.00%

Solar 0.50% 0.75% 1.00%Total 6.00% 7.10% 8.20%

Sikkim


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Tamil Nadu Non-Solar 8.95%

Solar 0.05%

Total 9.00%

Tripura Non-Solar 0.90% 1.90%

Solar 0.10% 0.10%

Total 1.00% 2.00%

Uttarakhand Non-Solar 4.50% 5.00%

Solar 0.03% 0.05%

Total 4.53% 5.05%

Uttar Pradesh Non-Solar 4.50% 5.00%

Solar 0.50% 1.00%Total 5.00% 6.00%

West Bengal Non-Solar 3.75% 4.70% 5.60% 6.50% 7.40%

Solar 0.25% 0.30% 0.40% 0.50% 0.60%

Total 3.00% 4.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00% 7.00% 8.00%

State-wise RPO tar ets


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Photo Gallery


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