12/26/2019storage.googleapis.com/biology1101/lec1g.pdf · –my areas of expertise: amphibians,...
TRANSCRIPT
12/26/2019
1
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
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12/26/2019
2
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
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12/26/2019
3
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from __________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO 1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a __________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
1
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12/26/2019
4
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
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12/26/2019
5
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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73
74
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76
12/26/2019
6
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
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12/26/2019
7
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
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12/26/2019
8
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
1
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12/26/2019
9
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
–Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
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12/26/2019
10
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________ (living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
1
2
3
4
5
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12/26/2019
11
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment, like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
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12/26/2019
12
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
1
2
3
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5
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63
64
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71
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73
74
75
76
12/26/2019
13
BIO 1101: Lecture 1Course Introduction & Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology
Welcome to Bio 1101
•
• Instructor: Dr. Shauna Weyrauch
• My Office Hours:
– 12:30-1:30 Mondays and Thursdays, and by appointment, room 2030 FH
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 366-9163
Welcome (back) to OSU-Newark
• Not high school anymore…
– Higher expectations
–More independence
– Time flies
• Many opportunities
– Learn about nearly anything!
– Gain research experience!
– Find your life’s work!
–
–
• A college education can open doors to success
– Find a career you will enjoy
– Greater job security
– Greater earnings potential
–One third of Americans aged 25 or older have a college degree (according to the Census Bureau, 2017)
–
The secret to success is to make your vocation your vacation.
-- Mark Twain
In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we’re taught.
-- Baba Dioum
• About Me:
– Received my B.S. and M.S. degrees from Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
– Received my Ph.D. from Ohio State University
–My areas of expertise: Amphibians, Wetlands, and Conservation Biology
•
•
• Project Wild Coshocton – camera trapping bobcats
• Likes: hiking, biking, bird-watching… anything outdoors! Also, 80’s “Hair Metal”
• I’m passionate about: environmental conservation and healthy eating (especially
vegetarian)
• Interested in healthy cooking and nutrition, with emphasis on plant-based nutrition
What About You?
• On the note card provided, please tell me about yourself:
– Name
– Year in College (e.g., freshman, sophomore, etc.)
–Major
–What are your interests/hobbies/passions?
–What about biology would you find most interesting?
About This Course
– Information-dense course
–Will require good study habits & good class attendance
–Will cover a lot of material; many terms and processes to learn
–During lecture, I will cover key concepts from the chapters in the textbook; you should read the designated chapters (or sections of chapters), preferably before lecture
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final) and 10 quizzes
– Active Learning Activities during most classes (worth 60 points total, but can earn up to
100 points)
– Labs meet once a week: either on Thursdays or Fridays , beginning next week (see your class schedule)
•
•
“Science is Hard!”
• Yes, science is hard, but it can also be fun
• Anyone can become good at science
– You just have to work at it!
• Learning anything requires:
– Attention
– Repetition
–Making connections
–
from the article “Science is Fun, but it’s Hard” by David W. Brooks.
in The American Biology Teacher, March 2011
•
Individual Needs
– If you have a disability or require special learning tools for this class, please see me as
soon as possible to make necessary arrangements
• Office for Disability Services
• 226 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9246
–
– A variety of helpful resources on campus, such as tutors; contact the Learning Support
Services
• 211 Warner Center; Phone: 366-9168
–
–
–
About Grading
– Grade scale is in your syllabus
• Usually no “curve”
•
– Keep track of your grades!
• Keep all of your papers in a 3-ring folder and periodically check your grade (divide
total points earned by total points available)
• Reviewing your bonus activities, notes, and lab papers will also be helpful in studying for exams
•
– Lecture notes are posted online, at the Carmen web site
• Log in at: https://carmen.osu.edu/
• Two formats for notes: standard and “guided” notes
•
– Note: Copying lecture material online is NOT a good substitute for attending lecture
• Will miss some material
• Bonus point opportunities
• Attending lecture is a learning aid
BIO 1101 Laboratories
–Download laboratory worksheets from the class web site
– Complete weekly lab activities in lab groups
– 3 Lab Exams
• Around 25-30 questions
• Various question types (fill-in-the-blank, short answer, labeling, T/F and multiple choice)
•
Lecture Quizzes and Exams
– There will be 2 exams (midterm and final)
– Format of exams is multiple choice & true-false (Scantron)
• About 100 questions
– 10 quizzes (5 before each exam)
• Worth 20 points each
• Drop your 2 lowest
– Be on time for tests
• If late, may not be permitted to take exam
• Use restroom before exam begins
• See syllabus for policy
What if you miss a class?
• Make-up tests will only be given in rare circumstances, where a valid, documented
excuse is provided, and I am contacted within 3 days of the absence
• Any make-up quiz or exam will be essay and fill-in-the-blank format
• All make-up work must be completed within seven days of the absence
• Because I drop your 2 lowest quiz grades, if you miss a quiz or two, it/they will be your “drop” grade(s)
•
–
–
•
General Classroom Etiquette
• Use common sense and be respectful
–May use iPads/tablets/laptops to access instructional material and the e-text
– No texting in class
– No talking in class
– No sleeping in class
– No smoking (including e-cigarettes!)
