OPEN CLOZEI. An Ugly HabitSmoking is one of the most common and deadliest habits in the world. You have probably seen thousands of cigarettes smoked in your lifetime, (1) _____________ perhaps not by your family. Even though fewer people smoke today (2) _____________ in the past, one (3) _____________ every four adults still smokes, and (4) _____________ are parts of the world (5) _____________ smoking is increasing. Most people (6) _____________ become regular smokers started when they were young. This is the time to get the facts straight: smoking does no one (7) _____________ good, and it does a great (8) _____________ of harm to your health. It also often means giving up a lot later in life, (9) _____________ as the chance to excel in sports, extra spending money, and even years of one’s life. There is a lot of to lose. Most smokers have a hard time explaining why they started – and why they continue. They know it is harmful, and many even know someone who (10) _____________ died from (11) _____________ smoking-related illness, like lung cancer or heart disease. But (12) _____________ the same time, these smokers continue lighting up when they go out for a drink, take a break from work, or hear alarming news. Some smokers even light up when they learn about the dangers of smoking, because they become worried. (13) _____________ the reason people start smoking, the habit soon loses (14) _____________ attraction. (15) _____________ from the obvious health risks, smoking is an ugly, unpleasant habit. Most people would prefer to avoid a room that someone was filling with smelly smoke.

II. The Wondrous World of CoffeeA cup of coffee, like any (1) _____________ experience, can be enriched by selection and consciousness. "No beans (2) _____________ it," the best coffee decisions (3) _____________ the ones most pleasant to one's own palate - the selection of one's coffee is a matter of personal preference. Choosing coffee beans can also be a perplexing experience, (4) _____________ there is a huge range of coffee types and beans blends from (5) _____________ around the world. The final flavour and quality involves (6) _____________ complex factors, beginning with the coffee seed, the beans' botanics, a wide variety of soil and climate conditions, cultivation altitudes, and the care (7) _____________ in harvesting the beans. Raw green coffee beans are then subjected (8) _____________ many influencing factors, including various processing, production, roasting, blending and brewing methods. On a global note, (9) _____________ many species and varieties of coffee trees from different areas of the world also offer their own distinctive flavours. (10) _____________ are more than forty-five coffee-exporting countries - all of (11) _____________ use different classification systems - that supply the world (12) _____________ coffee beans, in sizes ranging over sixty known species of coffee plants. (13) _____________ wonder coffee can involve a puzzling java jargon! Fortunately, the world's coffee nomenclature, from mountain to market, can be classified (14) _____________ simple categories. This briefly outlines the basics of bean botanics, coffee cultivation and processing, and global classifications used by the coffee trade (15) _____________ coffee-producing countries.

III. Solar EnergySolar energy is derived ultimately from the sun. It can be divided (1) _____________ direct and indirect categories. Most energy sources on Earth are forms of indirect solar energy, (2) _____________ we usually don’t think of them in that way. Coal, oil and natural gas derive from ancient biological material (3) _____________ took its energy from the sun millions of years ago. (4) _____________ the energy in wood and foodstuffs also comes (5) _____________ the sun. Movement of the wind , and the evaporation of water to form rainfall which accumulates in rivers and lakes, are also powered by the sun. (6) _____________, hydroelectric power and wind and wave power are forms of indirect solar energy. Direct solar energy is (7) _____________ we usually mean when we speak of solar power – (8) _____________ is the use of sunlight for heating (9) _____________ generating electricity. Solar energy research and applications have been receiving increasing attention throughout the world as solar energy must (10) _____________ a much greater role in the energy mix in upcoming years. Long-term recorded data (11) _____________ world-widely distributed meteorological stations provides an opportunity to construct historical solar radiation for studies on crop productivity, hydrology, climate change, and solar power-relevant designs. The Angstrom-type models have (12) _____________ widely used (13) _____________ estimate global solar radiation from measured sunshine duration. However, because (14) _____________ models do not explicitly (15) _____________ into account radiative extinction processes in the atmosphere, they have site-dependent parameters and need calibrations for different climate regimes and geographical locations.

IV. History of DublinMore than just about any other city we know, Dublin wears its history (1) _____________ its sleeve. Dubliners themselves are highly passionate scholars of their own history - and we mean their own history. Perhaps (2) _____________ it continues to have (3) _____________ a strong bearing on modern life, it's near impossible for (4) _____________ two Irish people to agree on the details of any one historical episode. However, they'll instantly unite against an outsider's version, and there are great contradictions (5) _____________ Irish and English historical accounts of events that (6) _____________ place here. Take Oliver Cromwell for example. An Irish text would describe him (7) _____________ an English parliamentarian (8) _____________ raped, pillaged and plundered his way through Ireland - a complete and utter bastard. If you picked up an English history book on the (9) _____________ hand, you might learn that Cromwell defeated the Royalists in the English Civil War and apparently used to holiday in Ireland. On your travels, you (10) _____________ surely hear different spins on the same subject, and bear in (11) _____________ that everybody has a bias - some are just cleverer (12) _____________ hiding it than others. See if you can spot ours. The public at large only (13) _____________ wind of it in October 2008, just after the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the onset of the global financial crisis. But within a matter of days it (14) _____________ all Dubliners could talk about: the dramatic bursting of the property bubble that had kept the economy artificially afloat and Dubliners living the high life for the (15) _____________ five years.

V. TasteTaste is (1) _____________ simply the preserve of a tiny aristocracy, of the court culture of the European. Abbasid or Chinese past or the ‘foodie’ cutting-edge of the present. In the social history of ordinary people, calorie intake, the threat of famine and the supply of urban centres are among the topics (2) _____________ have given us (3) _____________ idea of the fragility and difficulty of pre-industrial life. The relevance of the history of food in its (4) _____________ basic sense needs (5) _____________ justification. The exchange of products resulting (6) _____________ the discovery of the New World, the dependence of societies (7) _____________ one overwhelmingly important food source, or the impact of modern warfare on civilian diet (8) _____________ all clearly major topics. In the mid-twentieth century historians’ interest in the conditions of society, (9) _____________ particularly the history of ordinary people, inevitably involved questions of how peasants or workers lived in the past; how (10) _____________ or ill-nourished they were; how they coped with the unpredictability of harvests, food supply and prices. (11) _____________ contrast, accounts of the culinary tastes of the comfortable classes of society were (12) _____________ recently regarded as relevant only (13) _____________ a kind of anthropology of ceremony, such as the elaborate excess of the Burgundian court of the fifteenth century (14) _____________ musicians were placed in baked pies and edible tableaux depicted battles, sieges and allegories. Otherwise the history of cuisine has tended to be viewed (15) _____________ merely part of the history of fashion, hence of frivolity.

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