14 – Response

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14. ResponseApril 29 – May 18, 2018

Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Response

Learn ing Object ives

After completing this module, you should be able to:• Define guards and response forces, their basis in

international instruments, and their role in a PPS• List two functions of a response force in mitigating an

adversary threat• Recognize concepts of interruption and neutralization• Be familiar with guard and response force equipment• Describe principles of guard and response force planning,

training, and evaluation methods

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Response

Nuc lear Secur i ty Ser ies 13 (NSS-13)

• 3.45 The concept of physical protection is one which requires a designed mixture of hardware (security devices), procedures (including the organization of guards and the performance of their duties) and facility design (including layout)

• 3.46 The three physical protection functions of detection, delay, and response should each use defense in depth and apply a graded approach to provide appropriate physical protection

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Response Force Def in i t ions

• Guard: A person who is entrusted with responsibility for patrolling, monitoring, assessing alarms, escorting individuals during transport, controlling access, and / or providing initial response

• Response Forces: Persons on-site or off-site who are armed and appropriately equipped and trained to prevent an attempted unauthorized removal of nuclear material or an act of sabotage The same personnel may be assigned guard and response force

duties at a nuclear facility; there may be separate guard and response force units on-site; or the response force may be augmented or wholly provided by outside agencies

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Role of Guards

• Controlling access to a security area or into a facility• Conducting

Searches of personnel and vehicles Patrols on foot or in a vehicle to detect unauthorized activities

• Responding to alarms to assess the cause• Operating a central or secondary alarm station• Escorting nuclear material movements

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Ro le of Response Force

• Prevent theft or sabotage of nuclear materials and nuclear facilities Achieved by use of force required to stop a threat up to lethal

force, if necessary. Right place at the right time, with the right equipment

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Role o f Guards and Response Forces in an E f fec t ive PPS• Detection is sufficient to prompt response force to

respond• Sufficient delay allows response force to respond in time• Once deployed, response force has sufficient capabilities

to stop the threat (DBT or Threat Assessment)• An effective PPS also incorporates elements to increase

deterrence and reduce the likelihood of an attack Measures can be implemented that make planning an attack

more difficult (effectiveness of these measures can be difficult to measure)

Features can be used to introduce an element of uncertainty, e.g., unpredictability of guard and response force deployment and response actions

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Funct ions of a Response Force

• To achieve its role in preventing theft or sabotage of nuclear materials and nuclear facilities, the response force has two functions: Interruption: The successful arrival of the response force at an

appropriate location in time to stop the adversary Neutralization: The ability of the response force after arrival to

prevent completion of the adversary act. Neutralization is achieved when the response force kills, captures, or causes the adversary to flee before adversary can complete the task.

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The ability to arrive in time and prevent completion of theft or sabotage is the measure of success for a

response force

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Successfu l Interrupt ion Requirements

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Reliable, fast communication of alarms to Alarm Center

Correct assessment of problem

Reliable communication from the Alarm Center to security responders

•At least two timely means of communication

Security responders must deploy to correct locations

•Planning, training, exercises

Coordination with other responders

Reduce Response Force Time

• Reduce communication time• Eliminate or reduce travel time

Measur ing Tota l PPS Response T ime to Inter rupt Adversary Act ions• Total PPS Response Time

Measured from the first activation of an alarm by a threat to the time the response force is in position to interrupt the actions of that threat

Does not include the time necessary for the response force to engage the threat and prevent them from completing a theft or sabotage act

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Note: The response force may arrive individually or in groups at different times, so there is a PPS Response Time associated with the arrival of each individual or group.

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Neutra l izat ion / Capture Requirements

• Neutralization is most important role of response force But only possible if interruption occurs

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Application of Tactics

Equipment

Knowledge of Tactics

Physical Fitness

Proficiency

Training

Neutra l izat ion Bas is• Use of response forces should have a basis in law, be carefully

planned, and rigorously controlled• Policies, plans, and procedures should be established to document:

Legal authority for use of force by response forces Rules governing conditions when response force can physically

engage threats with methods up to deadly force What types of methods response force can use against threats in

a graded manner – from non-lethal to lethal• To counter the threat, the response force must have:

Sufficient numbers Equipment Appropriate tactics, techniques, and procedures

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Cont ingency Planning and Pr inc ip les

