1.4 case study: moon landing · fly to the moon. travel at survivable speed. follow the correct...
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Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
1.4 Case Study: Moon Landing
Dr. Tarek A. Tutunji
Philadelphia University, Jordan
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Preview In the previous sequence, essential skills for successful
engineers have been presented.
In this sequence, the moon landing mission will be studied to inspire future engineers of what is possible.
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Moon Landing Because of its extreme difficulty and worldwide exposure, the
successful moon landing of Apollo 11 is considered one of humanity's greatest achievements.
Moon landing was made possible by the combination of:
Science
Engineering
Imagination.
Engineers were the architects of the technology that allowed the moon landing to happen.
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Imagination:Moon Landing in Fiction Man was fascinated by the
moon since the ancient times.
Many books were written about humans on the moon:
True History by Lucian in 79
First man on the moon by H.G. Wells in 1901
2001: Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke in 1968
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Science Action and Reaction: the thrust that
lifts the launcher comes from burning fuel in the combustion chamber.
Gases escape through a nozzle.
The gases exert an upward force (reaction) that is equal and opposite to the force (action) of the escaping exhaust. Newton’s third law of motion.
This reaction force overcomes gravity.Gas Action
Thrust
(Reaction)
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Political Background After WWII, the competition between the
superpowers (USA and USSR) was intense.
The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 to orbit the Earth and so initiated the Space Age in 1957.
The Soviets also landed the first unmanned ship on the moon in 1959.
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Vision U.S. President John F. Kennedy looked for an
American project that would capture the public imagination.
"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth”
JFK 1961
20 July 1969, USA landed first manned ship (Apollo 11).
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Engineering Challenges1. Spacecraft must first leave the Earth’s gravity.
A launcher needs sufficient thrust to lift its own mass to overcome gravity.
At an attitude of 200 km, a launch vehicle must travel over 11 Km/s to escape gravity. This is referred to as escape velocity.
2. Fly to the moon. Travel at survivable speed.
Follow the correct trajectory.
3. Land safely on the moon. High velocity (6000 mile/hr) is the effects of gravity using a landing
rocket.
4. Return to earth. The escape velocities of the moon and earth must again be overcome.
Moon departure rocket must be carried to the moon's surface.
Need additional fuel for the return trip
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Moon Landing Stages1. Unmanned Hard Landing
USA: 18 missions (3 successes), 1958-1965
USSR: 22 missions (4 successes), 1958-1966
2. Unmanned Soft Landing
USA: 7 missions (5 successes), 1966-1968
USSR: 14 missions (5 successes), 1969-1976
3. Lunar Orbit
USA: 5 missions (5 successes), 1966-1967
USSR: 9 missions (7 successes), 1966-1974
4. Manned Landing
USA: Apollo 11 landed on the moon, 1969
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
The Launch A Saturn V rocket launched
Apollo 11 into the orbit
After one and a half orbits, the engines pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon.
The command module separated from Saturn V and docked with the lunar module.
The combined spacecraft headed for the Moon.
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Fly me to the Moon
Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit.
lunar module (LM) Eagleseparated from the command module Columbia.
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Command/Service Module The Command Service Module
Columbia consisted of two parts.
The Command Module held the three man crew. It was the control center during the mission. It also was the re-entry vehicle for returning back to Earth.
The Service Module provided the propulsion and maneuvering capability for the space craft
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
The Lunar Module The Lunar Module Eagle
consisted of two parts: the descent stage and the ascent stage.
The descent stage provided the engine used to land on the moon. It had four legs and a storage area for experimental gear.
The descent module also served as the launch platform for the ascent module when it came time to leave
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Walking on the MoonOne small step for man, one
giant leap for mankind
To walk on the moon's surface, the astronauts needed to wear a space suit with a back mounted, portable life support system.
This controlled the oxygen, temperature and pressure inside the suit.
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Return to Earth After re-entering the Earth's
atmosphere, parachutes opened to safely lower the Columbia into the Pacific Ocean
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Apollo 11: The Crew
Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin Buzz Aldrin
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiEngineering Skills, Philadelphia University
Conclusions The moon landing mission shows how engineers play
an essential role in providing solutions to almost impossible tasks.
The mission also shows the importance of leadership, planning, and teamwork