137a-u4aorganization.pptx

8/10/2019 137a-U4aOrganization.pptx

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UNIT 4: POLITICAL PARTIES AS

CAMPAIGN ORGANIZATIONS

Ware CH 3, D/W CH 6 and Katz and Mair (reserves)


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Guiding Questions

What do party organizations do?

What are cartel parties?

How do they differ from cadre, mass,and catch all parties?

How does electoral politics play into the

politics of cartel parties? What patterns do we see in electoral

campaigns?


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What Do Party Organizations Do?

Ware 1996

Party organizations: Organize campaigns and elections

Maintain or build the party membership base

Determine policies/strategies for office holders.

But the emphasis that a specific party places onthese functions varies Developing new policies is often the least tended to

area of organizational influence Particularly amongst parties in opposition

Advances in technology have privileged the electoralfunctions of party organization over other functions.


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Elections and Party Organization

Duverger 1956, Epstein 1967

Electoral considerations prompts changes in organizations.

Contagion from the leftmass parties/Contagion from the right catch-

all parties

Panebianco 1988

Professionalization of politics pushes emphasis away from party

membership towards political professionals in the waging of campaigns.

Push towards electoral-professional parties.

Although a partys past constrains the ability to make organizational

changes.

Katz and Mair 2009

Elections become fights over competence and management rather than

the expression of group identity.

Divisive issues are delegated to non-partisan entities.

Push towards cartel parties.


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Consequences of Professionalization

Panebianco 1988

Shift in staffing from local branches to central party offices.

Central party is dominant

Elections driven by party leader (i.e. presidentialization).

Farrell and Webb 2000 Political consultancy has become a major growth industry

Marketing parties is key.

Mimicry amongst political parties adapting to new technologies.

Example: Republicans/Democrats on GOTV, Facebook, Twitter

Public financing of campaigns has shaped the list ofcontenders in a much more expensive political world.

Some outside parties still jump these hurdles.


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The Emergence of Political Parties: Cartel Parties

(1970-present)

Why does this shift towards electoral politics matter? Party research focuses on relationships between parties and

society. Focus on electoral priorities alters this relationship between state and

society.

Neumann1956 Mass parties served as political structures which integrated citizens

into political societies.

Kirchheimer 1966 Posits that the switch from mass to catch all parties is problematic

from a societal standpoint.

Katz and Mair 1997 Argues that that traditional research ignores relationship between

parties and the state. Modern relationships between parties, society and the state do not sustain

mass parties.


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The Emergence of Political Parties: Stage Four

Cartel Parties (1970-present)

Katz and Mair 1997

Cadre: State/society

interpenetrated by elites;parties as cliques of

notables. Trustee form of

representation.

Mass: Extension of franchise push

state and society apart;

parties as intermediariesbetween the state andclasses in civil society.

Delegate form ofrepresentation.


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Katz and Mair 1997

Catch-All:

State and society separated asentry into government weakensties between party and societalclass groups.

Parties act as brokers betweenstate and society whichaggregate demands fromsociety while justifying policiesfrom the state.

Thus, parties are moving closertowards the state and further

from society. Entrepreneurial form of

representation.

Contends that parties havebecome agents of the state.


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Katz and Mair 1997

Characterized by the interpenetration of partyand state, and also by a pattern of inter-partycollusion.

1) Politics as a profession Competition based on efficient stewardship.

2) Managed electoral competition Shared sense of survival.

3) Campaign resources provided by the state

Campaign resources provided to parties inside the state 4) Greater rights to participation within party.

Centralization of party decisions weakens localparty institutions.


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Cartel Parties and Democracy

Katz and Mair 1997

Creates a relatively permanent set of in parties.

Campaign finance rules make participation by out

parties difficult. Electoral results may not always be reflected in

governing coalitions.

Feedback mechanisms weakened.

New demands increasingly voiced by interest groupsrather than cartel parties.

May provide impetus for extreme parties.


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Evaluating Theories of Campaign

Professionalization

Contagion effects Competition certainly does shape the form of organization that

political parties take. Supports Duverger and Epstein

But parties are limited in their ability to adopt certain types of

structures (i.e. history matters) Not one ideal form of organization that shapes every political party

Supports Panebianco

Institutionalization History of a partys founding definitely matters in terms of

shaping their organization (i.e. US and Canadian cadre parties). Supports Panebianco

But parties seeking to survive adapt to meet the needs of theirrespective electorate. Supports Duverger and Epstein


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Conclusion:

Stage Five? New Politics/New Parties

Poguntke 1987; Harmel 2002

Counter-response to cartel parties. Representing their followers is key (similar to mass

parties).

Parliamentary leadership (if it exists) is weak. Power invested in the localities.

Some movements have opened up participation tonon-members. Associated with environmentalism and postmaterialist

movements; a side effect of a more educated/affluentelectorate.

No developed party has adopted this form.


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Next Unit

Theme: What do parties want?

Reading:

Mueller and Strom pgs. 1-27 and 112-140

Theme: Parties and Votes Reading:

Ware CH 11

Mueller and Strom pgs. 89-111

Game: Elections

137a-u4aorganization.pptx

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