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INSTALLATION GUIDE

and USER MANUAL

Maxwell Technologies®

Ultracapacitor Generator Starting Solutions (GSS) 2-Terminal Generator Engine Start Module - 12V and 24V

GEN 31-0900-12V-2T GEN 31-1800-12V-2T

GEN 31-0900-24V-2T GEN 31-0980-24V-2T

Module Description Model Number Associated Datasheet Doc #

Generator Starting Solutions (GSS) GEN 31-0900-12V-2T; GEN 31-1800-12V-2T GEN 31-0900-24V-2T; GEN 31-0980-12V-2T

3001619-EN.1

Copyright

© 2016 Maxwell Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. No portion of these materials may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without

prior written permission from Maxwell Technologies, Inc.

www.maxwell.com/gss

http://www.maxwell.com/gss

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Unpacking and handling..................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Unpacking .................................................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Handling .................................................................................................................................... 2 3 Safety .............................................................................................................................................. 3 3.1 Important Safety Instructions ......................................................................................................... 3 4 Getting Started ................................................................................................................................. 4 5 Relevant Documents .......................................................................................................................... 5 6 Overview of GSS Installation Configurations ........................................................................................ 6 6.1 All GSS Ultracapacitor Module Starting System .............................................................................. 6 6.2 Simple Parallel Connection Configuration ...................................................................................... 7 7 GSS Installation ................................................................................................................................ 8 7.01 Installation Site Planning ............................................................................................................. 8 7.02 Materials for Installation ............................................................................................................. 9 7.1 All GSS System Installation ........................................................................................................ 10 7.2 Simple Parallel Connection Configuration Installation ................................................................... 12 8 Troubleshooting Procedures ............................................................................................................. 14 9 Discharging GSS Modules Prior to Storage or Shipment ...................................................................... 15 10 Maintenance ................................................................................................................................ 15 11 Storage ....................................................................................................................................... 15 12 Disposal/Recycling ....................................................................................................................... 15 13 Technical Specifications ................................................................................................................ 16 14 Manufacturer Contact Information ................................................................................................. 16 APPENDIX A - CRANKING TIME TABLES .................................................................................................. 17 APPENDIX B - CHARGING GSS MODULES WITHOUT A MAXWELL APPROVED CHARGER .............................. 22 APPENDIX C – SAMPLE INSTALLATION – GSS SIZING - DETERMINING CORRECT NUMBER OF MODULES .... 23

MAXWELL TECHNOLOGIES INC. INSTALLATION GUIDE AND USER MANUAL

12V and 24V Generator Starting Solutions Modules Page 1 Part No.: 131161 / Document No.: 3001037 © 2016 Maxwell Technologies, Inc.

1 Introduction

Maxwell® Generator Starting Solutions (GSS) engine start modules are self-contained energy storage devices comprised of individual ultracapacitor cells connected in series (3 models) and series/parallel (1 model). All models conform to Battery Council International (BCI) specifications for dimensions and location of terminals. The modules include two SAE 3/8” - 16UNC threaded stud terminals and integrated cell balance voltage management circuitry. Multiple modules may be connected in parallel to provide additional cranking capacity.


12V and 24V Generator Starting Solutions Page 2 Part No.: 131161 / Document No.: 3001037 © 2016 Maxwell Technologies, Inc.

2 Unpacking and handling

2.1 Unpacking

Inspect the shipping packaging for signs of damage prior to unpacking each module. Damage to the packaging or module should be reported to the carrier immediately. Remove each module from the packaging and retain the shipping materials until the module has been inspected and is determined to be operational. Visit www.maxwell.com/gss and download the appropriate datasheet for your module. The original shipping materials are approved for both air and ground shipment. When removing the module from the packaging, lift it by the module body, not by the shorting wire across the terminals. If the unit is found to be defective or any parts are missing, contact your supplier. A Return Material Authorization (RMA) number must be requested and issued by Maxwell prior to returning the unit for repair or replacement. Call Maxwell Customer Service at (877) 511-4324 to obtain an RMA number.

2.2 Handling

Maxwell ultracapacitor modules are designed to provide years of trouble-free operation. Proper handling is required to avoid damage to the module. In particular, the following handling precautions should be observed:

Do not lift module by shorting wire.

Do not stack modules on top of each other once they have been removed from their shipping containers.

Do not drop modules. Internal damage may occur that may not be visible from the module exterior.

Do not step on modules.

Protect module from impact.

2.3 Returns for Warranty

Save the original shipping container. If the product needs to be returned under warranty, it should be packaged in its original shipping container. If the original container is damaged or unavailable, make sure the product is packed with at least three inches of shock-absorbing material to prevent shipping damage. Maxwell is not responsible for damage caused by improper packaging of returned products.




3 Safety

3.1 Important Safety Instructions

The Maxwell Ultracapacitor Generator Start Solutions (GSS) module is not a battery and must be treated differently than a battery. Before installing any GSS module(s) read all manuals and other documents related to the module(s) and other connected equipment. Keep a copy of this manual in a safe place near the installed GSS system. If a replacement copy of this manual is needed, one can be downloaded from www.maxwell.com/gss.

The statements under the WARNING title below identify special instructions or procedures which, if not correctly followed, could result in personal injury. The statements under the CAUTION title below identify special instructions or procedures which, if not correctly followed, could result in damage to GSS modules or other equipment.

HIGH POWER DEVICE – DO NOT SHORT TERMINALS

Power terminals pose extreme arcing hazard in charged modules. Discharge before removing. Refer to Section 7 of this manual.

Improper use may result in personal injury and/or equipment damage.

DO NOT INCINERATE OR RECYCLE WITH LEAD-ACID BATTERIES Contains acetonitrile; keep away from fire or extreme heat.

NOT A BATTERY

Do not connect uncharged module in parallel with battery; severe arcing or damage will result. Observe correct polarity at all times.

Do not charge module above rated voltage; severe damage will result (warranty void).

Do not subject module to temperatures above 158⁰F.

Do not operate module in temperatures above 149⁰F. Do not over torque terminals (correct range: 16 to 20 ft. lbs.).

Charge only with Maxwell approved charger with temperature sensor installed on module. Do not attempt to open unit; no user serviceable components inside.




4 Getting Started This manual covers Maxwell 12-volt and 24-volt, 2-terminal Ultracapacitor Generator Start Solutions (GSS) modules for electric-start generator sets (gensets) - from approximately 4 liters up to approximately 130 liters displacement. For maximum life, the modules must be charged only by a Maxwell-approved charger designed specifically to charge Maxwell’s ultracapacitor-based GSS modules. Consult the Maxwell website at www.maxwell.com/gss for the manufacturer and model number of chargers approved by Maxwell fopr charging GSS modules.

Unlike lead-acid batteries, individual Group 31 GSS modules may be either 12 volts or 24 volts. Be certain to install the correct GSS modules and utilize the correct charger. Charging a 12-volt module with a 24-volt charger will cause severe internal damage to the module(s) and will void the module warranty.




5 Relevant Documents The installer should read and understand this manual before beginning to install GSS modules or charger. The installer is responsible for knowledge of key references documents, including but not limited to the following:

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 110 – Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70: National Electrical Code (NEC).

American National Standard (ANSI) Underwriters Laboratories (UL) UL 2200; Standard for Stationary Engine Generator Assemblies.

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Standard J1127; Low Voltage Battery Cable.

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Standard J2549; Single Conductor Cable for Heavy-Duty Applications – Truck and Bus.

Other NFPA publications as may be relevant depending on the type of facility.



6 Overview of GSS Installation Configurations

The flexibility of Maxwell GSS modules to start a wide range of engines is the result of offering a range of ultracapacitor modules and chargers as building blocks for solutions that can be built up as all-GSS Ultracapacitor or Simple Parallel Connection. In many cases, there will be a requirement (such as NFPA 110) that requires batteries to remain connected as the primary source of starting power for the prime mover.

6.1 All GSS Ultracapacitor Module Starting System

In this configuration, the existing lead-acid (or NiCad) batteries and charger are removed completely and replaced with GSS modules and a Maxwell-approved charger. The GSS modules are charged only by the new charger and they perform all cranking/starting. The voltage of GSS module(s) is controlled by the charger as a function of module temperature. The number of GSS modules will depend on the displacement of the engine and the desired cranking time. Appendix A of this manual provides cranking times for various configurations of GSS modules and genset diesel engine displacement.

A major difference between batteries and ultracapacitors is the relationship of power to energy delivered by each technology. Batteries depend on a chemical reaction to take place during charging and discharging. Even though batteries can store a great deal of

energy, they are limited by the speed of the chemical reaction in their ability to deliver energy quickly in the form of power. Ultracapacitors, on the other hand, store a limited amount of energy, but, because there is no chemical reaction involved, they can deliver stored energy in the form of power very rapidly. The result is very fast cranking (faster than batteries), however, with much less cranking time per charge than batteries. Because of these differences, more GSS modules than batteries will be required to crank a genset for the same period of time.

Be certain the use of all-ultracapacitor starting is in full compliance with NFPA 110. If the genset installation is subject to Level 1 or Level 2 requirements, it will most likely preclude the use of this configuration for one or both of the following reasons:

Lead-acid or NiCad batteries are required for Level 1 and Level 2 applications

NFPA 110 compliance is usually required



6.2 Simple Parallel Connection Configuration

In the Simple Parallel Configuration, the GSS ultracapacitor module(s) is (are) connected directly in parallel with the batteries:

This is the most cost-effective way to add ultracapacitor based starting to an existing genset; however, it has several significant limitations:

1) The voltage of the ultracapacitors is always equal to the battery voltage. If the charger fails or loses power, the ultracapacitor voltage drops along with battery voltage. 2) A battery with a shorted cell can bring down the voltage of the batteries and ultracapacitors. 3) The GSS modules are charged by the existing battery charger, designed to charge lead-acid ir NiCad batteries. In neither case is the charging voltage correct as a function of ambient temperature for ultracapacitors. Charging ultracapacitors with an incorrect charger can shorten their life. 4) NOTE: An extended warranty is available at no additional charge if the GSS module(s) is/are installed with a Maxwell-approved charger. See warranty on website

for details: www.maxwell.com/gss. See Appendix B for instructions on how to charge new/discharged GSS modules without a Maxwell-approved charger.




