DR HEMANT KUMARDR HEMANT KUMARLECTURER LECTURER ANATOMY DEPT:ANATOMY DEPT:SINDH MEDICAL SINDH MEDICAL COLLEGE & DOW COLLEGE & DOW UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHISCIENCES, KARACHI..

MICROSCOPYMICROSCOPY

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE

PARTSPARTS

TYPESTYPES

MICROSCOPYMICROSCOPY OBSERVATIONS BY MEANS OF OBSERVATIONS BY MEANS OF

MICROSCOPE IS CALLED MICROSCOPE IS CALLED MICROSCOPY.MICROSCOPY.

MICROSCOPY IS THE USE OF MICROSCOPY IS THE USE OF MICROSCOPE WITH THE HELP OF MICROSCOPE WITH THE HELP OF WHICH WE CAN SEE THE OBJECTS WHICH WE CAN SEE THE OBJECTS WHICH CANT BE SEEN WITH NAKED WHICH CANT BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE.EYE.

MICROSCOPYMICROSCOPY MICROSCOPY DATES FROM THE 17MICROSCOPY DATES FROM THE 17THTH

CENTURY WHEN HOOKE AND MALPIGHI CENTURY WHEN HOOKE AND MALPIGHI EMPLOYED SIMPLE LENSES IN THE STUDY OF EMPLOYED SIMPLE LENSES IN THE STUDY OF VARIOUS STRUCTURAL FEATURES.VARIOUS STRUCTURAL FEATURES.

BETWEEN 1673 AND 1716, LEEUWENHOEK BETWEEN 1673 AND 1716, LEEUWENHOEK DEVELOPED COMPOUND LENSES, AND BY DEVELOPED COMPOUND LENSES, AND BY THE EARLY 19THE EARLY 19THTH CENTURY, THE COMPOUND CENTURY, THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE HAD BECOME HIGHLY MICROSCOPE HAD BECOME HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED.SOPHISTICATED.

IN THE LATTER PART OF THE 19IN THE LATTER PART OF THE 19THTH CENTURY, CENTURY, THE MICROTOME (AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE MICROTOME (AN INSTRUMENT FOR PREPARING SECTIONS OF TISSUE FOR STUDY) PREPARING SECTIONS OF TISSUE FOR STUDY) WAS DEVELOPED.WAS DEVELOPED.

THEN CAME THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIXING, THEN CAME THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIXING, EMBEDDING, AND STAINING TECHNIQUES.EMBEDDING, AND STAINING TECHNIQUES.

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE IT IS THE INSTRUMENT USED TO SEE THE IT IS THE INSTRUMENT USED TO SEE THE

MINUTE OBJECT WHICH WE CANT SEE MINUTE OBJECT WHICH WE CANT SEE WITH NAKED EYE.WITH NAKED EYE.

AN INSTRUMENT USED FOR MAGNIFYING AN INSTRUMENT USED FOR MAGNIFYING SMALL OBJECTS BY MEANS OF LENS TO SMALL OBJECTS BY MEANS OF LENS TO REVEAL DETAILS INVISIBLE TO NAKED EYE.REVEAL DETAILS INVISIBLE TO NAKED EYE.

SEVERAL TYPES OF MICROSCOPES ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF MICROSCOPES ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE STUDY OF AVAILABLE FOR THE STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL.BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL.

BASICALLY, THEY MAY BE CLASSIFIED BY BASICALLY, THEY MAY BE CLASSIFIED BY THE TYPE OF LIGHT SOURCE USED.THE TYPE OF LIGHT SOURCE USED.

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE

IN MOST GENERAL USE IS THE LIGHT IN MOST GENERAL USE IS THE LIGHT (OPTICAL) MICROSCOPE USING VISIBLE (OPTICAL) MICROSCOPE USING VISIBLE LIGHT.LIGHT.

MODIFICATIONS OF THIS TYPE INCLUDE: MODIFICATIONS OF THIS TYPE INCLUDE:

1.POLARIZING MICROSCOPE1.POLARIZING MICROSCOPE

2.PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE2.PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE

3.INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPE3.INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPE

4.DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPE4.DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPE

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE

MICROSCOPES THAT UTILIZE A NON-MICROSCOPES THAT UTILIZE A NON-VISIBLE LIGHT SOURCE ARE:VISIBLE LIGHT SOURCE ARE:

1. ULTRA-VIOLET MICROSCOPE1. ULTRA-VIOLET MICROSCOPE

2. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE2. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

THEY ARE MORE RECENT THEY ARE MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS.DEVELOPMENTS.

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE

THE USEFULNESS OF ANY TYPE OF THE USEFULNESS OF ANY TYPE OF MICROSCOPE DEPENDS NOT ONLY UPON MICROSCOPE DEPENDS NOT ONLY UPON ITS ABILITY TO MAGNIFY BUT, MORE ITS ABILITY TO MAGNIFY BUT, MORE IMPORTANT, UPON ITS ABILITY TO IMPORTANT, UPON ITS ABILITY TO RESOLVE DETAIL. BEYOND CERTAIN RESOLVE DETAIL. BEYOND CERTAIN LIMITS, MAGNIFICATION ADDS NO NEW LIMITS, MAGNIFICATION ADDS NO NEW DETAIL.DETAIL.

THE USEFUL MAGNIFICATION OF AN THE USEFUL MAGNIFICATION OF AN ORDINARY LIGHT MICROSCOPE IS ABOUT ORDINARY LIGHT MICROSCOPE IS ABOUT 1500 TIMES (1500 X).1500 TIMES (1500 X).

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE MAGNIFYING POWER: ABILITY TO ENLARGE THE IMAGE.MAGNIFYING POWER: ABILITY TO ENLARGE THE IMAGE. RESOLVING POWER: IT IS A MEASURE OF THE CAPACITY RESOLVING POWER: IT IS A MEASURE OF THE CAPACITY

OF THE MICROSCOPE TO CLEARLY SEPARATE TWO OF THE MICROSCOPE TO CLEARLY SEPARATE TWO POINTS THAT LIE CLOSE TOGETHER.POINTS THAT LIE CLOSE TOGETHER.

BEYOND THE RESOLVING POWER OF ANY MICROSCOPE, BEYOND THE RESOLVING POWER OF ANY MICROSCOPE, TWO POINTS WILL APPEAR AS ONE.TWO POINTS WILL APPEAR AS ONE.

IT IS ALSO CALLED RESOLUTION OF MICROSCOPE.IT IS ALSO CALLED RESOLUTION OF MICROSCOPE. THE RESOLUTION WITH LENS SYSTEMS IS LIMITED BY THE RESOLUTION WITH LENS SYSTEMS IS LIMITED BY

THE WAVELENGTH OF THE LIGHT AND BY THE THE WAVELENGTH OF THE LIGHT AND BY THE NUMERICAL APERTURE, OR LIGHT-GATHERING NUMERICAL APERTURE, OR LIGHT-GATHERING CAPACITY, OF THE OBJECTIVE LENS.CAPACITY, OF THE OBJECTIVE LENS.

SHORTER THE WAVE LENGTH, GREATER THE SHORTER THE WAVE LENGTH, GREATER THE RESOLVING POWER.RESOLVING POWER.

THE RESOLVING POWER OF A WELL-CONSTRUCTED THE RESOLVING POWER OF A WELL-CONSTRUCTED LIGHT MICROSCOPE IS ABOUT 0.2 LIGHT MICROSCOPE IS ABOUT 0.2 MICROMETER(MICRON).MICROMETER(MICRON).

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE PARTS OF MICROSCOPE:PARTS OF MICROSCOPE: 1. OCULAR OR EYE PIECE1. OCULAR OR EYE PIECE 2. COARSE ADJ SCREW2. COARSE ADJ SCREW 3. FINE ADJ SCREW3. FINE ADJ SCREW 4. NOSE PIECE4. NOSE PIECE 5. ARM5. ARM 6. OBJECTIVE6. OBJECTIVE 7. STAGE7. STAGE 8. CONDENSER8. CONDENSER 9. MIRROR9. MIRROR 10. BASE10. BASE

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE LIGHT OR OPTICAL MICROSCOPE: LIGHT OR OPTICAL MICROSCOPE:

BASICALLY THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE BASICALLY THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE ACTS AS A TWO-STAGE MAGNIFYING ACTS AS A TWO-STAGE MAGNIFYING DEVICE.DEVICE.

AN OBJECTIVE LENS PROVIDES THE AN OBJECTIVE LENS PROVIDES THE INITIAL MAGNIFICATION, AND AN INITIAL MAGNIFICATION, AND AN OCULAR OR (PROJECTOR) LENS IS OCULAR OR (PROJECTOR) LENS IS PLACED SO AS TO MAGNIFY THE PLACED SO AS TO MAGNIFY THE PRIMARY IMAGE A SECOND TIME.PRIMARY IMAGE A SECOND TIME.

TOTAL MAGNIFICATION IS OBTAINED BY TOTAL MAGNIFICATION IS OBTAINED BY MULTIPLYING THE MAGNIFYING POWER MULTIPLYING THE MAGNIFYING POWER OF THE OBJECTIVE AND OCULAR LENSES.OF THE OBJECTIVE AND OCULAR LENSES.

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE AN ADDITIONAL CONDENSING LENS IS AN ADDITIONAL CONDENSING LENS IS

EMPLOYED BENEATH THE STAGE OF THE EMPLOYED BENEATH THE STAGE OF THE MICROSCOPE TO CONCENTRATE THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE TO CONCENTRATE THE LIGHT FROM ITS SOURCE INTO A VERY BRIGHT FROM ITS SOURCE INTO A VERY BRIGHT BEAM ILLUMINATING THE SPECIMEN, THUS BEAM ILLUMINATING THE SPECIMEN, THUS PROVIDING SUFFICIENT LIGHT FOR THE PROVIDING SUFFICIENT LIGHT FOR THE INSPECTION OF THE MAGNIFIED IMAGE.INSPECTION OF THE MAGNIFIED IMAGE.

ALTHOUGH THE CONDENSER LENS DOES ALTHOUGH THE CONDENSER LENS DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE TOTAL NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION, IT DOES INFLUENCE THE MAGNIFICATION, IT DOES INFLUENCE THE QUALITY OF THE IMAGE OBSERVED.QUALITY OF THE IMAGE OBSERVED.

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE THE OCULAR OR PROJECTOR LENS THE OCULAR OR PROJECTOR LENS

COMMONLY USED HAS A MAGNIFICATION OF COMMONLY USED HAS A MAGNIFICATION OF X 10, ALTHOUGH MANY MICROSCOPES ARE X 10, ALTHOUGH MANY MICROSCOPES ARE EQUIPPED WITH ALTERNATIVE EYE-PIECES EQUIPPED WITH ALTERNATIVE EYE-PIECES THAT PROVIDE DIFFERENT MAGNIFICATIONS.THAT PROVIDE DIFFERENT MAGNIFICATIONS.

GENERALLY, THE OBJECTIVE LENS ASSEMBLY GENERALLY, THE OBJECTIVE LENS ASSEMBLY CONSISTS OF SEVERAL DETACHABLE LENSES CONSISTS OF SEVERAL DETACHABLE LENSES MOUNTED ON A REVOLVING DISC AT THE MOUNTED ON A REVOLVING DISC AT THE LOWER END OF THE MICROSCOPE TUBE. LOWER END OF THE MICROSCOPE TUBE. THESE LENSES CAN BE INTERCHANGED AS THESE LENSES CAN BE INTERCHANGED AS REQUIRED BY ROTATING THE DISC THROUGH REQUIRED BY ROTATING THE DISC THROUGH PART OF A TURN.PART OF A TURN.

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE

THE FOUR OBJECTIVES ROUTINELY USED THE FOUR OBJECTIVES ROUTINELY USED HAVE MAGNIFICATIONS OF X 4, X 10, X HAVE MAGNIFICATIONS OF X 4, X 10, X 40, AND X 100.40, AND X 100.

X 4 LENS IS CALLED SCAN LENS.X 4 LENS IS CALLED SCAN LENS. X 10 LENS IS CALLED LOW POWER LENS.X 10 LENS IS CALLED LOW POWER LENS. X 40 LENS IS CALLED HIGH POWER LENS.X 40 LENS IS CALLED HIGH POWER LENS. X 100 LENS IS CALLED OIL IMMERSION X 100 LENS IS CALLED OIL IMMERSION

LENS.LENS.

MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE THE X 4 OBJECTIVE LENS WHEN COMBINED THE X 4 OBJECTIVE LENS WHEN COMBINED

WITH X 10 OCULAR LENS, GIVES A TOTAL WITH X 10 OCULAR LENS, GIVES A TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF X 40.MAGNIFICATION OF X 40.

THE X 10 OBJECTIVE LENS WHEN COMBINED THE X 10 OBJECTIVE LENS WHEN COMBINED WITH X 10 OCULAR LENS, GIVES A TOTAL WITH X 10 OCULAR LENS, GIVES A TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF X 100.MAGNIFICATION OF X 100.

THE X 40 OBJECTIVE LENS WHEN COMBINED THE X 40 OBJECTIVE LENS WHEN COMBINED WITH X 10 OCULAR LENS, GIVES A TOTAL WITH X 10 OCULAR LENS, GIVES A TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF X 400.MAGNIFICATION OF X 400.

SIMILARLY X 100 OBJECTIVE LENS WHEN SIMILARLY X 100 OBJECTIVE LENS WHEN COMBINED WITH X 10 OCULAR LENS, GIVES A COMBINED WITH X 10 OCULAR LENS, GIVES A TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF X 1000.TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF X 1000.

THANKS…….THANKS…….