– Be on time
• CRITICAL FOR TESTS!
•
•
Any Questions?
The Golden Age of Biology
• Biology in the News:
– Cloning
– The Human Genome Project
– Genetic Engineering
– Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
– Global Warming
– Endangered Species
– Biological Warfare
–Ozone Layer Depletion
– Etc…
• The Scope of Biology: What We Will Discuss in this Course
– Life at all of its scales, from molecular to organismal to ecological
–Molecules:
• Genes are composed of ________, and are the instructions for how an organism makes ______________. How does it do this?
– Inheritance:
• DNA is passed on to offspring, but how?
– Cells:
• The lowest level of structure that can ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells
•
• Animal vs Plant cells
•
• Cell structure
•
– Evolution: any change in __________________________________ (“alleles” are alternative forms of a ____________)
•
– Biodiversity
• The variety of organisms considered at all levels, from genetic variants of a single
species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families, and still higher taxonomic levels
• How is all of this diversity categorized?
•
– Ecology
• The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their _______________
(living) and ______________ (nonliving) environments
• Examples of interactions
–Competition
–Predation
–
– Conservation Biology
• Science in the service of conservation
• Addresses issues such as:
–Management of threatened & endangered species
–Global warming
–Pollution
–Habitat destruction/modification
Biological Diversity: How Is It Organized?
• Taxonomy: the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying _______________
•
• Biologists use a hierarchical classification scheme
–What is a hierarchy?
•
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Organisms are categorized based on their __________________ relationships
•
• But how do we know how related they are?
•
• Biological Classification System
• 3 Domains
– Bacteria – ______________ cells
– Archeae – ______________ cells
– Eukarya – _______________ cells
• __________________ (formerly Kingdom Protista)
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Kingdom _________________
• Protists (multiple kingdoms)
•
–Mostly _________-celled
– Some multi-cellular, such a seaweeds
– Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
•
• What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Kingdom Fungi
–
– Heterotrophic
• Mostly _________________
• Digest food externally
–Mostly multicellular
– Examples: molds, mushrooms, and yeasts
• Kingdom Plantae
–
– Autotrophs
• _________________
–Multicellular
– From trees to roses to mosses…
• Kingdom Animalia
•
– Heterotrophs
• Ingest food (other organisms or their products)
–Multicellular
– Vertebrates and Invertebrates
– From insects to amphibians to birds to mammals…
•
• Life is diverse, yet all life shares some fundamental similarities
•
– Genetic Code
– Cellular Structure
• Except viruses?
• Break…
Evolution:Biology’s Unifying Theme
•
• Natural processes such as “natural selection” led to evolution of diverse life forms from
simple beginnings
• What is natural selection?
•
• Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
•
The Inescapable Conclusion of Darwin:
•
Fact 1: ______________________________
______________________________
Fact 2: ____________________________
Conclusion: Unequal _______________ success
The Process of Science
• “Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena”
•
• Differs from other areas of study, such as:
– philosophy (what is right/moral/ethical?)
•
•
– Art (what is beautiful? What is aesthetic?)
•
• Can you calculate the beauty of a Van Gogh and compare it to the Monet?
•
• Science is self-correcting
•
• Any two people should come to the same conclusions if they conduct good experiments
•
•
Some Important Innovations in Scientific Thinking
•
• Deductive reasoning was developed by ________________ and ________________ during
the classical period (600 to 300 B.C.)
•
–Deductive reasoning
• Going from the ________________ to the _______________
•
• All animals are mortal
• Humans are animals
• Therefore, humans are mortal
– In order to be a sound deduction, the premise must be true
– An unsound deduction:
• All students in BIO 1101 get A’s
• I am a student in BIO 1101
• I will get an “A”
–
• 1590 – The first experiment was conducted by ________________________
– Prior to this, Science largely involved gathering facts, cataloging them, and discussing them within groups of scholars
– Francis Bacon believed the use of controlled experimentation would kindle "a light that would eventually disclose and bring into sight all that is most hidden and secret in the universe."
–Died from pneumonia after an attempt to conduct an experiment testing effects of cold on spoilage of meats
•
– Bacon promoted inductive reasoning
– In inductive reasoning, universal principles are induced from
__________________________
–
• All 100 species of mammals examined were warm-blooded
• Therefore, all mammals are warm-blooded
VS
• All 5 of my friends got A’s in BIO 1101
• Therefore, everyone gets an A in BIO 1101
•
– Strong vs Weak induction
• The first example could be supported by other observations
• The second is weak; there are many examples of students who did not get A’s in BIO
1101 (small, non-random sample used to induce the conclusion)
• 1920s – _________________’s Refutability Criterion
– Repudiated classical induction
– No number of observations supporting a hypothesis can ___________ it; just one counter-observation can disprove it
• Hence, in this class, I will never use the word prove
– Important concept: falsifiability
• In order for a scientific hypothesis or theory to be valid, it must be able to be
____________________
•
Bonus Activity Part 1
• Define deductive and inductive reasoning
• Imagine you’re having lunch with a friend this afternoon at the Warner Center Table of
Contents. Your friend says, “Last week, I had the chili and it was cold. My girlfriend said she had chili here once before and it was cold, too. I’m not going to get chili, because it’s always cold!”
