12. pile foundation - single pile.ppt

7/26/2019 12. Pile Foundation - Single Pile.ppt

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Indra S. Harahap/ EVB4013 VAB2073

PILE FOUNDATIONPILE FOUNDATION


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PAT I!PAT I!

INTODU"TION TO PILEINTODU"TION TO PILEFOUNDATIONFOUNDATION


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S#$p% $& P'(% F$)nda*'$nS#$p% $& P'(% F$)nda*'$n

En+'n%%r'n+En+'n%%r'n+

Selection of Foundation Type

Selection of Pile Type

Single Pile Analysis

Pile Group Analysis

Quality Control and Quality Assurance


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N$,%n#(a*)r%N$,%n#(a*)r%

Keywords:pile cap, piles, soft clay, sand, raker pile, batter pile

Pile cap

Raker pile Tie beam


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Ta-$n$,Ta-$n$,!" Application

Reduce #ibrations

Problem Solution

Keywords:tanks, silos, c$imneys, mac$ine foundations, sand, ground %ater,

compaction piles, raked piles, damping of piles, small damping, &ibrations


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'mpro&e Stability of (ridge Abutment

Keywords:soft clay, fill, bridge abutment


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)mbankment Pile

Keywords:soft clay, raked piles, bridge abutment, fill

T$ese piles, not soft clay,

carry fill load and transfer t$eload to bearing layer**

T$erefore, no $ori+ontal

forces carried by abutment

piles*



Anc$or piles as for dry docks

Keywords:ground %ater, uplift force, anc$or piles

-plift $ydraulic

pressure



.ffs$ore Structures on Piles

Keywords:cyclic loading, scour, compression, steel pipe piles, tension

force



Stabili+ation of Slope by Piles

Keywords:slope stability, large diameter pile, steel pipe pile, failure

surface


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Stabili+ation of Slope by Piles

Keywords:failure surface, clay, precast piles,


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Anc$or Piles in S%elling Soil

Keywords:seasonal c$anges, s%elling clay, montmorillonite, $ig$ li/uid limit,

$ig$ plasticity inde0, building


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Keywords:concrete pile, steel pile, timber, 1 pile

2" (ased on material

Concrete pile

Steel pile

Timber pile


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Concrete pile

Precast Concrete Pile

Keywords:point, concrete, reinforcement* pile diameter


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Prestressed Concrete Piles

Keywords:$eig$t strengt$ concrete, brittle, reduced cracking, reduced

ductility


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Concrete strengt$

Keywords:cube strengt$, $ard dri&ing, normal to easy dri&ing, $ig$

capacity, reduced %eig$t, easy dri&ing


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Keywords:pile lengt$, lifting $ooks, moment

3ifting of precast piles


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Keywords:easy to dri&e, easy to cut, corrosion, e0pensi&e, splicing, soil plug,

dri&ing s$oe, steel plate

Steel Pile

Steel 1Pile

3arge contact area, $ig$ Qs


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Keywords:diameter, closed

or open ended, soil plug,

diameter

Steel Pipe Piles


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Keywords:steel piles, concrete piles, 4ational (ureau of

Standards, splices, reinforcement, salt %ater

Steel corrosion


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Keywords:ad&antages, difficulties, limit bearing capacity, soft clay, tip, s$aft,

ground %ater, butt

Timber Piles

C$aracteristics


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Pile splices

Keywords:steel slee&e, steel strap


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Keywords:large displacement piles, small displacement piles, nondisplacement

piles, bored piles, precast piles, pipe piles, cased, uncased

5" 6isturbance to Surrounding Soil


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Keywords:compression, lateral load, tension

7" 3oading Conditions of Piles


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Keywords:friction or floating piles, end bearing piles, clay, sand, rock

Resistance of friction pile or floating

pile mostly comes from friction

resistance. Even though there is a

point resistance, since the pile is

not founded into a firm-bearing

layer the point resistance is very

small. In contrary, end bearing or

point bearing pile, the pile

resistance particularly come frompoint resistance.