7 GSS Installation

7.01 Installation Site Planning

NOTE: Maxwell Technologies neither recommends or condones the installation of its products in violation of the requirements NFPA 70 or 110. It is the sole responsibility of the installer and facility owner to ensure compliance with all NFPA requirements, local building codes, and any other relevant Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). In many cases, all of the original batteries will remain in place after the GSS modules are installed. In such situations, it is necessary to locate and identify new or additional space for the GSS module(s). The following considerations are very important and should be followed closely when determining the mounting location for the GSS modules:

1) Modules can be mounted and operated in any orientation. 2) Do not mount the units on surfaces that experience or transmit significant vibration, particularly the rails on

which the prime mover is mounted and secured.

3) Select a location where ambient temperature stays within the range of -40⁰F to +149⁰F. In outdoor enclosures, avoid locations inside the enclosure where sun exposure is substantial and solar heat gain can raise ambient temperature around the GSS module(s) above 149⁰F.

4) It is the installer’s responsibility to locate and install the storage racks consistent with the requirements of NPFA 110. All GSS modules conform to BCI Group 31 form factor and location of terminals. Select, procure and install compatible rack(s) for Group 31 form factor to house the GSS modules.

5) Cable Selection, Size and Length: a. All cabling used to carry cranking current should be sized per NEC, SAE or appropriate standard and

have insulation that meets UL2200, SAE J1127, SAE J2549 and TMC RP 166. b. Recommended Cabling:

i. 125°C Rated Cross-linked polyethylene — SAE J1127 Type SGX. ii. 125°C Rated Thermoset Elastomer — SAE J1127 Type SGR where flexibility is required.



7.02 Materials for Installation

Maxwell-Approved Charger – Make sure the charger is the correct voltage. Follow the instructions in the installation/user guide that ships with the charger. Refer to www.maxwell.com/gss for Maxwell-approved charger manufacturer and model numbers.

USE CORRECT VOLTAGE GSS UNITS: DO NOT connect 12-volt GSS Modules in series for a 24-volt system.

Use Maxwell 24-volt GSS modules for 24-volt systems. Multiple GSS Modules can be wired in parallel to achieve required cranking current

An Installation Work Plan, prepared by the purchaser of the GSS modules, should accompany the work order provided to the installer, and should be followed. Failure to follow instructions in this manual may void warranty. The following sections provide detailed installation instructions for the possible installation configurations of the GSS that were discussed in Section 4.0 of this manual




7.1 All GSS System Installation

TYPICAL WIRING BEFORE GSS INSTALLATION TYPICAL WIRING AFTER GSS INSTALLATION

1) Before beginning the installation, initiate a start cycle of the genset and measure as accurately as possible the start time in seconds. Record the time required to achieve full running status.

2) Disconnect AC power to the existing charger and remove it. 3) Disconnect and remove all lead-acid or NiCad batteries; clean area of any corrosion and electrolyte leakage. 4) Mount the new charger in place of original charger. Refer to the mounting section of the charger installation

manual. 5) Position GSS module(s) in the location previously occupied by batteries. Be sure to comply with seismic restraint

/ hold down requirements and codes for the local area. 6) If more than one GSS module is being installed, connect GSS modules in parallel using appropriate gauge

cables. Never use smaller gauge cable than existed at the site when work began. 7) Once all modules are connected in parallel, connect the temperature sensor to the negative terminal of nearest

GSS module. Connect the free end of the temperature sensor cable to the charger. Refer to the charger manual for location of temperature sensor input terminals and connection of cable to sensor.

NOTE: The diagram above shows the aftermarket installation of GSS modules on a 24-volt genset. Note that, unlike a lead-acid battery, there is a 24-volt version of the GSS module. As a result, there is no reason to connect any GSS modules in series. A 12-volt installation would be wired identically to the AFTER version on the right except the GSS modules and charger would be rated at 12 volts instead of 24 volts.



8) Connect a red high current cable from the high current starting terminal on the genset starter solenoid to the (+) terminal of one GSS module (if multiple GSS modules are present, connect to the one nearest center of the parallel string).

9) Connect a black high current cable from the (-) terminal of the same GSS unit directly to the high current ground terminal of the genset starter motor.

10) Connect charging lines between charger and GSS module(s). Refer to the charger manual for location of DC output terminals and connection of cables. BE CERTAIN to follow wire size recommendations in the manual. Observe proper polarity at all times.

11) Refer to the charger manual for location of AC input terminals and connection of cables. Connect AC power cables to charger. DO NOT TURN ON POWER TO CHARGER. BE CERTAIN to follow wire size recommendations in charger manual. All national and local wiring codes must be followed. Wire insulation must

be rated at 90⁰C or higher. 12) Before applying power to charger, refer to the charger manual for power up and initial setup. Be certain to select

ULTRACAP MODE when programming the battery type. Follow all instructions in charger manual. 13) Immediately after power is applied (and charger has been programmed), connect the leads of a voltmeter to the

(+) and (-) terminals of one GSS module. The voltage will start at zero and slowly increase until it reaches 15

volts for 12-volt GSS modules or 25 volts for 24-volt modules at 72⁰F. If the ambient temperature is below 72⁰F, you will see a higher “charge-to” voltage that may be as high as 16.2 volts for 12-volt modules and 27.0 volts for

24-volt modules when at or below 32⁰F. 14) After the modules are fully charged, initiate a start cycle of the genset. Note that the engine will crank faster than

it did with batteries and start in less time. Accurately measure and record the start time and compare it with the start time measured before the installation was started. Compare the start times.

15) Now, shut down the engine and immediately restart. Start time will be slightly longer. 16) Repeat the process of shutting down the engine and restarting until the GSS cannot perform another start.

Measure and record the voltage of the GSS module(s). Record the number of starts that were achieved. 17) Wait until the GSS modules have fully recharged. Monitor the GSS voltage during charging as done in step 12

above. Next, shut off fuel to the engine. Begin cranking the engine and continue cranking until the GSS is unable to continue. Accurately measure and record the cranking time.

18) Remember to turn the fuel back on and allow the GSS system to fully recharge to full voltage. 19) Start the genset one final time to be sure that everything is operational. 20) Replace any panels or covers removed during the installation process. 21) The values recorded in steps 8, and steps 13-17 should be saved for future reference. If any question should

arise in the future regarding the performance of the GSS, the same cranking tests can be repeated and compared to the original recorded data.

22) The installation is now complete.



7.2 Simple Parallel Connection Configuration Installation NOTE: This configuration, while valid and functional, does not provide maximum protection against battery or battery charger failure. Also, because the GSS is charged by the battery charger, it may be subjected to a temperature-vs-voltage charging profile that is not optimal for the GSS module and may actually shorten its useful life.

Pre-Installation Check Detail for UCAP-Battery Simple Parallel Connection Configurations

A. Prior to installing the GSS module(s), test the starting and charging system to isolate any pre-existing problems.

B. Thoroughly clean all battery terminals and cable terminations to remove corrosion and oxidation. C. Test each battery individually to ensure it is properly charged, and ensure that electrolyte level and

specific gravity are within specifications. Replace batteries that do not hold specified voltage or pass Cold Crank Amp (CCA) rating tests.

D. Install mountings/hold-downs for GSS Modules in the desired location. It is recommended to orient the (+) and (-) terminals of GSS Modules the same way that Battery (+) and (-) terminal in the system are oriented. Use of genset manufacturer's approved battery mounts and restraints is recommended.

TYPICAL WIRING BEFORE GSS INSTALLATION TYPICAL WIRING AFTER GSS INSTALLATION

1) Before beginning the installation, initiate a start cycle of the genset and measure as accurately as possible the start time in seconds. Record the time required to achieve full running status.

2) Disconnect AC power to the existing battery charger. Disconnect all cables and wires from the (+) terminal of every battery.

3) Position GSS module(s) in a new location that is as close as possible to the starter motor of the genset. If necessary, locate and install appropriate racks in which the GSS modules will reside. Be sure to comply with seismic restraint / hold down requirements and codes for the local area.

4) When all GSS modules are correctly positioned, charge each GSS module separately and individually by carefully following the manual charging procedure as provided in Appendix B of this manual.

NOTE: The diagram above shows the aftermarket installation of GSS modules on a 24-volt genset. Note that, unlike a lead-acid battery, there is a 24-volt version of the GSS module. As a result, there is no reason to connect any GSS modules in series. A 12-volt installation would be wired identically to the AFTER version on the right except the GSS modules would be rated at 12 volts instead of 24 volts.



5) If more than one GSS module is being installed, connect GSS modules in parallel using appropriate gauge cables. Never use smaller gauge cable than existed at the site when work began.

6) Connect a red high current cable from the high current positive terminal of the starter motor solenoid to the (+) terminal of one GSS module (if multiple GSS modules are present, connect to the one nearest center of the parallel string).

7) Connect a black high current cable from the (-) terminal of the same GSS module directly to the high current ground terminal of the genset starter motor.

8) Reconnect all cables and wires to all positive terminals of all batteries (removed in step 2, above). Severe arcing will occur at this point if the GSS modules have NOT been fully charged per the instructions in Appendix B.

9) Wait 15 minutes for GSS voltage to equal battery voltage. Record this voltage. After the modules are fully charged, initiate a start cycle of the genset. Note that the engine will crank faster than it did with batteries alone and start in less time. Accurately measure and record the start time and compare it with the start time measured before the installation. Compare both start times.

10) For Level 1 and Level 2 installations: a. Shut off fuel to the engine. b. Using an accurate timer, manually crank the engine for 15 seconds. c. Wait (rest) for 15 seconds. d. Manually crank for 15 seconds. e. Wait (rest for 15 seconds). f. Manually crank for 15 seconds. g. Measure and record the voltage of the batteries/GSS modules immediately after the third cranking cycle.