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Three Planning Issues

Planning Principles 

and Concepts

Interaction with 

outside agencies

Use of force

Three Planning Issues

Planning Principles 

and Concepts

Interaction with 

outside agencies

Use of force

Planning Pr inc ip les and Concepts

• The amended CPPNM requires the development and exercising of contingency plans, and NSS-13 defines hardware, procedures, and facility layout as an integral part of physical protection Fundamental Principle K, Amended Convention on the Physical

Protection of Nuclear Materials and NSS-13, Section 3.45• Planning concepts include:

Identify and prioritize potential targets (theft vs sabotage) Determine appropriate protection strategies for the site Identify optimal guard and response force configuration Develop plans and procedures

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Pr imary Response Force Strategies

• Containment: A strategy to prevent adversaries from leaving the site with an asset This strategy is used for nuclear material theft targets

• Denial: A strategy to prevent adversaries from getting to an asset and completing a sabotage act This strategy is used for nuclear facility and nuclear material

sabotage targets

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Secondary Response Force Strategies

• Recapture: A strategy used to regain control of a critical location on the site occupied by adversaries to prevent completion of a sabotage act This strategy is a secondary strategy to a denial strategy

• Pursuit and Recovery: A strategy to pursue adversaries who have left the site with nuclear material, regain control of it, and return it to the site This strategy is a secondary strategy to a containment strategy

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Coordinat ion with Outs ide Agencies

• Facility may use outside or off-site agencies to provide a response force or augment site’s response force Protection requirements must be carefully documented and

rehearsed • Written agreements or understandings can be useful and

should cover topics such as: Role of support agencies Specific requirements (number of responders, response force

time, locations of road blocks, etc.) Integrated communications with support agencies Off-site operations Site familiarization Joint training exercises and validations

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Use of Force

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Legal Bas is for Use of Force

• Use of force does not always imply deadly force Force Continuum may be established that directs Response

Forces to use minimum amount of force necessary to: • Control the situation • Make an arrest, or• Perform other actions to stop the action of adversaries and prevent

a malevolent act Describes use of authorized escalating amount of force, based on

actions of adversary Rules of Engagement define when Response Force can use

weapons against adversaries

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Force Cont inuum• Presence verbal use of hands less lethal

deadly force

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Chemicals

Impact Weapons

Tasers

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Rules of Engagement Def ined

• Rules of Engagement: Criteria regarding when lethal force can be applied in the protection of nuclear material and nuclear facilities

• Should be: Consistent with State’s laws and regulations Documented Basis for contingency plans

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Response Force Equipment

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Weapons Vehicles

Soft

Armored

Communication equipment

Radio

Telephone

Duress alarm

Night vision devices

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Personal Protect ion Surv ivabi l i ty• Response Force survivability

considerations Based on DBT

capabilities Site specific

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Gas Mask and Chemical / Bio Suits

Self‐Contained Breathing Apparatus

Helmet

Body Armor

Flashlights and Binoculars

Vest (Tactical)

Intermediate Force Weapon

Enhancements

• Improved radio systems• Protected response routes• Hardened fighting positions• Automated response capabilities• Secure equipment storage• Secure communications center• Breaching equipment• Training

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Response Force Tra in ing

• Critical part of Response Force program• Should include all contingency missions• Scenario-based and in realistic environment• Designed in response to training needs analysis

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Response Force Performance Test ing

• Subsystem performance testing Different types of tests provided to test performance of individual

components of RF functions Testing individual components of whole system

• Whole system performance testing Testing sections of whole system Two performance measure criteria are evaluated

• Interruption• Neutralization

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Time Mot ion Studies (TMS)

• TMS are considered the foundation for the response element Tests responders arriving at a designated response point during

a required time Based on a response plan – determines and validates required

response times to arrive at various response locations• Conduct a large number of studies for each tactical

position to quantitatively justify the average response time for each position

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TMS – How It Works• Used to determine adequacy of planning and whether interruption

will be timely• Time begins at the responder’s origination point to the dedicated

response point• Included in the overall response time:

Don all required equipment and firearms Travel or traverse time Enter through entry gates, doors, or other types of barriers Arrive at location of interruption

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Total Response Time

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Response

Key Takeaways

• Response is an important function in a PPS• Guards and response forces have different functions

based on the amended CPPNM and NSS-13• Two functions of response force are to interrupt and

neutralize threats attempting to steal nuclear material or sabotage a nuclear facility or nuclear materials

• Two primary strategies are containment and denial• Robust planning, training, and evaluation programs are

essential to achieve and sustain effective performance of guards and response force, especially because of the human element

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