8" 3oad Transfer 9ec$anism


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Sp('#% and $# P$'n*Sp('#% and $# P$'n*

Keywords:rock point


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:" (ased on 'nstallation 9et$od 6ri&en Pile

(ored Pile

;acked6o%n Pile


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6ri&en pile

'nstallation met$od


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Keywords:settlement, diameter, compaction %it$in t$is +one

Settlement during dri&ing in sand


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Keywords:soft clay, $ea&e, &olume, soft clay, remoulded +one, pore %ater

pressure, undrained s$ear strengt$

Settlement during dri&ing in clay


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Keywords:risen piles, redri&ing, $ea&e, soft clay, separation of splice

Redri&ing of pile in clay


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Keywords:casing, dri&ing, casing filled %it$ %ater, casing filled %it$

concrete, reinforcement

(ored Pile

'nstallation met$od


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'nstallation met$od %it$ casing for soft clay

Keywords:casing, dri&ing, casing filled %it$ %ater, casing filled %it$

concrete, reinforcement


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Keywords:casing, soft clay, sand or silt, ground %ater

4ecking during casting in soft clay


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Keywords:bells

(ored pile %it$ bell


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Keywords:ground %ater, surface casing, bentonite slurry, c$isel, pouring of

concrete, lo%ering of reinforcement element

'nstallation using bentonite slurry


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#arious s$apes of slurry trenc$ pile

Keywords:si+e, s$ape


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;acked6o%n Pile

'nstallation met$od

Keywords:pump, manometer, steel insert, $ydraulic


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Keywords:steel s$ell, steel cone, lig$t bulb, reinforcement cage, casting of concrete

=" Proprietary Pile

Raymond step tapered pile


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Keywords:concrete plug, bulb, internal $ammer, prefabricated s$aft, lig$t casing

Franki pile


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PAT II.PAT II.PILE BEAIN "APA"ITPILE BEAIN "APA"IT

ANALSISANALSIS


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P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'*P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'*

Single Pile

Pile Group

'( ' " ' &


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P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'* $&P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'* $&

S'n+(% P'(%S'n+(% P'(%

Keywords:compression, lateral load, tension

Compression capacity

Tension capacity

3ateral capacity


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"apa#'* $& P'(% r$)p"apa#'* $& P'(% r$)p

)fficiency

Group settlement

( ' '(I ( ' P'(


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I)% %(a*'n+ *$ P'(%I)% %(a*'n+ *$ P'(%

"apa#'*"apa#'*


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Keywords> sand, clay, point resistance, s$aft resistance

Ultimate resistance of piles: For sand, shaft and pointequally contribute to ultimate

resistance

For clay, shaft resistancedominated ultimate resistance

3oad distribution along pile


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Keywords:load, displacement, soft clay, stiff clay, sand, cast in place

pile, dri&en pile, %it$ bell

3oad &s* 6isplacement


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3oad deformation relations$ip

Shaft resistance of soft clay and sand are fully mobilized, i.e. reach its maximum

value, at relatively small pile displacement.

oint resistance is reached at relatively large pile displacement compare to shaft

resistance.

oint resistance of large displacement piles !i.e. driven-pile" is mobilized relatively

faster !at relatively small displacement" than non-displacement piles !i.e. bored-pile".

#his due to the fact that driven pile compacting soil close to the pile tip, and bored-

pile loosening soil close the pile tip due to stress release. $o%ever, for a certain

cases driven pile could loosen soil close to the pile tip. &or example, driving piles

through very dense sand or highly over consolidated soil.


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Keywords> pile load, point resistance, skin resistance

'deali+ed load deformation relations$ip

P'( B ' " '*P'( B ' " '*


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P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'*P'(% B%ar'n+ "apa#'*

D%*%r,'na*'$nD%*%r,'na*'$nA. Analytical Method 'ased soil strength parameters obtained from laboratory test. ile bearing capacity

is established based on general bearing capacity e(uation of shallo% foundation.

B. Empirical Method 'ased on field-testing method and empirical correlation from loading test. Empirical

relationship has been developed bet%een SPT, CPTand Swedish Sounding%ithpile bearing capacity.

C. Dynamic Method

'ased on observation during pile driving. Response during pile driving reflects soilresistance encounter by the pile. ile ultimate resistance is determined ta)ing intoaccount pile driving e(uipment, response during pile driving and other soil

parameters.D. ile !oad "est Method 'ased on load deformation characteristic during pile loading test.


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A.A. ANALTI"AL ETHODANALTI"AL ETHOD


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A.1. In*r$d)#*'$nA.1. In*r$d)#*'$n!" 6irection of Pile 3oading

Keywords:compression, tension, %eig$t of pile, factor of safety, allo%able load,

point resistance, s$aft resistance

Factor of #afety $F%#&:

F%# for compression differsthan F%# for tension.

F%# for shaft resistancediffers than for point resistance.

oint and shaft resistance for

sand and clay determineddifferently.