11) Remember to turn the fuel back on and allow the batteries and GSS system to fully recharge to full voltage. 12) Start the genset one final time to be sure that everything is operational. 13) Replace any panels or covers removed during the installation process. 14) The values recorded in steps 1, 10, and 11(g) should be saved for future reference. If any question should arise

in the future regarding the performance of the GSS, the same cranking test can be repeated and compared to the original saved data.

15) The installation is now complete.

Once modules are charged, it is imperative that you exercise extreme caution not to short or incorrectly wire any of the GSS modules.



8 Troubleshooting Procedures The GSS module design is rugged and reliable. In the event that you experience difficulty with the product, consult the chart below to resolve the problem:

Symptom Probable Cause Check Remedy/Resolution

Slow/no cranking of genset Insufficient voltage/current to starter motor

Measure voltage of GSS module(s)

If low, check power to charger and charger output voltage

If normal, tighten all high current terminal connections

Substantial arcing and sparking during installation

Connection of new uncharged module directly to charged battery

Instructions Follow instructions closely for chosen installation configuration

GSS plastic enclosure is swollen or bulged out on sides

Extreme temperature and/or severe overcharging

Contact Maxwell Contact Maxwell

“Sloshing” sound heard when shaking module

Extreme temperature and/or severe overcharging


Threaded terminal stud snapped off

Over-torqueing of terminal nuts


GSS module won’t “hold” a charge

Excessive time since last charging of module

N/A GSS modules are designed to be charged on 24/7 basis (except during cranking). Module OCV drops to half-voltage in less than 10 hours after disconnecting charger. See Section 13 – Technical Specifications.



9 Discharging GSS Modules Prior to Storage or Shipment Prior to packing the GSS module for storage or return on an approved Return Material Authorization (RMA) completely discharge the module as follows:

1) Disconnect any battery and charger cables from the GSS module. 2) Use a voltmeter to check the voltage of the module. If the voltage is above 2 Volts:

a. Connect an appropriate 12 or 24 Volt DC load, such as a headlight or blower motor, across the GSS module (+) and (-) terminals. Alternatively, a 25 ohm, 25 watt resistor can be used instead of the headlight or blower motor. When the headlight is out or the blower motor stops turning, check voltage with the voltmeter.

b. Regardless of the method of discharge used, be certain to verify that the voltage across the GSS module terminals is 2 volts or less. If under 2 volts, the module is now considered safe for handling and shipping.

NEVER use a cable, bare wire or low/no resistance conductor to discharge any GSS Module.

10 Maintenance Terminals should be periodically checked for oxidation or loose connections and cleaned or tightened as necessary. Poor electrical connections account for the majority of GSS Module problems. Prior to removal or system maintenance, ensure that the GSS Modules are discharged (See section 9). No other regular maintenance is required.

11 Storage Shelf Life: New or unused GSS modules can be stored in the original packaging, discharged, in a dry place for a maximum of (four) 4 years before installation and use. Observe the maximum storage temperature as stated in the product specifications below. Always discharge any GSS module prior to storing or shipping.

12 Disposal/Recycling Do not incinerate. Do not recycle with lead-acid batteries. Do not crush. Do not dispose in trash. Dispose in accordance with local regulations for electronic waste.



13 Technical Specifications

Model Number GEN 31-0900-12V-2T GEN 31-1800-12V-2T GEN 31-0900-24V-2T GEN 31-980-24V-2T

Number of Terminals

Charger Type

Nominal Starter Voltage (volts)

Operating Voltage - Min/Max (Volts)

Module Capacitance - C (Farads) 500 1000 300 340

ESR (Ohms) 0.004 0.002 0.004 0.004

Peak Power (kW)1 16.4 32.8 45.6 45.6

Total Energy (Wh)2 18.2 36.5 30.4 34.4

Cold Cranking Amps (CCA)3 900 1800 900 980

Leakage Current at Max Voltage (mA) 112 224 112 113

Self-discharge time to half-voltage (hours) 9 9 7 8

Weight per Module (lbs/kg) 13/5.9 18.5/8.4 16.5/7.5 17.5/7.9

Terminal Type & Number

Environmental

Safety

Maxiumum Shelf Life

BCI Group Size / Dimensions

Operating Temperature Range

Storage Temperature Range

External

12 24

2

UL2200

Group 31 / 13” L x 6-13/16” W x 9-7/16” H (330mm L x 173mm W x 240mm H)

-40˚F to +158˚F (-40˚C to +70˚C)

7.2 /16.2 14.4/27.0

SAE 3/8”-16UNC, 2 each

SAE J1455, RoHS 2002/95/EC

4 years

-40˚F to +149˚F (-40˚C to +65˚C)

NOTE: Ultracapacitor CCA is calculated differently than a battery using a different time interval. See below. Footnotes 1. Peak Power = Vmax

2/4 x ESR 2. Total Energy = .5 x C x Vmax

2 / 3600 3. CCA = C x (Vmax – Vmin) / (T + C x ESR) where T = 3 seconds

IMPORTANT: Charger not to exceed maximum voltage limits (16.2 volts or 27.0 volts) when using non-Maxwell approved charger.

14 Manufacturer Contact Information For Generator Starting Solutions support, contact Maxwell Technologies, Inc. toll-free at:

Customer Service Line: 877-511-3224 Mon-Fri 8:00 am to 5:00 pm Pacific Time

GSS 24/7 Technical Support Hotline: (888) 890-3337

Website: www.maxwell.com/gss




APPENDIX A - CRANKING TIME TABLES

The charts below provide an estimated calculated cranking duration on a typical diesel engine (as a function of the number of modules needed to achieve the cranking time) when cranked with an all-ultracapacitor starting system. To read each chart: 1) Locate the correct charts for the GSS model you are installing. 2) Choose the chart with the closest ambient temperature (32⁰F or 72⁰F). 3) Identify the displacement of the prime mover in the leftmost column. 4) The shaded green portion of the selected row shows the calculated cranking time in seconds for the number of

modules shown at the top of each column.

Cranking Time Definition & Explanation Like batteries, ultracapacitors lose storage capacity as they age. The end of life (EOL) condition for Maxwell ultracapacitors is defined as a 20% loss of capacitance. For example, the capacitance of a new model GEN 31-1800-12V-2T GSS module is 1,000 Farads. It is considered to be at end-of-life when is capacitance is at or below 800 Farads. The tables below are based on a 20% degradation in capacitance from “as-new” values. A new GSS module will deliver approximately 25% longer cranking time than the values shown in the tables below.

CALCULATED CRANKING TIMES FOR 12 VOLT GSS MODULES

Cranking Cranking

Liters CID Current (A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Liters CID Current (A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

4 244 369 8.5 16.9 25.4 33.8 42.3 50.7 59.2 67.7 76.1 84.6 93.0 101.5 109.9 118.4 126.9 4 244 369 16.9 33.8 50.7 67.7 84.6 101.5 118.4 135.3 152.2 169.1 186.1 203.0 219.9 236.8 253.7

5 305 430 7.3 14.5 21.8 29.0 36.3 43.6 50.8 58.1 65.4 72.6 79.9 87.1 94.4 101.7 108.9 5 305 430 14.5 29.0 43.6 58.1 72.6 87.1 101.7 116.2 130.7 145.2 159.8 174.3 188.8 203.3 217.9

6 366 485 6.4 12.9 19.3 25.7 32.1 38.6 45.0 51.4 57.8 64.3 70.7 77.1 83.6 90.0 96.4 6 366 485 12.9 25.7 38.6 51.4 64.3 77.1 90.0 102.8 115.7 128.5 141.4 154.2 167.1 180.0 192.8

7 427 537 5.8 11.6 17.4 23.2 29.0 34.8 40.6 46.5 52.3 58.1 63.9 69.7 75.5 81.3 87.1 7 427 537 11.6 23.2 34.8 46.5 58.1 69.7 81.3 92.9 104.5 116.1 127.8 139.4 151.0 162.6 174.2

8 488 586 5.3 10.6 16.0 21.3 26.6 31.9 37.3 42.6 47.9 53.2 58.6 63.9 69.2 74.5 79.8 8 488 586 10.6 21.3 31.9 42.6 53.2 63.9 74.5 85.2 95.8 106.5 117.1 127.7 138.4 149.0 159.7

9 549 633 4.9 9.9 14.8 19.7 24.6 29.6 34.5 39.4 44.4 49.3 54.2 59.2 64.1 69.0 73.9 9 549 633 9.9 19.7 29.6 39.4 49.3 59.2 69.0 78.9 88.7 98.6 108.4 118.3 128.2 138.0 147.9

10 610 679 4.6 9.2 13.8 18.4 23.0 27.6 32.2 36.8 41.4 46.0 50.6 55.2 59.8 64.4 69.0 10 610 679 9.2 18.4 27.6 36.8 46.0 55.2 64.4 73.6 82.8 91.9 101.1 110.3 119.5 128.7 137.9

11 671 724 4.3 8.6 12.9 17.2 21.5 25.8 30.2 34.5 38.8 43.1 47.4 51.7 56.0 60.3 64.6 11 671 724 8.6 17.2 25.8 34.5 43.1 51.7 60.3 68.9 77.5 86.2 94.8 103.4 112.0 120.6 129.2

12 732 771 4.0 8.1 12.1 16.2 20.2 24.3 28.3 32.4 36.4 40.5 44.5 48.6 52.6 56.7 60.7 12 732 771 8.1 16.2 24.3 32.4 40.5 48.6 56.7 64.8 72.9 81.0 89.1 97.2 105.3 113.4 121.5

13 793 819 3.8 7.6 11.4 15.2 19.1 22.9 26.7 30.5 34.3 38.1 41.9 45.7 49.5 53.3 57.2 13 793 819 7.6 15.2 22.9 30.5 38.1 45.7 53.3 61.0 68.6 76.2 83.8 91.5 99.1 106.7 114.3

