14th through Mid-17th Centuries

New Discoveries Humanism and Education Shift in Social Order

Global Effects: Led to the Age of

Imperialism, where European powers dominated the planet

Indigenous people in North and South America and Africa were enslaved and exploited;

Communal knowledge possible Scientists could form

distant communities Page numbering and

indexes invented and used Standardization in form

and spelling Reading moves from

communal to private activity;

Authorship becomes more important and profitable. Who wrote it becomes

important Early copyright and

intellectual property laws established

Decline of Latin and move towards vernacular language use Contributed to growing

nationalism

Describes the school of philosophical, intellectual, and literary thought from 1400-1650:

•Emphasis on human freedom and responsibility;•Return to the pagan classics;•Reliance on God and faith weakened;

• Fortuna (chance) replaces Providence.

• The world as it is becomes an end rather than a preparation for Heaven

• Learn through imitation;

• Mimesis• Imitatio

• Emphasis on the classics;

• Especially ancient Greece and Rome

• Belief that a well-educated person knows a little about everything—a “Renaissance Man.”

Reason rules emotions, just as A king rules his

subject; A parent rules a child; The sun governs the

planets.

Humans are between beasts and angels; To behave without

reason is beast-like; To go above one’s

proper place invites disaster.

The right of kings to rule comes directly from God; Royalty is answerable

only to God; Disobedience to

royalty is disobedience to God.

Political absolutism

Causes: The Renaissance, with

its emphasis on humanism and individuality;

The printing press, with the wider access to printed works and rise in literacy

The rise of powerful nation-states, headed by monarchs

Anger at church corruption: Simony—the selling of

church offices; Indulgences—giving

money to the church in exchange for one’s soul spending less time in Purgatory

Increasingly poorly educated clerics.

Luther denounced the selling of indulgences;

Argued that the secular gov’t had the right to reform the church; Same thought echoed later

in Hobbes’ social contract theory

Attacked the sacraments; Baptism, Confirmation,

Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, Matrimony

Argued to man can be saved by faith alone

Pope Leo X issued a Bull demanding that he recant; Luther publicly burned

it; Decreased the

sacraments from seven to 2 Only left baptism and

communion

Because the Pope refused to grant Henry an annulment from his first wife, he cut ties with the Catholic church and began the Church of England, which he, as king, was head.

Son of Henry’s third wife;

Assumed the throne at age 9;

English replaced Latin in Church ritual;

Died at age 15

Restored England to Catholicism;

Restored the Pope’s authority over the English Church;

Married her cousin Phillip, making England appear to be an appendage of Spain.

Ordered the deaths of 300 Protestants Bloody Mary

Best monarch since William the Conqueror;

Had a Renaissance education;

Patron of the arts; Restored the Church

of England, but was a politique