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2" )nd (earing Capacity

Keywords:end bearing, undrained s$ear strengt$, bearing capacity factors

.mitted because

small compare to

o&erburden


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(earing Capacity

Pile resistance for pile in sand mostly contributed by o&erburdenpressure &*T$e follo%ing assumptions for determination of pile capacity insand are>

T$e friction angle e0ist and co$esion e/ual to +ero ?, c?@"Pile lengt$ 3, muc$ bigger t$an pile diameter, as suc$ t$econtribution of pile resistance from gamma is negligible*

T$ere are se&eral bearing capacity factorsNq$as been proposed>


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9eyer$of bearing capacity factor

Keywords:friction angle, bearing capacity factor


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#arious (earing Capacity Factors

Keywords:Ter+ag$i, (ere+antse&, 9eyer$of, #esic, (rinc$ 1ansen, de (eer,

friction angle


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Failure mec$anism for #esics factor

Keywords:point resistance, rigidity inde0, failure surface, compressibility,

rigidity inde0

A 2 P'( " '* ' S dA 2 P'( " '* ' S d


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A.2. P'(% "apa#'* 'n SandA.2. P'(% "apa#'* 'n Sand

!" (earing Capacity )/uation

Keywords:loose, dense, coefficient of

lateral eart$ pressure at rest, small,

#esic, displacement pile, non

displacement pile, tapered pile


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2" Pile S$aft Capacity in Sand

Keywords:pile type, sand, critical

dept$,


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5" 3ateral Pressure Against Pile S$aft

Keywords:bored pile, small displacement pile, large displacement pile,

straig$t s$aft, tapered s$aft, lateral eart$ pressure


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Controlling factors

*ateral pressure exerted by soil on pile surface depend

on the follo%ing factors+

isturbance and the nature of disturbance to

surrounding pile during pile construction. riven pilecause compaction !loose to medium sand and soft to

medium clay" or dilation !dense sand or overconsolidated

clay.

#he inclination of side !straight side or tapered".


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)mpirical parameter forK

Keywords:9ansur B 1unter, Ta&enas, 'reland, lateral eart$ pressure


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Critical dept$

Keywords:friction angle, bearing capacity &alue, diameter, lengt$

3 '( " ' ' "(


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A.3. P'(% "apa#'* 'n "(aA.3. P'(% "apa#'* 'n "(a!" )nd resistance


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2" S$aft resistance

Keywords:normally consolidated clay,

o&erconsolidated clay, undrained s$ear

strengt$, reduction , ground surface


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3ambda9et$od

Keywords:offs$ore structures, dept$, mean &alue, skin

resistance


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)mpirical estimate of pile skin friction in clay

Keywords:effecti&e o&erburden pressure,

Flaate, Selnes, undrained s$ear strengt$

A O*h " 'd *'A O*h " 'd *'


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A.. O*h%r "$n'd%ra*'$nA.. O*h%r "$n'd%ra*'$n!" 3oad Transfer 9ec$anism

Keywords:t+ cur&es, /y cur&e, dri&en pile, bored pile


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2" 4egati&e Skin Friction

Keywords:lo%ering of ground

%ater le&el, dri&en pile, bored pile


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A.5. S),,arA.5. S),,ar

#ummary

Soil

Type

Point Resistance

ppp AqQ =

Shaft Resistance

sss fAQ =

Sand Cqp Nqq =

or

C

5

2!qop qNKq

+=

C

vas Kf = Note:

aK depends on type of pile*S$aft resistance constant afterreac$ing critical dept$

Clayup cq D= us cf =

C

vsf =

"2 C uvs cf +=


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B. EPII"AL ETHODB. EPII"AL ETHOD


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!" Cone Penetration Test

)nd resistance

Keywords:area of pile, sand


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S$aft friction

Keywords:cone penetration test, friction slee&e small displacement pile, large

displacement pile


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2" Standard Penetration Test

N-Value &s* pile capacity

Keywords:SPT, sand, pile diameter


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5" Eeig$t Sounding Test EST"

)stimate of Pile Capacity (ased

Keywords:$alfturns, timber piles, concrete piles, 4or%egian Pile Commission, s

La*%ra(( L$ad%d S'n+(%La*%ra(( L$ad%d S'n+(%


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La*%ra(( L$ad%d S'n+(%La*%ra(( L$ad%d S'n+(%

P'(%P'(%

Fa'()r% $d% $&Fa'()r% $d% $&


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Fa'()r% $d% $&Fa'()r% $d% $&

H$r'6$n*a(( L$ad%d P'(%H$r'6$n*a(( L$ad%d P'(%

La*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'nLa*%ra( P'(% %'*an#% 'n


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SandSand



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"(a $*a*'$na( $d%8"(a $*a*'$na( $d%8



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"(a"(a

P'(% Fa'()r% $d%8P'(% Fa'()r% $d%8

12. pile foundation - single pile.ppt

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