14 854 870 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4 17.9 21.5 25.1 28.7 32.3 35.9 39.5 43.1 46.6 50.2 53.8 14 854 870 7.2 14.4 21.5 28.7 35.9 43.1 50.2 57.4 64.6 71.8 78.9 86.1 93.3 100.5 107.6

15 915 924 3.4 6.8 10.1 13.5 16.9 20.3 23.6 27.0 30.4 33.8 37.1 40.5 43.9 47.3 50.6 15 915 924 6.8 13.5 20.3 27.0 33.8 40.5 47.3 54.0 60.8 67.5 74.3 81.0 87.8 94.5 101.3

16 976 983 3.2 6.3 9.5 12.7 15.9 19.0 22.2 25.4 28.6 31.7 34.9 38.1 41.2 44.4 47.6 16 976 983 6.3 12.7 19.0 25.4 31.7 38.1 44.4 50.8 57.1 63.5 69.8 76.1 82.5 88.8 95.2

Cranking Cranking

Liters CID Current (A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Liters CID Current (A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

4 244 457 6.8 13.6 20.5 27.3 34.1 40.9 47.7 54.6 61.4 68.2 75.0 81.8 88.7 95.5 102.3 4 244 457 13.6 27.3 40.9 54.6 68.2 81.8 95.5 109.1 122.8 136.4 150.0 163.7 177.3 191.0 204.6

5 305 533 5.9 11.7 17.6 23.4 29.3 35.1 41.0 46.9 52.7 58.6 64.4 70.3 76.1 82.0 87.8 5 305 533 11.7 23.4 35.1 46.9 58.6 70.3 82.0 93.7 105.4 117.1 128.8 140.6 152.3 164.0 175.7

6 366 602 5.2 10.4 15.5 20.7 25.9 31.1 36.3 41.5 46.6 51.8 57.0 62.2 67.4 72.6 77.7 6 366 602 10.4 20.7 31.1 41.5 51.8 62.2 72.6 82.9 93.3 103.7 114.0 124.4 134.8 145.1 155.5

7 427 666 4.7 9.4 14.0 18.7 23.4 28.1 32.8 37.5 42.1 46.8 51.5 56.2 60.9 65.6 70.2 7 427 666 9.4 18.7 28.1 37.5 46.8 56.2 65.6 74.9 84.3 93.7 103.0 112.4 121.8 131.1 140.5

8 488 727 4.3 8.6 12.9 17.2 21.5 25.8 30.0 34.3 38.6 42.9 47.2 51.5 55.8 60.1 64.4 8 488 727 8.6 17.2 25.8 34.3 42.9 51.5 60.1 68.7 77.3 85.9 94.4 103.0 111.6 120.2 128.8

9 549 785 4.0 8.0 11.9 15.9 19.9 23.9 27.8 31.8 35.8 39.8 43.7 47.7 51.7 55.7 59.6 9 549 785 8.0 15.9 23.9 31.8 39.8 47.7 55.7 63.6 71.6 79.5 87.5 95.4 103.4 111.3 119.3

10 610 842 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.8 18.5 22.2 26.0 29.7 33.4 37.1 40.8 44.5 48.2 51.9 55.6 10 610 842 7.4 14.8 22.2 29.7 37.1 44.5 51.9 59.3 66.7 74.2 81.6 89.0 96.4 103.8 111.2

11 671 898 3.5 6.9 10.4 13.9 17.4 20.8 24.3 27.8 31.3 34.7 38.2 41.7 45.2 48.6 52.1 11 671 898 6.9 13.9 20.8 27.8 34.7 41.7 48.6 55.6 62.5 69.5 76.4 83.4 90.3 97.3 104.2

12 732 956 3.3 6.5 9.8 13.1 16.3 19.6 22.9 26.1 29.4 32.7 35.9 39.2 42.4 45.7 49.0 12 732 956 6.5 13.1 19.6 26.1 32.7 39.2 45.7 52.2 58.8 65.3 71.8 78.4 84.9 91.4 98.0

13 793 1015 3.1 6.1 9.2 12.3 15.4 18.4 21.5 24.6 27.7 30.7 33.8 36.9 39.9 43.0 46.1 13 793 1015 6.1 12.3 18.4 24.6 30.7 36.9 43.0 49.2 55.3 61.5 67.6 73.8 79.9 86.0 92.2

14 854 1078 2.9 5.8 8.7 11.6 14.5 17.4 20.3 23.1 26.0 28.9 31.8 34.7 37.6 40.5 43.4 14 854 1078 5.8 11.6 17.4 23.1 28.9 34.7 40.5 46.3 52.1 57.9 63.7 69.4 75.2 81.0 86.8

15 915 1146 2.7 5.4 8.2 10.9 13.6 16.3 19.1 21.8 24.5 27.2 29.9 32.7 35.4 38.1 40.8 15 915 1146 5.4 10.9 16.3 21.8 27.2 32.7 38.1 43.6 49.0 54.4 59.9 65.3 70.8 76.2 81.7

16 976 1219 2.6 5.1 7.7 10.2 12.8 15.4 17.9 20.5 23.0 25.6 28.1 30.7 33.3 35.8 38.4 16 976 1219 5.1 10.2 15.4 20.5 25.6 30.7 35.8 40.9 46.1 51.2 56.3 61.4 66.5 71.6 76.8

Number of Seconds of Cranking - 12V GSS Module (900 CCA) @ 72⁰F

Number of GEN 31-1800-12V-2T Modules Connected in Parallel









CALCULATED CRANKING TIMES FOR 24 VOLT GSS MODULES

Cranking

Liters CID Current (A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 204 244 183 13.9 27.8 41.6 55.5 69.4 83.3 97.2 111.0 124.9 138.8 152.7 166.6 180.4 194.3 208.2 222.1 235.9 249.8 263.7 277.6

5 305 214 11.9 23.8 35.7 47.6 59.5 71.4 83.3 95.2 107.1 119.0 130.9 142.9 154.8 166.7 178.6 190.5 202.4 214.3 226.2 238.1

6 366 242 10.5 21.0 31.5 42.0 52.5 63.0 73.5 84.0 94.5 105.0 115.5 126.0 136.5 147.0 157.5 168.0 178.5 189.0 199.5 210.0

7 427 269 9.4 18.9 28.3 37.8 47.2 56.7 66.1 75.6 85.0 94.5 103.9 113.3 122.8 132.2 141.7 151.1 160.6 170.0 179.5 188.9

8 488 295 8.6 17.2 25.8 34.5 43.1 51.7 60.3 68.9 77.5 86.2 94.8 103.4 112.0 120.6 129.2 137.9 146.5 155.1 163.7 172.3

9 549 320 7.9 15.9 23.8 31.8 39.7 47.7 55.6 63.6 71.5 79.5 87.4 95.3 103.3 111.2 119.2 127.1 135.1 143.0 151.0 158.9

10 610 344 7.4 14.8 22.2 29.6 37.0 44.3 51.7 59.1 66.5 73.9 81.3 88.7 96.1 103.5 110.9 118.2 125.6 133.0 140.4 147.8

11 671 368 6.9 13.8 20.8 27.7 34.6 41.5 48.4 55.4 62.3 69.2 76.1 83.1 90.0 96.9 103.8 110.7 117.7 124.6 131.5 138.4

12 732 390 6.5 13.0 19.6 26.1 32.6 39.1 45.6 52.2 58.7 65.2 71.7 78.2 84.8 91.3 97.8 104.3 110.8 117.3 123.9 130.4

13 793 412 6.2 12.3 18.5 24.7 30.9 37.0 43.2 49.4 55.5 61.7 67.9 74.0 80.2 86.4 92.6 98.7 104.9 111.1 117.2 123.4

14 854 434 5.9 11.7 17.6 23.5 29.3 35.2 41.0 46.9 52.8 58.6 64.5 70.4 76.2 82.1 88.0 93.8 99.7 105.5 111.4 117.3

15 915 455 5.6 11.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.1 44.7 50.3 55.9 61.5 67.1 72.7 78.3 83.9 89.5 95.1 100.7 106.2 111.8

16 976 476 5.3 10.7 16.0 21.4 26.7 32.1 37.4 42.8 48.1 53.5 58.8 64.2 69.5 74.9 80.2 85.6 90.9 96.3 101.6 107.0

17 1037 496 5.1 10.3 15.4 20.5 25.7 30.8 35.9 41.0 46.2 51.3 56.4 61.6 66.7 71.8 77.0 82.1 87.2 92.3 97.5 102.6

18 1098 516 4.9 9.9 14.8 19.7 24.7 29.6 34.5 39.5 44.4 49.3 54.3 59.2 64.1 69.1 74.0 78.9 83.9 88.8 93.7 98.7

19 1159 535 4.8 9.5 14.3 19.0 23.8 28.5 33.3 38.0 42.8 47.5 52.3 57.0 61.8 66.5 71.3 76.0 80.8 85.5 90.3 95.1

20 1220 555 4.6 9.2 13.8 18.4 22.9 27.5 32.1 36.7 41.3 45.9 50.5 55.1 59.6 64.2 68.8 73.4 78.0 82.6 87.2 91.8

21 1281 573 4.4 8.9 13.3 17.7 22.2 26.6 31.1 35.5 39.9 44.4 48.8 53.2 57.7 62.1 66.5 71.0 75.4 79.9 84.3 88.7

22 1343 592 4.3 8.6 12.9 17.2 21.5 25.8 30.1 34.4 38.7 43.0 47.3 51.6 55.9 60.2 64.5 68.7 73.0 77.3 81.6 85.9

23 1404 610 4.2 8.3 12.5 16.7 20.8 25.0 29.2 33.3 37.5 41.7 45.8 50.0 54.2 58.3 62.5 66.7 70.8 75.0 79.2 83.3

24 1465 629 4.0 8.1 12.1 16.2 20.2 24.3 28.3 32.4 36.4 40.5 44.5 48.6 52.6 56.7 60.7 64.8 68.8 72.8 76.9 80.9

