112 ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents

Exam

Final ReviewFinal Review

Use the Use the reference reference tables!!!!!tables!!!!!

Same substance = same densitySame substance = same density

As pressure increases, density As pressure increases, density increases.increases.

PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE

As As temperature increasestemperature increases, , density decreases density decreases

Water expands when it freezesWater expands when it freezes

TEMPERATURE

DENSITY

Most changes are cyclicMost changes are cyclic

Water is most dense at 4°C, Water is most dense at 4°C,

when it is liquid.when it is liquid.

The true shape of the Earth is an Oblate The true shape of the Earth is an Oblate Spheroid, but from space it looks like a Spheroid, but from space it looks like a perfect circle. perfect circle.

The best model of the Earth is a sphereThe best model of the Earth is a sphere

Altitude of Polaris equals Altitude of Polaris equals

your latitude!!!!your latitude!!!!Zenith

Horizon

43°

47°

Latitude lines go east-west, just Latitude lines go east-west, just

like the Equator, but measure like the Equator, but measure

distance north and south.distance north and south.

Longitude lines go north-Longitude lines go north-

south, but measure distances south, but measure distances

east and west.east and west.

What are the latitude and longitude What are the latitude and longitude coordinates at the red dot?coordinates at the red dot?

Longitude (time) is based on the sunLongitude (time) is based on the sun What is the time difference between What is the time difference between

point A and point B? point A and point B? ------------ Which two locations are experiencingWhich two locations are experiencing

the same time?the same time?

The closer the isolines (contour-The closer the isolines (contour-isobar-isotherms) are the steeper isobar-isotherms) are the steeper the slope or gradientthe slope or gradient

What is the highest What is the highest possible elevation of the possible elevation of the hill? hill?

239 feet239 feet

Contour lines “bend” Contour lines “bend” upstream when crossing a upstream when crossing a river—river—Law of V’sLaw of V’s

In which direction is this river flowing?

Northeast

Ocean crust is thinOcean crust is thin

and made of basaltand made of basalt

Continental crust Continental crust

is thick and made of is thick and made of

granitegranite

ROCKS AND ROCKS AND MINERALSMINERALS

Sedimentary rocks – strata – flat layers – Sedimentary rocks – strata – flat layers – most likely to have fossilsmost likely to have fossils

Bituminous coal

Rock salt

Sandstone

Conglomerate Shale

Igneous rock: cools fast: small crystals, Igneous rock: cools fast: small crystals, cools slow: large crystalscools slow: large crystals Diorite

Obsidian

Pumice

Scoria

RhyoliteGranite

Metamorphic rock- banded, distorted Metamorphic rock- banded, distorted structurestructure

Gneiss

Phyllite

Anthracite Coal

Marble

Mineral Mineral properties properties depend on depend on

internal internal atomic atomic

arrangementarrangement

DYNAMIC DYNAMIC CRUSTCRUST

Mountains form by upliftMountains form by uplift

Mid-ocean ridge- new earth being created- Mid-ocean ridge- new earth being created- sea floor spreadingsea floor spreading

Trenches – Trenches – earth being earth being destroyed – destroyed – subduction subduction zonezone

P-waves are faster than S wavesP-waves are faster than S waves P waves- can pass through solids and P waves- can pass through solids and

liquids – S-waves only solidsliquids – S-waves only solids You need 3 seismographs stations to plot You need 3 seismographs stations to plot

earthquakesearthquakes

Convection currents in Convection currents in

the mantle move platesthe mantle move plates

Earth’s HistoryEarth’s History

Undisturbed strata – bottom layer is oldestUndisturbed strata – bottom layer is oldest Intrusion and faults are younger than the Intrusion and faults are younger than the

rock they are inrock they are in Unconformity means erosionUnconformity means erosion

9. Weathering and erosion8. Fault7. Igneous intrusion6. Deposition of conglomerate5. Deposition of limestone4. Deposition of siltstone3. Deposition of sandstone2. Deposition of shale1. Deposition of conglomerate

Uranium-238 dates old rocksUranium-238 dates old rocks Carbon-14 dates recent living objectsCarbon-14 dates recent living objects The half life of a radioactive element can’t The half life of a radioactive element can’t

be changedbe changed

5,700 years

1,300,000,000

Index fossils are good time markers (widely Index fossils are good time markers (widely spread, lived a short time)spread, lived a short time)

Which fossil is considered an index fossil?Which fossil is considered an index fossil?

Surface Processes Surface Processes and Landscapes/ and Landscapes/

Weathering, Weathering, Erosion and Erosion and DepositionDeposition

Arid landscape: Arid landscape: steep slopes with steep slopes with sharp anglessharp angles

Humid landscape: Humid landscape: smooth with rounded smooth with rounded slopesslopes

Chemical weathering occurs mostly in warm, Chemical weathering occurs mostly in warm, humid climateshumid climates

Physical weathering occurs mostly in cold, Physical weathering occurs mostly in cold, humid climates (good for frost wedging)humid climates (good for frost wedging)

Gravity causes all erosionGravity causes all erosion Streams are the number one agent of erosionStreams are the number one agent of erosion Stream velocity depends on slope and dischargeStream velocity depends on slope and discharge Velocity is fastest on the outside of meander bendVelocity is fastest on the outside of meander bend

Heavy, round and dense particle settle out Heavy, round and dense particle settle out firstfirst

Graded bedding (vertical sorting) biggest Graded bedding (vertical sorting) biggest sediments are on bottomsediments are on bottom

Glacial sediments Glacial sediments are unsorted, notare unsorted, notlayered, scratched, layered, scratched, U-shaped valleyU-shaped valley

River/streamRiver/streamsediments are sediments are

sorted, layered, sorted, layered, V-shaped valleyV-shaped valley

When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area increases and weathering surface area increases and weathering rate increasesrate increases

Meteorology, Meteorology, Water Cycle and Water Cycle and

Climate and Climate and Atmospheric Atmospheric

EnergyEnergy

Black absorbs/white reflectsBlack absorbs/white reflects

Good absorbers of radiation and Good absorbers of radiation and good radiatorsgood radiators

Energy moves from source to Energy moves from source to sink: high to lowsink: high to low

Weather moves from west to east Weather moves from west to east in the United Statesin the United States

Cold fronts move theCold fronts move the fastestfastest

Cold FrontCold FrontSmall band of precipitation before Small band of precipitation before

and after the frontand after the front

Warm FrontWarm FrontBroad band of precipitation before Broad band of precipitation before

the frontthe front

Occluded FrontOccluded FrontContinuous precipitationContinuous precipitation

Air moves clockwise and outward Air moves clockwise and outward around a higharound a high

Air moves counterclockwise and Air moves counterclockwise and inward around a lowinward around a low

Highs are cool and dry; lows and Highs are cool and dry; lows and warm and wetwarm and wet

Air cools as it risesAir cools as it rises

Hottest part of the year is in JulyHottest part of the year is in July

Hottest part of the day is after Hottest part of the day is after 1:00 pm1:00 pm

As temperature increases, air As temperature increases, air pressure decreasespressure decreases

As moisture increases, pressure As moisture increases, pressure decreasesdecreases

Air pressure decreases with Air pressure decreases with altitudealtitude

Wind is due to air pressure differencesWind is due to air pressure differences

Winds blow from high to low pressureWinds blow from high to low pressure

Wind is named from the direction that I t is Wind is named from the direction that I t is coming fromcoming from

The closer the air temperature is The closer the air temperature is to the dew point the greater the to the dew point the greater the chance for precipitationchance for precipitation

65

63

Porosity does not depend on particle sizePorosity does not depend on particle size

Capillarity increases when particle size decreasesCapillarity increases when particle size decreases

As particle size increases, permeability increasesAs particle size increases, permeability increases

Ep (potential Ep (potential evapotranspiration) evapotranspiration) depends on temperaturedepends on temperature

Water bodies moderate Water bodies moderate temperaturetemperature

AstronomyAstronomy

The earth rotates from west to The earth rotates from west to

east (24 hours)east (24 hours)

The earth revolves The earth revolves

counterclockwise (365.26 days)counterclockwise (365.26 days)

All celestial objects appear to move west to All celestial objects appear to move west to east across the skyeast across the sky

The moon has phases because The moon has phases because of the angle at which we view it of the angle at which we view it (remember though that half is (remember though that half is always lit)always lit)

Planets appear to go Planets appear to go backwards (retrograde) as the backwards (retrograde) as the earth passes them in spaceearth passes them in space

Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons

DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE

SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH

Summer Summer SolsticeSolstice

June June 21st21st

Tropic of Tropic of CancerCancer 23.523.5°N°N N of EN of E N of WN of W LongestLongest

Summer solstice is June 21st

Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons

DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE

SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH

Winter Winter SolsticeSolstice

Dec. Dec. 21st21st

Tropic of Tropic of CapricornCapricorn 23.523.5°S°S S of ES of E S of WS of W ShortestShortest

Winter solstice is December 21st

Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons

DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE

SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH

AutumnAutumn

EquinoxEquinox

Sept. Sept. 23rd23rd

EquatorEquator 00°° EastEast WestWest 12 12 hourshours

Equinoxes: March 21st and September 21st

Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons

DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE

SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH

SpringSpring

EquinoxEquinox

March March 21st21st

EquatorEquator 00°° EastEast WestWest 12 12 hourshours

Equator always has 12 hours of daylight

The lower the altitude of the The lower the altitude of the sun, the longer the shadow it sun, the longer the shadow it casts.casts.

Foucault’s pendulum and the Foucault’s pendulum and the coriolis effect prove the earth coriolis effect prove the earth rotatesrotates

Earth is closer to the sun in the Earth is closer to the sun in the winterwinter

The closer the planet is to the sun The closer the planet is to the sun the higher its velocity.the higher its velocity.

Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when the object is closer to gets larger when the object is closer to EarthEarth

Vertical rays Vertical rays (overhead rays) can (overhead rays) can only occur between only occur between 23.5°N and 23.5°S23.5°N and 23.5°S

Be familiar with this chart:Be familiar with this chart:

DATE (APPROXIMATE)LATITUDE OF SUN'S DIRECT RAYS

DIRECTION OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET

LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT

Sept. 23 (Autumnal Equinox) Equator (0o) Rises due East Sets due West 12 hours

December 21 (Winter Solstice)Tropic of Capricorn  (23 1/2oS)

Rises in SE Sets in SW

8 hours  (shortest day)

March 21 (Vernal Equinox) Equator (0o)Rises due East  Sets due West

12 hours

June 21 (Summer Solstice)Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2oN) 

Rises in NE  Sets in NW

16 hours (longest day)

Dynamic equilibrium means balanceDynamic equilibrium means balance

Isostasy: earth’s crust in equilibriumIsostasy: earth’s crust in equilibrium

When in doubt, see if the reference tables When in doubt, see if the reference tables will helpwill help