• Is your friend using deductive or inductive reasoning? Do you think the reasoning is sound? Why or why not? How could you test whether or not their conclusion is accurate?
•
• In the 1930s, William Evans and C. Hoyle used the first “null set” or “_____________”
–
–Where have you heard the term “placebo”?
–
– Today, we use a placebo or control group to compare against the experimental
treatment in a controlled experiment
•
•
The Modern Scientific Method
•
Observe
____________
Hypothesize
Predict
______________ (with a ___________)
Analyze results
Support or refute your hypothesis
Good Science
• A _______________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
– It can be thought of as an __________________
– a good hypothesis leads to ____________ predictions
• Science often involves conducting a _________ experiment
– Usually a single variable (the __________________) is manipulated to see its effect on the ___________________(the response)
• In graphs, the independent variable is plotted on the ___________ (horizontal) and
the dependent variable (response) is plotted on the _____________ (vertical)
– For example, you could test the effect of a medication on blood pressure (receiving or
not receiving the medication is the independent variable; blood pressure is the dependent variable)
• Blind Experiments
– Some information about the experiment is withheld from participants in order to remove bias
– Single-blind experiment: the researcher doesn’t know which study subjects are part of the experimental group or the control group
• Example: Testing whether baby sea turtles swim. Researchers attached satellite
trackers to baby sea turtles, and also to floating buckets (control group); compared data for sea turtles with that from buckets; baby sea turtles moved faster and along a
different track from the floating buckets. When receiving the data initially, researchers didn’t know if each data point was from a bucket or a turtle
•
•
• Double-blind experiment: neither the researcher nor the participant in the study knows if
they are receiving the experimental treatment or the control
• To facilitate this, many drug trials include a placebo (a medically ineffective treatment,
like a “sugar pill,” to administer to the control group; the participants don’t know if they
are taking the actual medication or the placebo)
• Double-blind placebo experiments are the “gold standard” of medical trials (neither
patients nor researchers know which treatment the patient is receiving)
•
Experimental Design
• Three important characteristics of a good experiment
1. ________________
• The larger your “sample size” the more powerful your test
2. Has a __________________ Treatment
• One in which you do not apply the factor being tested
•
•
Example Experiments
Observation: Populations of Rana pipiens, the Northern leopard frog, are disappearing in the midwestern United States.
Question: Why are the frogs disappearing?
Hypothesis: (Given our knowledge that frogs are often found near agricultural areas, that pesticides are often applied in agricultural areas, and that if frogs are exposed to pesticides
they may suffer increased mortality, we make the following hypothesis) Leopard frog populations are declining due to exposure to pesticides.
• Good experiment?
•
• Why or why not?
Experiment #2
50 Leopard frogs are exposed to a pesticide
Again, the frogs are housed in the laboratory and monitored daily.
Is this a good experiment? Why or why not?
•
• How would you design an experiment to test whether or not pesticides affect leopard
frogs?
•
• What are some important characteristics of a “control” group?
•
•
3. The third important characteristic of a good experiment: _____________________________
• ____________________ helps ensure that no other systematic difference exists
between the experimental and control group, other than the factor being investigated
•
•
• Communication of Results
– Scientists publish the results of their studies, typically in ___________________ journals
• __________________ is a process that helps ensure quality control
• A group of peers (________________________) review the manuscript, rigorously
checking it for flaws in design, analysis, or interpretation
• Journals may reject manuscripts, or accept them after major or minor revisions
• Thus, articles published in peer-reviewed journals have been vetted and deemed to
meet rigorous standards
•
•
• Scientific Theories
– A theory is different from a hypothesis
– A theory is a
__________________________________________________________________________________
– Theories are only accepted if they are supported by a large and growing body of evidence
• Example: the theory of evolution, supported by decades of observational studies and
controlled experimentation
•
•
• Evaluating Scientific Claims
– Beware ______________ (information that is falsely presented as having a scientific
basis)
– Common characteristics of pseudoscience:
• Based on ____________ evidence (individual observations or personal testimonials)
• Avoids scrutiny or peer-review
• Not supported by a growing body of evidence
•
•
•
Science vs Pseudoscience
Activity Part 2
• Imagine you are a biomedical researcher asked to investigate the safety of a new
agricultural pesticide called “BugBlast”. The manufacturer of BugBlast claims it is much safer to human health and less likely to cause cancer than “Nuke-Dem-Bugs” the most
common brand on the market.
• How would you test the relative safety of the two pesticides? Write a hypothesis and describe your experimental design. Make sure you pay special attention to the three
characteristics of a well-designed experiment we discussed.
•
Turn in your bonus activities
All for today…
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