25 1526 646 3.9 7.9 11.8 15.7 19.7 23.6 27.5 31.5 35.4 39.4 43.3 47.2 51.2 55.1 59.0 63.0 66.9 70.8 74.8 78.7

26 1587 664 3.8 7.7 11.5 15.3 19.2 23.0 26.8 30.6 34.5 38.3 42.1 46.0 49.8 53.6 57.5 61.3 65.1 68.9 72.8 76.6

27 1648 682 3.7 7.5 11.2 14.9 18.7 22.4 26.1 29.9 33.6 37.3 41.1 44.8 48.5 52.3 56.0 59.7 63.4 67.2 70.9 74.6

28 1709 699 3.6 7.3 10.9 14.6 18.2 21.8 25.5 29.1 32.8 36.4 40.0 43.7 47.3 51.0 54.6 58.2 61.9 65.5 69.2 72.8

29 1770 716 3.6 7.1 10.7 14.2 17.8 21.3 24.9 28.4 32.0 35.5 39.1 42.6 46.2 49.7 53.3 56.9 60.4 64.0 67.5 71.1

30 1831 733 3.5 6.9 10.4 13.9 17.4 20.8 24.3 27.8 31.2 34.7 38.2 41.7 45.1 48.6 52.1 55.5 59.0 62.5 66.0 69.4

31 1892 750 3.4 6.8 10.2 13.6 17.0 20.4 23.8 27.2 30.5 33.9 37.3 40.7 44.1 47.5 50.9 54.3 57.7 61.1 64.5 67.9

32 1953 766 3.3 6.6 10.0 13.3 16.6 19.9 23.2 26.6 29.9 33.2 36.5 39.8 43.2 46.5 49.8 53.1 56.5 59.8 63.1 66.4

33 2014 783 3.3 6.5 9.8 13.0 16.3 19.5 22.8 26.0 29.3 32.5 35.8 39.0 42.3 45.5 48.8 52.0 55.3 58.5 61.8 65.0

34 2075 799 3.2 6.4 9.6 12.7 15.9 19.1 22.3 25.5 28.7 31.9 35.0 38.2 41.4 44.6 47.8 51.0 54.1 57.3 60.5 63.7

35 2136 815 3.1 6.2 9.4 12.5 15.6 18.7 21.9 25.0 28.1 31.2 34.3 37.5 40.6 43.7 46.8 50.0 53.1 56.2 59.3 62.4

40 2441 893 2.8 5.7 8.5 11.4 14.2 17.1 19.9 22.8 25.6 28.5 31.3 34.2 37.0 39.9 42.7 45.6 48.4 51.3 54.1 57.0

45 2746 969 2.6 5.3 7.9 10.5 13.1 15.8 18.4 21.0 23.6 26.3 28.9 31.5 34.1 36.8 39.4 42.0 44.7 47.3 49.9 52.5

50 3051 1041 2.4 4.9 7.3 9.8 12.2 14.7 17.1 19.5 22.0 24.4 26.9 29.3 31.8 34.2 36.6 39.1 41.5 44.0 46.4 48.9

55 3356 1112 2.3 4.6 6.9 9.2 11.4 13.7 16.0 18.3 20.6 22.9 25.2 27.5 29.7 32.0 34.3 36.6 38.9 41.2 43.5 45.8

60 3661 1181 2.2 4.3 6.5 8.6 10.8 12.9 15.1 17.2 19.4 21.6 23.7 25.9 28.0 30.2 32.3 34.5 36.6 38.8 40.9 43.1

65 3967 1247 2.0 4.1 6.1 8.2 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3 18.4 20.4 22.4 24.5 26.5 28.6 30.6 32.6 34.7 36.7 38.8 40.8

70 4272 1313 1.9 3.9 5.8 7.8 9.7 11.6 13.6 15.5 17.4 19.4 21.3 23.3 25.2 27.1 29.1 31.0 32.9 34.9 36.8 38.8

75 4577 1376 1.8 3.7 5.5 7.4 9.2 11.1 12.9 14.8 16.6 18.5 20.3 22.2 24.0 25.9 27.7 29.6 31.4 33.3 35.1 37.0

80 4882 1439 1.8 3.5 5.3 7.1 8.8 10.6 12.4 14.1 15.9 17.7 19.4 21.2 23.0 24.8 26.5 28.3 30.1 31.8 33.6 35.4

85 5187 1500 1.7 3.4 5.1 6.8 8.5 10.2 11.9 13.6 15.3 17.0 18.7 20.4 22.0 23.7 25.4 27.1 28.8 30.5 32.2 33.9

90 5492 1560 1.6 3.3 4.9 6.5 8.2 9.8 11.4 13.0 14.7 16.3 17.9 19.6 21.2 22.8 24.5 26.1 27.7 29.3 31.0 32.6

95 5797 1619 1.6 3.1 4.7 6.3 7.9 9.4 11.0 12.6 14.1 15.7 17.3 18.9 20.4 22.0 23.6 25.1 26.7 28.3 29.8 31.4

100 6102 1677 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.1 7.6 9.1 10.6 12.1 13.6 15.2 16.7 18.2 19.7 21.2 22.7 24.3 25.8 27.3 28.8 30.3

105 6407 1735 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.9 7.3 8.8 10.3 11.7 13.2 14.7 16.1 17.6 19.1 20.5 22.0 23.5 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.3

110 6713 1791 1.4 2.8 4.3 5.7 7.1 8.5 9.9 11.4 12.8 14.2 15.6 17.0 18.5 19.9 21.3 22.7 24.1 25.6 27.0 28.4

115 7018 1847 1.4 2.8 4.1 5.5 6.9 8.3 9.6 11.0 12.4 13.8 15.2 16.5 17.9 19.3 20.7 22.0 23.4 24.8 26.2 27.6

120 7323 1902 1.3 2.7 4.0 5.4 6.7 8.0 9.4 10.7 12.0 13.4 14.7 16.1 17.4 18.7 20.1 21.4 22.7 24.1 25.4 26.8

125 7628 1956 1.3 2.6 3.9 5.2 6.5 7.8 9.1 10.4 11.7 13.0 14.3 15.6 16.9 18.2 19.5 20.8 22.1 23.4 24.7 26.0

130 7933 2009 1.3 2.5 3.8 5.1 6.3 7.6 8.9 10.1 11.4 12.7 13.9 15.2 16.5 17.7 19.0 20.3 21.5 22.8 24.1 25.3

Number of Seconds of Cranking - 24V GSS Module (900 CCA) @ 72⁰FNumber of GEN 31-900-24V-2T Modules Connected in Parallel



CALCULATED CRANKING TIMES FOR 24 VOLT GSS MODULES (CONT’D)

Cranking


5 305 214 13.5 27.0 40.5 54.0 67.5 81.0 94.4 107.9 121.4 134.9 148.4 161.9 175.4 188.9 202.4 215.9 229.4 242.9 256.3 269.8

6 366 242 11.9 23.8 35.7 47.6 59.5 71.4 83.3 95.2 107.1 119.0 130.9 142.8 154.7 166.6 178.5 190.4 202.3 214.2 226.1 238.0

7 427 269 10.7 21.4 32.1 42.8 53.5 64.2 74.9 85.6 96.3 107.0 117.7 128.5 139.2 149.9 160.6 171.3 182.0 192.7 203.4 214.1

8 488 295 9.8 19.5 29.3 39.1 48.8 58.6 68.4 78.1 87.9 97.7 107.4 117.2 126.9 136.7 146.5 156.2 166.0 175.8 185.5 195.3

9 549 320 9.0 18.0 27.0 36.0 45.0 54.0 63.0 72.0 81.0 90.1 99.1 108.1 117.1 126.1 135.1 144.1 153.1 162.1 171.1 180.1

10 610 344 8.4 16.8 25.1 33.5 41.9 50.3 58.6 67.0 75.4 83.8 92.1 100.5 108.9 117.3 125.6 134.0 142.4 150.8 159.1 167.5

11 671 368 7.8 15.7 23.5 31.4 39.2 47.1 54.9 62.8 70.6 78.4 86.3 94.1 102.0 109.8 117.7 125.5 133.4 141.2 149.0 156.9

12 732 390 7.4 14.8 22.2 29.6 36.9 44.3 51.7 59.1 66.5 73.9 81.3 88.7 96.1 103.4 110.8 118.2 125.6 133.0 140.4 147.8

13 793 412 7.0 14.0 21.0 28.0 35.0 42.0 48.9 55.9 62.9 69.9 76.9 83.9 90.9 97.9 104.9 111.9 118.9 125.9 132.9 139.9

14 854 434 6.6 13.3 19.9 26.6 33.2 39.9 46.5 53.2 59.8 66.5 73.1 79.7 86.4 93.0 99.7 106.3 113.0 119.6 126.3 132.9

15 915 455 6.3 12.7 19.0 25.3 31.7 38.0 44.4 50.7 57.0 63.4 69.7 76.0 82.4 88.7 95.1 101.4 107.7 114.1 120.4 126.7

16 976 476 6.1 12.1 18.2 24.2 30.3 36.4 42.4 48.5 54.6 60.6 66.7 72.7 78.8 84.9 90.9 97.0 103.1 109.1 115.2 121.2

17 1037 496 5.8 11.6 17.4 23.3 29.1 34.9 40.7 46.5 52.3 58.1 64.0 69.8 75.6 81.4 87.2 93.0 98.8 104.7 110.5 116.3

18 1098 516 5.6 11.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.5 39.1 44.7 50.3 55.9 61.5 67.1 72.7 78.3 83.9 89.4 95.0 100.6 106.2 111.8

19 1159 535 5.4 10.8 16.2 21.5 26.9 32.3 37.7 43.1 48.5 53.9 59.2 64.6 70.0 75.4 80.8 86.2 91.6 97.0 102.3 107.7

20 1220 555 5.2 10.4 15.6 20.8 26.0 31.2 36.4 41.6 46.8 52.0 57.2 62.4 67.6 72.8 78.0 83.2 88.4 93.6 98.8 104.0

21 1281 573 5.0 10.1 15.1 20.1 25.1 30.2 35.2 40.2 45.3 50.3 55.3 60.3 65.4 70.4 75.4 80.4 85.5 90.5 95.5 100.6

22 1343 592 4.9 9.7 14.6 19.5 24.3 29.2 34.1 39.0 43.8 48.7 53.6 58.4 63.3 68.2 73.0 77.9 82.8 87.7 92.5 97.4

23 1404 610 4.7 9.4 14.2 18.9 23.6 28.3 33.1 37.8 42.5 47.2 52.0 56.7 61.4 66.1 70.8 75.6 80.3 85.0 89.7 94.5

24 1465 629 4.6 9.2 13.8 18.3 22.9 27.5 32.1 36.7 41.3 45.9 50.5 55.0 59.6 64.2 68.8 73.4 78.0 82.6 87.1 91.7

25 1526 646 4.5 8.9 13.4 17.8 22.3 26.8 31.2 35.7 40.1 44.6 49.1 53.5 58.0 62.4 66.9 71.4 75.8 80.3 84.7 89.2

26 1587 664 4.3 8.7 13.0 17.4 21.7 26.0 30.4 34.7 39.1 43.4 47.8 52.1 56.4 60.8 65.1 69.5 73.8 78.1 82.5 86.8

27 1648 682 4.2 8.5 12.7 16.9 21.1 25.4 29.6 33.8 38.1 42.3 46.5 50.8 55.0 59.2 63.4 67.7 71.9 76.1 80.4 84.6

28 1709 699 4.1 8.3 12.4 16.5 20.6 24.8 28.9 33.0 37.1 41.3 45.4 49.5 53.6 57.8 61.9 66.0 70.1 74.3 78.4 82.5

29 1770 716 4.0 8.1 12.1 16.1 20.1 24.2 28.2 32.2 36.2 40.3 44.3 48.3 52.4 56.4 60.4 64.4 68.5 72.5 76.5 80.5

30 1831 733 3.9 7.9 11.8 15.7 19.7 23.6 27.5 31.5 35.4 39.3 43.3 47.2 51.1 55.1 59.0 62.9 66.9 70.8 74.7 78.7

31 1892 750 3.8 7.7 11.5 15.4 19.2 23.1 26.9 30.8 34.6 38.5 42.3 46.2 50.0 53.9 57.7 61.5 65.4 69.2 73.1 76.9

32 1953 766 3.8 7.5 11.3 15.1 18.8 22.6 26.3 30.1 33.9 37.6 41.4 45.2 48.9 52.7 56.5 60.2 64.0 67.7 71.5 75.3

33 2014 783 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.7 18.4 22.1 25.8 29.5 33.2 36.8 40.5 44.2 47.9 51.6 55.3 59.0 62.6 66.3 70.0 73.7

34 2075 799 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4 18.0 21.7 25.3 28.9 32.5 36.1 39.7 43.3 46.9 50.5 54.1 57.8 61.4 65.0 68.6 72.2

35 2136 815 3.5 7.1 10.6 14.2 17.7 21.2 24.8 28.3 31.8 35.4 38.9 42.5 46.0 49.5 53.1 56.6 60.2 63.7 67.2 70.8

40 2441 893 3.2 6.5 9.7 12.9 16.1 19.4 22.6 25.8 29.1 32.3 35.5 38.7 42.0 45.2 48.4 51.6 54.9 58.1 61.3 64.6

45 2746 969 3.0 6.0 8.9 11.9 14.9 17.9 20.8 23.8 26.8 29.8 32.7 35.7 38.7 41.7 44.7 47.6 50.6 53.6 56.6 59.5

50 3051 1041 2.8 5.5 8.3 11.1 13.8 16.6 19.4 22.1 24.9 27.7 30.5 33.2 36.0 38.8 41.5 44.3 47.1 49.8 52.6 55.4

55 3356 1112 2.6 5.2 7.8 10.4 13.0 15.6 18.2 20.7 23.3 25.9 28.5 31.1 33.7 36.3 38.9 41.5 44.1 46.7 49.3 51.9

60 3661 1181 2.4 4.9 7.3 9.8 12.2 14.7 17.1 19.5 22.0 24.4 26.9 29.3 31.8 34.2 36.6 39.1 41.5 44.0 46.4 48.8

65 3967 1247 2.3 4.6 6.9 9.2 11.6 13.9 16.2 18.5 20.8 23.1 25.4 27.7 30.0 32.4 34.7 37.0 39.3 41.6 43.9 46.2

70 4272 1313 2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 11.0 13.2 15.4 17.6 19.8 22.0 24.2 26.4 28.6 30.8 32.9 35.1 37.3 39.5 41.7 43.9

75 4577 1376 2.1 4.2 6.3 8.4 10.5 12.6 14.7 16.8 18.9 20.9 23.0 25.1 27.2 29.3 31.4 33.5 35.6 37.7 39.8 41.9

80 4882 1439 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.1 28.1 30.1 32.1 34.1 36.1 38.1 40.1

85 5187 1500 1.9 3.8 5.8 7.7 9.6 11.5 13.5 15.4 17.3 19.2 21.1 23.1 25.0 26.9 28.8 30.8 32.7 34.6 36.5 38.4

90 5492 1560 1.8 3.7 5.5 7.4 9.2 11.1 12.9 14.8 16.6 18.5 20.3 22.2 24.0 25.9 27.7 29.6 31.4 33.3 35.1 37.0

95 5797 1619 1.8 3.6 5.3 7.1 8.9 10.7 12.5 14.2 16.0 17.8 19.6 21.4 23.1 24.9 26.7 28.5 30.3 32.0 33.8 35.6

100 6102 1677 1.7 3.4 5.2 6.9 8.6 10.3 12.0 13.8 15.5 17.2 18.9 20.6 22.3 24.1 25.8 27.5 29.2 30.9 32.7 34.4

105 6407 1735 1.7 3.3 5.0 6.6 8.3 10.0 11.6 13.3 15.0 16.6 18.3 19.9 21.6 23.3 24.9 26.6 28.3 29.9 31.6 33.2

110 6713 1791 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8.0 9.7 11.3 12.9 14.5 16.1 17.7 19.3 20.9 22.5 24.1 25.8 27.4 29.0 30.6 32.2

115 7018 1847 1.6 3.1 4.7 6.2 7.8 9.4 10.9 12.5 14.1 15.6 17.2 18.7 20.3 21.9 23.4 25.0 26.5 28.1 29.7 31.2

120 7323 1902 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.1 7.6 9.1 10.6 12.1 13.6 15.2 16.7 18.2 19.7 21.2 22.7 24.3 25.8 27.3 28.8 30.3

125 7628 1956 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.9 7.4 8.8 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.7 16.2 17.7 19.2 20.6 22.1 23.6 25.1 26.5 28.0 29.5

130 7933 2009 1.4 2.9 4.3 5.7 7.2 8.6 10.0 11.5 12.9 14.3 15.8 17.2 18.7 20.1 21.5 23.0 24.4 25.8 27.3 28.7





Cranking


5 305 265 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 57.1 68.5 79.9 91.3 102.7 114.1 125.5 136.9 148.4 159.8 171.2 182.6 194.0 205.4 216.8 228.2

6 366 300 10.1 20.1 30.2 40.3 50.3 60.4 70.5 80.5 90.6 100.7 110.7 120.8 130.9 140.9 151.0 161.1 171.1 181.2 191.3 201.3

7 427 334 9.1 18.1 27.2 36.2 45.3 54.3 63.4 72.4 81.5 90.5 99.6 108.6 117.7 126.8 135.8 144.9 153.9 163.0 172.0 181.1

8 488 366 8.3 16.5 24.8 33.0 41.3 49.6 57.8 66.1 74.3 82.6 90.9 99.1 107.4 115.6 123.9 132.2 140.4 148.7 156.9 165.2

9 549 397 7.6 15.2 22.9 30.5 38.1 45.7 53.3 60.9 68.6 76.2 83.8 91.4 99.0 106.6 114.3 121.9 129.5 137.1 144.7 152.3

10 610 427 7.1 14.2 21.3 28.3 35.4 42.5 49.6 56.7 63.8 70.8 77.9 85.0 92.1 99.2 106.3 113.4 120.4 127.5 134.6 141.7

11 671 456 6.6 13.3 19.9 26.5 33.2 39.8 46.4 53.1 59.7 66.3 73.0 79.6 86.3 92.9 99.5 106.2 112.8 119.4 126.1 132.7

12 732 484 6.2 12.5 18.7 25.0 31.2 37.5 43.7 50.0 56.2 62.5 68.7 75.0 81.2 87.5 93.7 100.0 106.2 112.5 118.7 125.0

13 793 511 5.9 11.8 17.7 23.7 29.6 35.5 41.4 47.3 53.2 59.1 65.1 71.0 76.9 82.8 88.7 94.6 100.6 106.5 112.4 118.3

14 854 538 5.6 11.2 16.9 22.5 28.1 33.7 39.3 45.0 50.6 56.2 61.8 67.4 73.1 78.7 84.3 89.9 95.6 101.2 106.8 112.4

15 915 564 5.4 10.7 16.1 21.4 26.8 32.2 37.5 42.9 48.2 53.6 59.0 64.3 69.7 75.0 80.4 85.8 91.1 96.5 101.8 107.2

16 976 590 5.1 10.3 15.4 20.5 25.6 30.8 35.9 41.0 46.1 51.3 56.4 61.5 66.7 71.8 76.9 82.0 87.2 92.3 97.4 102.6

17 1037 615 4.9 9.8 14.8 19.7 24.6 29.5 34.4 39.3 44.3 49.2 54.1 59.0 63.9 68.9 73.8 78.7 83.6 88.5 93.4 98.4

18 1098 640 4.7 9.5 14.2 18.9 23.6 28.4 33.1 37.8 42.6 47.3 52.0 56.7 61.5 66.2 70.9 75.7 80.4 85.1 89.8 94.6

