15 – 19 May 2017 Panel: “The effects of climate change on oceans”

Segment 1 : The effects of climate change on oceans, including

environmental, social and economic implications

Nathalie Hilmi Centre Scientifique de Monaco

International Workshop Series

Gattuso 2012

Global threats: Ocean Acidification The other CO2 problem

CO2 atm

CO2 SW HCO-3 H+ +

Millions of years before present

The Monaco Declaration - 2008 ✔ Widely distributed: 9000 citations on Google

In line with the Monaco Declaration and in accordance with the wishes of Prince Albert II, an International workshop series - « Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation » - was launched by the Centre Scientifique de Monaco and the Environment Laboratories of the IAEA.

In the first workshop (2010), for the first time, economists and scientists came together to open the lines of communication and foster cooperation and coordination. The second workshop (2012) focused on regional impacts of ocean acidification on fisheries and aquaculture. The third workshop (2015) deals with the socio-economic impacts of ocean acidification on coastal communities.

Three workshops have been organized since 2010 all gathering multidisciplinary international experts and have resulted in clear conclusions and recommendations for policy makers.

http://www.centrescientifique.mc/fr/Workshops/default.aspx

In the spirit of the Monaco Declaration: The International Workshop on Economics

of Ocean Acidification ✔ 2010 : The 1st International Workshop introduced natural scientist and economist perspectives on the topic of ocean acidification to build solid linkages between these two communities.

In the spirit of the Monaco Declaration:

The international Workshop on Economics of Ocean Acidification

During 2,5 days ✔ 15 scientists from natural science ✔ 15 economists ✔ International Organizations Bank, UICN, COI-UNESCO, NOAA…)

(World OCDE,

IGBP,

In the spirit of the Monaco Declaration: The International Workshop on Economics of Ocean Acidification

The international Workshop on Economics of Ocean Acidification

Conclusions in the presence of HSH Prince Albert II

The combination of scientific and economic results is an essential element to enable policy makers to base their policies on objective and concrete data. . .

Second International Workshop Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation

“Ocean acidification impacts on fisheries and aquaculture” Oceanographic Museum, Principality of Monaco, 11-13 November 2012

“Ocean acidification impacts on fisheries and aquaculture” Oceanographic Museum, Principality of Monaco, 11-13 November 2012

55 international experts

4 plenary talks: – Jean-Pierre Gattuso (France): Ocean acidification (update) – Manuel Barange (UK): Ecological effects of ocean acidification – Kieran Kelleher (World Bank): The impacts of ocean acidification on fisheries and aquaculture – Cassandra De Young (FAO): Economics and human adaptation to ocean acidification impacts 6 regional groups: South pacific and Southern Ocean North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean Central and South Atlantic Mediterranean and Black Sea North and Central Pacific Indian Ocean and Red Sea

Second International Workshop Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation

The objective of the second international workshop on “Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation” was to assess ocean acidification impacts on fisheries and aquaculture resources in

different regions of the world. The regions were artificial aggregations of the fishing areas defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Each region spanned multiple political, economic and ecological units.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

Some ocean areas such as upwelling waters (deep water drawn upwards as wind pushes surface water offshore), polar and sub-polar regions, and some coastal and estuarine waters are natural “hot spots” of special concern for ocean acidification.

Coastal waters are subject to warming, low oxygen, high nutrients and pollution in addition to ocean acidification, exposing aquatic species and communities to multiple stressors.

World capture fisheries and aquaculture generated about US$218 billion in 2010. This provides an estimated 4.3 billion people with at least 15% of their animal protein. Over the last 30 years world food production by aquaculture has expanded twelve-fold; representing nearly half of human seafood consumption. Dependence on marine protein is expected to continue to rise with increasing human population.

Major fisheries and aquaculture often occur in areas sensitive to ocean acidification. This puts economies and livelihoods at risk, and requires consideration and action by policy makers.

Research on valuable seafood species is limited. Studies indicate that some shellfish used in aquaculture may be vulnerable to ocean acidification. Much uncertainty remains concerning finfish.

Ocean acidification is a global issue directly caused by increased anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. It is happening now and CO2 absorbed by the oceans will continue to rise long after emissions are reduced.

