12 may 2010 iea bioenergy exco65 workshop ichiro … pellet production 12 may 2010 nara, japan iea...
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Wood pellet production
12 May 2010
Nara, Japan
IEA Bioenergy ExCo65 workshop
Ken’ichiro Kojima
Pellet Club JAPAN
Wood Pellets installation in 1980’s• Pelletizing process: 1976, invented by Rudolf
Gunnerman, Bio-Solar, woodex, USA• Pellet utilization in Japan: 1981, green house (melon),
Shizuoka pref., imported from USA• Technological development in Japan: 1980, METI,
technology from USA• Domestic production: from 1982, started in
Iwate/Aomori pref.• Motivation: The first oil crises in 1979, Ogalite industry• Records: until 1986, 30mills operation, main raw
materials are bark, peak 27,772 ton/y• Demands: stove, green house, hotel, hot spa• After 1983: crude oil price fell• Conclusion: couldn't establish solid biofuel market,
political instrument (subsidy), underdeveloped boilers/stoves, fuel standardization,
Pellet production (1982-1990)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Year
tonn
es
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
num
ber
Pellet production
Number of plants
26 plants(1985)
27,722 tones(1984)
What is “Ogalite”
• one of a densified wood fuel• invented by Kitamoto in 1954• used be use for old type Japanese “Goemon-buro” baths• abundant raw materials(sawdust)
Source http://www.joy.hi-ho.ne.jp/gfield/
Briquette“Ogalite” production
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000900,000
1,000,000
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
Year
tonn
es
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
num
ber
Ogalite production
Number of plants
809 plants(1968)
945,000 tonnes(1969)
Wood Pellets production in Japan
Source: Pellet Club JAPAN, 2009
Source: 1982-2003,209: Pellet Club JAPAN, 2004-2008: Forestry Agency
Import 60,000ton/y
Raw materials for wood pellets(domestic mills)
100
2
9
10
15
17
18
29
Using ratio(%)
81*TOTAL
4roadside trees, pruned trees
10driftwoods in a dam, cutting trees from civil engineering work
4Bark
15Shavings
16Cuttings
19saw dusts
13thinning woods, forest residues
MillsType of raw materials
Source: Japan Wood Pellet Association, 16th March 2009*including few materials in one mill
Capacity of mills and sort of pellets(domestic mills)
4211
Bark
221211215
White Whole tree
513482439
Mills
25TOTAL
>3,000
11,000-2,999
6500-999
12100-499
250-99
4<49
Sort of pelletsCapacity(ton/year)
Source: Japan Wood Pellet Association, January 2009
Sort of produced wood pellets(domestic mills)
5124225
Mills*
100TOTAL (2008)
35Whole tree
55White
10Bark
Share(%)Sort of pellets
Source: Japan Wood Pellet Association, 16th March 2009
*sort is decided as a main products of each mill
Sales for purpose
5,800(14.9%)
3,189(12.6%)
3,196(16.5%)
for Stove
38,700
25,375
20,068
Sales(ton/year)
32,900(85.1%)
2008*
22,186(87.4%)
2007
16,872(83.5%)
2006
for BoilerYear
*estimation, January 2009
Source: Japan Wood Pellet Association, 16th March 2009
60,000 60,0002008*
for BoilerImported
*planed
Source:Press release, Kansai Electric Power CO.
Price of wood pellets(domestic mills) ex. transportation cost
lowmiddlehigh
38
43
33
43
46
50
34
33
28
40
37
42
Whole tree
White
Bark
Whole tree
White
Bark
Sort of pellets
31
33
24Boiler
37
36
25Stove
Price at mill(yen/kg)Purpose
*second semester of 2008(June-December)
Source: Japan Wood Pellet Association, January 2009
Pellet furnace equipments
Pellet stove• Domestic manufactures:16 (28 products)• Imported: 7 (25 products)• Sales number: 11,094 (total)Pellet boiler(<500kW)• Domestic manufactures: 5• Imported: 2• Installation number: 463 (total)Greenhouse heater: 4 manufacturersCooling & heating device: 1 manufactureSmall steam boiler: 1 manufacturere
Co-firing
Source: Rinsei-Nwes, No.380, 13 January 2010
< 30,000 ton
30,000-100,000 ton
> 100,000 ton
Domestic fuel
Imported fuel
Conclusion
Overview• Domestic mills increase rapidly, but small & low operation
rates ? “Local production & Local consumption”• Power companies & industrial power generations starting
co-firing ? big scale, waste, imported• Demand polarization into domestic & imported
Barriers• Lack of raw materials ? waste• No national standards (solid biofuel, equipment)• Statistic• Pellet is “Fuel” = METI, “Forest products” = MAFF• Lack of political instruments (environmental tax etc.)
Sustainability• Domestic resource ? up to “Forestry”
Source: Working papers of Finnish Forest Research Institute 118; Global potential of modern fuelwoodOriginal sheet: 13th July 2009 NAGANO, MARKKU PAANANEN, JAMK University of Applied Sciences
Resource potentials
Timber imports in Japan
22.6
39.3
12.6
14.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 20070
20
40
60
80
100
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? · ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
Domestic
Imported
( Million m3)( % )Board industry
Pulp & Paper industry
Sawmill industry
Average
Source: Forestry Agency “Annual Report on Trends in Forest and Forestry” Fiscal Year 2008
Age structure of our forest
Source: Forestry Agency
year
Natural
Forest
Artificial
forest
Private forest
10,000ha
National forest
Structural Defect of Japanese Forestry
Price component of sawn timber
Price of standing tree
Felling & Loading, transportation
Processing in forest industry & distribution
Source: Forestry Agency
Pellet demand for future
• Coal demand in the world2010: 5.1 billion ton2030: 7.8 billion ton
• Pellets demand in the world2007: 7 million ton2010: 15 million ton2015: 228 million ton?2030: 350-400 million ton?
Source: Bioenergy International No.44 (2010)