19 1159 664 4.6 9.1 13.7 18.2 22.8 27.3 31.9 36.4 41.0 45.6 50.1 54.7 59.2 63.8 68.3 72.9 77.5 82.0 86.6 91.1

20 1220 688 4.4 8.8 13.2 17.6 22.0 26.4 30.8 35.2 39.6 44.0 48.4 52.8 57.2 61.6 66.0 70.4 74.8 79.2 83.6 88.0

21 1281 711 4.3 8.5 12.8 17.0 21.3 25.5 29.8 34.0 38.3 42.5 46.8 51.0 55.3 59.5 63.8 68.0 72.3 76.6 80.8 85.1

22 1343 734 4.1 8.2 12.4 16.5 20.6 24.7 28.8 33.0 37.1 41.2 45.3 49.4 53.5 57.7 61.8 65.9 70.0 74.1 78.3 82.4

23 1404 757 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 39.9 43.9 47.9 51.9 55.9 59.9 63.9 67.9 71.9 75.9 79.9

24 1465 779 3.9 7.8 11.6 15.5 19.4 23.3 27.2 31.0 34.9 38.8 42.7 46.6 50.4 54.3 58.2 62.1 66.0 69.8 73.7 77.6

25 1526 802 3.8 7.5 11.3 15.1 18.9 22.6 26.4 30.2 34.0 37.7 41.5 45.3 49.0 52.8 56.6 60.4 64.1 67.9 71.7 75.4

26 1587 824 3.7 7.3 11.0 14.7 18.4 22.0 25.7 29.4 33.0 36.7 40.4 44.1 47.7 51.4 55.1 58.7 62.4 66.1 69.8 73.4

27 1648 845 3.6 7.2 10.7 14.3 17.9 21.5 25.0 28.6 32.2 35.8 39.4 42.9 46.5 50.1 53.7 57.2 60.8 64.4 68.0 71.6

28 1709 867 3.5 7.0 10.5 14.0 17.4 20.9 24.4 27.9 31.4 34.9 38.4 41.9 45.4 48.9 52.3 55.8 59.3 62.8 66.3 69.8

29 1770 888 3.4 6.8 10.2 13.6 17.0 20.4 23.8 27.2 30.7 34.1 37.5 40.9 44.3 47.7 51.1 54.5 57.9 61.3 64.7 68.1

30 1831 909 3.3 6.7 10.0 13.3 16.6 20.0 23.3 26.6 29.9 33.3 36.6 39.9 43.3 46.6 49.9 53.2 56.6 59.9 63.2 66.6

31 1892 929 3.3 6.5 9.8 13.0 16.3 19.5 22.8 26.0 29.3 32.5 35.8 39.0 42.3 45.5 48.8 52.1 55.3 58.6 61.8 65.1

32 1953 950 3.2 6.4 9.5 12.7 15.9 19.1 22.3 25.5 28.6 31.8 35.0 38.2 41.4 44.6 47.7 50.9 54.1 57.3 60.5 63.7

33 2014 970 3.1 6.2 9.3 12.5 15.6 18.7 21.8 24.9 28.0 31.2 34.3 37.4 40.5 43.6 46.7 49.9 53.0 56.1 59.2 62.3

34 2075 990 3.1 6.1 9.2 12.2 15.3 18.3 21.4 24.4 27.5 30.5 33.6 36.6 39.7 42.7 45.8 48.9 51.9 55.0 58.0 61.1

35 2136 1010 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 23.9 26.9 29.9 32.9 35.9 38.9 41.9 44.9 47.9 50.9 53.9 56.9 59.9

40 2441 1108 2.7 5.5 8.2 10.9 13.7 16.4 19.1 21.8 24.6 27.3 30.0 32.8 35.5 38.2 41.0 43.7 46.4 49.1 51.9 54.6

45 2746 1201 2.5 5.0 7.6 10.1 12.6 15.1 17.6 20.1 22.7 25.2 27.7 30.2 32.7 35.2 37.8 40.3 42.8 45.3 47.8 50.4

50 3051 1291 2.3 4.7 7.0 9.4 11.7 14.1 16.4 18.7 21.1 23.4 25.8 28.1 30.4 32.8 35.1 37.5 39.8 42.2 44.5 46.8

55 3356 1379 2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 11.0 13.2 15.4 17.5 19.7 21.9 24.1 26.3 28.5 30.7 32.9 35.1 37.3 39.5 41.7 43.9

60 3661 1464 2.1 4.1 6.2 8.3 10.3 12.4 14.5 16.5 18.6 20.7 22.7 24.8 26.9 28.9 31.0 33.1 35.1 37.2 39.3 41.3

65 3967 1547 2.0 3.9 5.9 7.8 9.8 11.7 13.7 15.6 17.6 19.6 21.5 23.5 25.4 27.4 29.3 31.3 33.2 35.2 37.1 39.1

70 4272 1628 1.9 3.7 5.6 7.4 9.3 11.1 13.0 14.9 16.7 18.6 20.4 22.3 24.2 26.0 27.9 29.7 31.6 33.4 35.3 37.2

75 4577 1707 1.8 3.5 5.3 7.1 8.9 10.6 12.4 14.2 15.9 17.7 19.5 21.3 23.0 24.8 26.6 28.4 30.1 31.9 33.7 35.4

80 4882 1784 1.7 3.4 5.1 6.8 8.5 10.2 11.9 13.6 15.3 16.9 18.6 20.3 22.0 23.7 25.4 27.1 28.8 30.5 32.2 33.9

85 5187 1860 1.6 3.3 4.9 6.5 8.1 9.8 11.4 13.0 14.6 16.3 17.9 19.5 21.1 22.8 24.4 26.0 27.6 29.3 30.9 32.5

90 5492 1935 1.6 3.1 4.7 6.3 7.8 9.4 10.9 12.5 14.1 15.6 17.2 18.8 20.3 21.9 23.4 25.0 26.6 28.1 29.7 31.3

95 5797 2008 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.6 15.1 16.6 18.1 19.6 21.1 22.6 24.1 25.6 27.1 28.6 30.1

100 6102 2080 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.8 7.3 8.7 10.2 11.6 13.1 14.5 16.0 17.4 18.9 20.4 21.8 23.3 24.7 26.2 27.6 29.1

105 6407 2151 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.6 7.0 8.4 9.8 11.2 12.7 14.1 15.5 16.9 18.3 19.7 21.1 22.5 23.9 25.3 26.7 28.1

110 6713 2221 1.4 2.7 4.1 5.4 6.8 8.2 9.5 10.9 12.3 13.6 15.0 16.3 17.7 19.1 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.5 25.9 27.2

115 7018 2290 1.3 2.6 4.0 5.3 6.6 7.9 9.2 10.6 11.9 13.2 14.5 15.8 17.2 18.5 19.8 21.1 22.4 23.8 25.1 26.4

120 7323 2358 1.3 2.6 3.8 5.1 6.4 7.7 9.0 10.3 11.5 12.8 14.1 15.4 16.7 18.0 19.2 20.5 21.8 23.1 24.4 25.6

125 7628 2425 1.2 2.5 3.7 5.0 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.5 13.7 15.0 16.2 17.5 18.7 20.0 21.2 22.4 23.7 24.9

130 7933 2491 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.9 6.1 7.3 8.5 9.7 10.9 12.1 13.4 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.2 19.4 20.6 21.8 23.1 24.3





Cranking


5 305 265 12.9 25.9 38.8 51.7 64.7 77.6 90.5 103.5 116.4 129.3 142.3 155.2 168.1 181.1 194.0 206.9 219.9 232.8 245.7 258.7

6 366 300 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 57.0 68.5 79.9 91.3 102.7 114.1 125.5 136.9 148.3 159.7 171.1 182.5 194.0 205.4 216.8 228.2

7 427 334 10.3 20.5 30.8 41.0 51.3 61.6 71.8 82.1 92.4 102.6 112.9 123.1 133.4 143.7 153.9 164.2 174.4 184.7 195.0 205.2

8 488 366 9.4 18.7 28.1 37.4 46.8 56.2 65.5 74.9 84.2 93.6 103.0 112.3 121.7 131.1 140.4 149.8 159.1 168.5 177.9 187.2

9 549 397 8.6 17.3 25.9 34.5 43.2 51.8 60.4 69.1 77.7 86.3 95.0 103.6 112.2 120.9 129.5 138.1 146.8 155.4 164.0 172.6

10 610 427 8.0 16.1 24.1 32.1 40.1 48.2 56.2 64.2 72.3 80.3 88.3 96.3 104.4 112.4 120.4 128.5 136.5 144.5 152.6 160.6

11 671 456 7.5 15.0 22.6 30.1 37.6 45.1 52.6 60.2 67.7 75.2 82.7 90.2 97.8 105.3 112.8 120.3 127.8 135.4 142.9 150.4

12 732 484 7.1 14.2 21.2 28.3 35.4 42.5 49.6 56.7 63.7 70.8 77.9 85.0 92.1 99.2 106.2 113.3 120.4 127.5 134.6 141.7

13 793 511 6.7 13.4 20.1 26.8 33.5 40.2 46.9 53.6 60.3 67.0 73.7 80.4 87.1 93.8 100.6 107.3 114.0 120.7 127.4 134.1

14 854 538 6.4 12.7 19.1 25.5 31.9 38.2 44.6 51.0 57.3 63.7 70.1 76.4 82.8 89.2 95.6 101.9 108.3 114.7 121.0 127.4

15 915 564 6.1 12.2 18.2 24.3 30.4 36.5 42.5 48.6 54.7 60.8 66.8 72.9 79.0 85.1 91.1 97.2 103.3 109.4 115.4 121.5

16 976 590 5.8 11.6 17.4 23.2 29.1 34.9 40.7 46.5 52.3 58.1 63.9 69.7 75.5 81.4 87.2 93.0 98.8 104.6 110.4 116.2

17 1037 615 5.6 11.1 16.7 22.3 27.9 33.4 39.0 44.6 50.2 55.7 61.3 66.9 72.5 78.0 83.6 89.2 94.8 100.3 105.9 111.5

18 1098 640 5.4 10.7 16.1 21.4 26.8 32.2 37.5 42.9 48.2 53.6 58.9 64.3 69.7 75.0 80.4 85.7 91.1 96.5 101.8 107.2

19 1159 664 5.2 10.3 15.5 20.7 25.8 31.0 36.1 41.3 46.5 51.6 56.8 62.0 67.1 72.3 77.5 82.6 87.8 92.9 98.1 103.3

20 1220 688 5.0 10.0 15.0 19.9 24.9 29.9 34.9 39.9 44.9 49.8 54.8 59.8 64.8 69.8 74.8 79.8 84.7 89.7 94.7 99.7

21 1281 711 4.8 9.6 14.5 19.3 24.1 28.9 33.7 38.6 43.4 48.2 53.0 57.8 62.7 67.5 72.3 77.1 81.9 86.8 91.6 96.4

22 1343 734 4.7 9.3 14.0 18.7 23.3 28.0 32.7 37.3 42.0 46.7 51.3 56.0 60.7 65.4 70.0 74.7 79.4 84.0 88.7 93.4

23 1404 757 4.5 9.1 13.6 18.1 22.6 27.2 31.7 36.2 40.7 45.3 49.8 54.3 58.9 63.4 67.9 72.4 77.0 81.5 86.0 90.6

24 1465 779 4.4 8.8 13.2 17.6 22.0 26.4 30.8 35.2 39.6 44.0 48.4 52.8 57.2 61.6 66.0 70.4 74.7 79.1 83.5 87.9

25 1526 802 4.3 8.6 12.8 17.1 21.4 25.7 29.9 34.2 38.5 42.8 47.0 51.3 55.6 59.9 64.1 68.4 72.7 77.0 81.2 85.5

26 1587 824 4.2 8.3 12.5 16.6 20.8 25.0 29.1 33.3 37.5 41.6 45.8 49.9 54.1 58.3 62.4 66.6 70.7 74.9 79.1 83.2

27 1648 845 4.1 8.1 12.2 16.2 20.3 24.3 28.4 32.4 36.5 40.5 44.6 48.7 52.7 56.8 60.8 64.9 68.9 73.0 77.0 81.1

28 1709 867 4.0 7.9 11.9 15.8 19.8 23.7 27.7 31.6 35.6 39.5 43.5 47.5 51.4 55.4 59.3 63.3 67.2 71.2 75.1 79.1

29 1770 888 3.9 7.7 11.6 15.4 19.3 23.2 27.0 30.9 34.7 38.6 42.5 46.3 50.2 54.0 57.9 61.8 65.6 69.5 73.3 77.2

30 1831 909 3.8 7.5 11.3 15.1 18.9 22.6 26.4 30.2 33.9 37.7 41.5 45.3 49.0 52.8 56.6 60.3 64.1 67.9 71.7 75.4

31 1892 929 3.7 7.4 11.1 14.7 18.4 22.1 25.8 29.5 33.2 36.9 40.6 44.2 47.9 51.6 55.3 59.0 62.7 66.4 70.1 73.7

32 1953 950 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4 18.0 21.6 25.3 28.9 32.5 36.1 39.7 43.3 46.9 50.5 54.1 57.7 61.3 64.9 68.5 72.2

33 2014 970 3.5 7.1 10.6 14.1 17.7 21.2 24.7 28.3 31.8 35.3 38.9 42.4 45.9 49.4 53.0 56.5 60.0 63.6 67.1 70.6

34 2075 990 3.5 6.9 10.4 13.8 17.3 20.8 24.2 27.7 31.1 34.6 38.1 41.5 45.0 48.4 51.9 55.4 58.8 62.3 65.7 69.2

35 2136 1010 3.4 6.8 10.2 13.6 17.0 20.4 23.7 27.1 30.5 33.9 37.3 40.7 44.1 47.5 50.9 54.3 57.7 61.1 64.4 67.8

40 2441 1108 3.1 6.2 9.3 12.4 15.5 18.6 21.7 24.8 27.8 30.9 34.0 37.1 40.2 43.3 46.4 49.5 52.6 55.7 58.8 61.9

45 2746 1201 2.9 5.7 8.6 11.4 14.3 17.1 20.0 22.8 25.7 28.5 31.4 34.2 37.1 39.9 42.8 45.7 48.5 51.4 54.2 57.1

50 3051 1291 2.7 5.3 8.0 10.6 13.3 15.9 18.6 21.2 23.9 26.5 29.2 31.8 34.5 37.2 39.8 42.5 45.1 47.8 50.4 53.1

55 3356 1379 2.5 5.0 7.5 9.9 12.4 14.9 17.4 19.9 22.4 24.9 27.3 29.8 32.3 34.8 37.3 39.8 42.3 44.7 47.2 49.7

60 3661 1464 2.3 4.7 7.0 9.4 11.7 14.0 16.4 18.7 21.1 23.4 25.8 28.1 30.4 32.8 35.1 37.5 39.8 42.1 44.5 46.8

65 3967 1547 2.2 4.4 6.6 8.9 11.1 13.3 15.5 17.7 19.9 22.2 24.4 26.6 28.8 31.0 33.2 35.5 37.7 39.9 42.1 44.3

70 4272 1628 2.1 4.2 6.3 8.4 10.5 12.6 14.7 16.8 19.0 21.1 23.2 25.3 27.4 29.5 31.6 33.7 35.8 37.9 40.0 42.1

75 4577 1707 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.1 16.1 18.1 20.1 22.1 24.1 26.1 28.1 30.1 32.1 34.1 36.1 38.2 40.2

80 4882 1784 1.9 3.8 5.8 7.7 9.6 11.5 13.4 15.4 17.3 19.2 21.1 23.1 25.0 26.9 28.8 30.7 32.7 34.6 36.5 38.4

85 5187 1860 1.8 3.7 5.5 7.4 9.2 11.1 12.9 14.7 16.6 18.4 20.3 22.1 24.0 25.8 27.6 29.5 31.3 33.2 35.0 36.9

90 5492 1935 1.8 3.5 5.3 7.1 8.9 10.6 12.4 14.2 15.9 17.7 19.5 21.3 23.0 24.8 26.6 28.3 30.1 31.9 33.7 35.4

95 5797 2008 1.7 3.4 5.1 6.8 8.5 10.2 11.9 13.7 15.4 17.1 18.8 20.5 22.2 23.9 25.6 27.3 29.0 30.7 32.4 34.1

100 6102 2080 1.6 3.3 4.9 6.6 8.2 9.9 11.5 13.2 14.8 16.5 18.1 19.8 21.4 23.1 24.7 26.4 28.0 29.7 31.3 33.0

105 6407 2151 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8.0 9.6 11.2 12.7 14.3 15.9 17.5 19.1 20.7 22.3 23.9 25.5 27.1 28.7 30.3 31.9

110 6713 2221 1.5 3.1 4.6 6.2 7.7 9.3 10.8 12.3 13.9 15.4 17.0 18.5 20.1 21.6 23.1 24.7 26.2 27.8 29.3 30.9

115 7018 2290 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.5 21.0 22.4 23.9 25.4 26.9 28.4 29.9

120 7323 2358 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.8 7.3 8.7 10.2 11.6 13.1 14.5 16.0 17.4 18.9 20.3 21.8 23.3 24.7 26.2 27.6 29.1

125 7628 2425 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.7 7.1 8.5 9.9 11.3 12.7 14.1 15.5 17.0 18.4 19.8 21.2 22.6 24.0 25.4 26.9 28.3

130 7933 2491 1.4 2.8 4.1 5.5 6.9 8.3 9.6 11.0 12.4 13.8 15.1 16.5 17.9 19.3 20.6 22.0 23.4 24.8 26.1 27.5




APPENDIX B - CHARGING GSS MODULES WITHOUT A MAXWELL APPROVED CHARGER

An uncharged GSS module CANNOT be connected directly to a charged battery without severe arcing and sparks. Also, an uncharged GSS unit cannot be charged by a conventional battery charger since the GSS module will appear as short-circuit to the charger, causing it to shut off after only a second or two of charging due to excessive current draw.

Maxwell recognizes that there are occasions where charging a module without the correct charger becomes necessary. To accomplish this, Maxwell offers the GSS Charging Kit which allows GSS modules to be charged using a standard lead-acid battery charger or a fully charged lead-acid battery. For more details on obtaining a GSS Charging Kit, refer to www.maxwell.com/gss/chargingkit.

USE EXTREME CAUTION WHEN HANDLING AND WORKING WITH A FULLY CHARGED GSS MODULE.

http://www.maxwell.com/gss/chargingkit



APPENDIX C – SAMPLE INSTALLATION – GSS SIZING - DETERMINING CORRECT NUMBER OF MODULES

As mentioned earlier, the Maxwell GSS system offers a modular, building block approach to genset starting. Determining the correct number of modules is straightforward and easy to do. Below is a hypothetical example of an existing genset installation to which we are going to add GSS ultracapacitor starting. Type of facility: Refrigerated warehouse NFPA Level: N/A Batteries required by NFPA? No GSS Configuration to use: All-GSS Ultracapacitor (See Section 5.1) Desired cranking time from GSS: 15 seconds Displacement of prime mover: 27 liters (Caterpillar 800 kW 3412C turbocharged diesel engine) Coldest temperature expected: 20⁰F

Correct GSS sizing chart to use: Page 21 (model GEN 31-0980-24V-2T at 32⁰F)

Number of modules from chart: 4 (will provide 16.2 seconds of cranking for 27 liter engine) When installed, the four GSS modules will provide cranking times shown in the table below:

GSS Condition At 32⁰F At 72⁰F

New 21.6 seconds 22.5 seconds

End of Life 16.2 seconds 16.9 seconds

Comment From table on page 21 From table on page 19