RECOMMENDATIONS Mitigate the effects of ocean acidification by reducing emissions of atmospheric

CO2.

Establish ad hoc coastal monitoring networks for standardized measurement of ocean acidification.

Support research on valuable finfish, shrimp and other shellfish in high CO2 conditions to enable socio-economic assessment of impacts on food security.

Implement best practices and adaptive management of fisheries and aquaculture to increase ecological resilience of marine ecosystems.

Increase the adaptive capacity of fishing communities through education about ocean acidification, and by training and support to diversify livelihoods where needed.

Improve multi-stakeholder exchange of information and communication among parties (coastal communities, businesses, researchers, resource managers, international organizations and policy makers).

This workshop focused on the socio-economic impacts of ocean acidification on coastal communities and discussions centered around three main topics: 1) coastal economic activities with an emphasis on fisheries,

aquaculture and tourism; 2) modelling as a tool to evaluate bio-socio-economic impacts of ocean

acidification; 3) potential measures to tackle ocean acidification including societal

action and adaptation, governance and legislation options.

Ocean acidification and coastal communities

Local and national management

Adaptive management to address complexity - Improve coastal ecosystem resilience through effective

fisheries and aquaculture management - Build community resilience by supporting diversified coastal

community economies - Explore innovative financing for adaptation - Build ecosystem resilience by reducing local stress factors and

creating marine protected areas - Broaden opportunities for coastal communities by developing

tourism attractions based on healthy reef systems

International policy

Dynamic leadership to facilitate change - Work to achieve urgent reduction in CO2 emissions. - Place ocean acidification, along with other climate change drivers,

as a high priority for more countries - Mainstream ocean acidification into global, regional and national

policies - Foster public and private investment in social, economic and

environmental capital in communities and regions considered most vulnerable

- Make ocean acidification projects eligible to the Green Climate Fund

Fourth International Workshop Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation “From Sciences to Solutions: Ocean acidification impacts on ecosystem services-

Case studies on coral reefs”

A series of recommendations for policy makers were developed as a result of the first three workshops, including: • reducing CO2 emissions as the first objective for a sustainable solution; • reducing local threats and establishing marine protected areas; • since adapting solutions (e.g. migration of populations, habitat restoration, coastal protection, changes craft practices) can be quite costly, preference should be given to encouraging mitigation solutions (reducing CO2 emissions) and including oceans in all international negotiations on climate change; • increasing ecosystem and societal resilience through improved fisheries and aquaculture management practices; restoring fish stocks and biodiversity; empowering most vulnerable communities; • searching for innovative sources of funding and including ocean acidification in the "green background climate"; • promoting knowledge development, data collection platforms and information sharing; • taking into account social aspects in the design of environmental solutions; • promoting an interdisciplinary approach should be encouraged to be complementary to propose solutions to decision makers.

Fourth International Workshop Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation “From Sciences to Solutions: Ocean acidification impacts on ecosystem services-

Case studies on coral reefs”

The workshop will focus on the economically and socially important, but highly threatened, coral reefs ecosystems, using a case study approach. The goal of the workshop will be to determine mitigation and adaptation solutions to OA impacts on coral reef ecosystems and the services they render, at several levels: biochemical (e.g. geo-engineering), socio-economic (e.g. fisheries and selective aquaculture), legal (e.g. creation of protected areas and coral parks) and technological (e.g. development of sensors and monitoring systems). The six regions of reference are : 1. Red Sea 2. Indian Ocean and South-East Asia (e.g. Indonesia, Maldives, Micronesia,

Seychelles, Mayotte, la Réunion, Madagascar) 3. French Pacific Islands: French Polynesia and New Caledonia 4. Australia: Great Barrier Reef 5. Caribbean and West Atlantic (e.g. Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Florida) 6. Non French Pacific Islands (e.g. Guam, Hawaii, Japan, Marshall Islands)

The workshop series is organized by the Monaco Scientific Centre (CSM) and the International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), with the support of:

«Ocean acidification is, I believe, one of the greatest scourges resulting from the considerable development of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, to have both concrete and global impact.»

(H.S.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco)