111314081-learn-urdu

LEARN URD‰

Through English / Hindi with my novel scientific way

In Urdu@ Nasta@]leeq � (Indo-Persian) Script

and

Urdu@ Naskh نسخ (Arabic) Script

Fully English Transliteratedwww.books-india.com

qdU| k’ fra@edar maaihr banaanae vaaLaI iktaaba_

��ا �� اردو �

��

�� دار � � ��ب وا��

��

This book will make you learn Urdu from grounds up.

by

Ratnakar Narale

BOOKS-INDIA.COM

Author :

Dr. Ratnakar NaralePh.D. (IIT), Ph.D. (Kalidas Sanskrit Univ.);Prof. Hindi, University, Torontoweb : www.books-india.com * email : [email protected]

Technical Assistance :

Dani Friedman, WebmasterVijay Vikrant, P. Eng.

Project Funded by :

Dr. Carl SaiphooNephrologist, Prof. of Int. Med. University of Toronto

Monica AroraIMBA, Business Analyst

Hindu Institute of Learning, Toronto.

Book Title :

Learn Urdu through English / HindiWith my novel scientific method.

Fonts used in the Book :

Ratnakar-u for Nasta@]leeq typing

Ratnakar-n for Naskh typing

Publisher and Distributor : PUSTAK BHARATI, (Books-India)

Division of PC Plus Ltd.,180 Torresdale Ave.,Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M2R 3E4email : [email protected] www.books-india.com

Publisged for :Sanskrit Hindi Research Institute, Toronto

Copyright ©2009“Learn Urdu through English / Hindi” Text Book ISBN 978-1-897416-08-2 Price: $25.00

© All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied, reproduced or utilised in any manner or by any means, computerised, e-mail, scanning,

photocopying or by recording in any information storage and retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the author.

60 of 160 Pages

INDEX

Urdu@ Chart of Alphabet, Nasta@]leeq (Indo-Persian) Script Back Cover

Urdu@ Chart of Alphabet, Naskh (Arabic) Script Inside Back Cover

Hind&-Urdu@ Chart of Alphabet Inside Front Cover

Front Cover Design : Ratnakar Narale

Lesson 1 The Urdu Alphabet (Nasta@]leeq and Naskh) 1

Lesson 2 The Urdu Accent Marks (nuqte) 6

Lesson 3 Joining Urdu Letters : 7

LESSON TITLE : SUBJECT LESSON PAGE

Joining Urdu@ lettaer The 39 Urdu@ Characters 3.0 7

A. The Urdu@ Character Properties 8

B. The Udru@ Character Shapes 9

C. The Urdu@ Character Connectors 13

UDRU LETTERS GROUP 1

The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : alif AiLaf[ ا (English a ih>dI A) 3.1 17

The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : be bae ب (English b ih>dI ba) 3.2 18

The 3rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : pe pae پ (English p ih>dI pa) 3.3 20

The 4th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : te tae ت (English t ih>dI ta) 3.4 22

The 5th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : t<e @e ٹ (English t> ih>dI @) 3.5 24

The 6th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : se sae ث (English s ih>dI sa) 3.6 25


The 7th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : j&m jaIma ج (English j ih>dI ja) 3.7 27

The 8th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : che cae چ (English ch ih>dI ca) 3.8 29

The 9th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : bad>& he baD[I he ح (English h ih>dI h) 3.9 30

The 10th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : khe S[ae خ (English kh ih>dI S[a) 3.10 32


The 11th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : da@l daLa د (English d ih>dI d) 3.11 33

The 12th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : d<a@l DaLa ڈ (English d< ih>dI D) 3.12 35

The 13th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : za@l j[aaLa ذ (English z ih>dI j[a) 3.13 37

The 14th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : re re ر (English r ih>dI r ) 3.14 39

The 15th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ad<e AD[ee ڑ (English d< ih>dI D[) 3.15 40

The 16th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jhe j[ae ز (English jh, z ih>dI Ja, j[a) 3.16 42

The 17th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zhe j[ae ژ (English z ih>dI j[ya) 3.17 44


The 18th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : s&n saIna س (English s ih>dI sa) 3.18 46

The 19th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sh&n oaIna ش (English sh ih>dI oa) 3.19 47

The 20th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sua@d sauAad ص (English s ih>dI sa) 3.20 49

The 21st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jhua@d j[auAad ض (English jh ih>dI j[a) 3.21 51


The 22nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : toe taae] ط (English t ih>dI ta) 3.22 53

The 23rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zoe j[aae] ظ (English jh ih>dI [j[a) 3.23 55

The 24th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ain ]ena ع (English e, a ih>dI ], A) 3.24 57

The 25th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : gain g[aEna غ (English gh ih>dI g[a) 3.25 58

The 26th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : fe f[’ ف ( English f ih>dI f[ ) 3.26 60

The 27th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : qa@f k[af[ ق (English q Hindi k[) 3.27 62


The 28th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ka@f kaf[ ک (English k Hindi k) 3.28 63

The 29th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ga@f gaaf[ گ (English g Hindi ga) 3.29 65

The 30th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : la@m Laama ل (English l Hindi La) 3.30 67

The 31st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : m&m maIma م (English m Hindi ma) 3.31 68

The 32nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : nu@n naUna ن (English n Hindi na) 3.32 70


The 33rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : va@o vaaAae و (Eng. v, w Hindi va, q) 3.33 72

The 34th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : chhot>& he Cae@I he ہ (Eng.h Hindi h)3.34 74

The 35th Urdu letter : do chashm& he dae caomaI he ھ (English h Hindi h) 3.35 76

Urdu Breath Characters huWf[ maurKkba � � �� 78

The 36th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet hamza@ hmaj[aa u (English i Hindi } ) 3.36 79

The 37th Urdu letter : chhot>& ye Cae@I yaee ی (English y Hindi ya, }) 3.37 80

The 38th Urdu@ alphabet : bad<& ye baD[I yaee ے (English e Hindi ]) 3.38 82

The 39th Urdu@ alphabet : nu@negunnah> naUnargau²: ں (English an Hindi { ) 3.39 85

Study of multiple letter words � � ��

�86

Lesson 4 Writing Hindi and English Vowels in Urdu 90

Lesson 5 Urdu Diacritical Accent Marks 93

Lesson 6 The Urdu Numerals 102

Lesson 7 making your own urdu sentences, Present, Past, Future 107

Lesson 8 Making Sentences for Completed Actions 123

Lesson 9 Ratnakar’s Brain Surgery of Urdu Grammar 128

Lesson 10 Use of the Case Suffixes (post-positions) 130

Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs 142

Lesson 12 General Knowledge and Vocabulary 148

Lesson 13 Urdu Conversational Road map 167

Lesson 14 Urdu Literature 174

OTHER BOOKS by Ratnakae Narale 182

�

LESSON 1

THE URDU ALPHABET

qdU| vaNa| maaLaa_ qdU| huWf tahjjaI urdu@ huru@f tahajj& وف اردو��

The Urdu alphabet has 39 characters. Following chart shows their alphabetical order and their ‘Stand-alone’ shapes. When the Urdu letters are not Stand alone, but joined to other letters, they may be written differently, as shown in the following lessons.

No. qdU| naama Urdu@ name Hind&

ih>dI

equivalent

English

equivalent

Nasta@l&q

��

script

Naskh

نسخscript

1. AiLaf[ alif A aا

ا

2. bae be ba b ب ب

3. pae pe pa p پ پ

4. tae te ta t ت ت

5. @e t>e @ t> ٹ ٹ

6. sae se sa s ث ث

7. jaIma j&m ja j ج ج

8. cae che ca ch چ چ

9. baD[I he badi he h h ح ح

32. naUna nu@n na n ن ن

33. vaaAae va@o va v

و و

34. Cae@I he chhot>& he h h

ہ ہ

35. dae

caomaI he

do chashm&

he

h h

ھ ھ

36. hmaj[aa hamza@ } i

ء ء

37. Cae@I yae chhot>& ye ya y ی ی38. baD[I yae bad<& ye ] e

ے ے39. naUnagau²a nu@ngunna@ A{ an ں

ں

NOTE : Please remember the resembling sounds in Urdu

ت � ٹ � ک خ

ث س ص ��

ی ے

ج ز ژ ض ظ

� � � �� ڑ ڈ

�

LESSON 2

THE DOTS / MARKS

nauk[tae nuqte ��

��

�

In Urdu@ many letters are recognized simply by looking at the dots (marks) attached to them.

Following are the letters which can be identified with dots and similar looking non-dot letters.

ث ٹ ت پ ب

ا چ ج خ ح

م ذ ڈ د

ھ ژ ز ڑ ر

ء ض ص ش س

ی غ ع ظ ط

ے گ ک ق ف

ن ں ل

EXERCISE ��

सवालात : The dots (marks) nauk[tae nuqte ��

Write each of the above letters and remove or add the dots to see how it changes.

PLEASE DO NOT GO TO LESSON 3, WITHOUT DOING PREVIOUS LESSON PROPERLY.

LESSON 3

Ratnakar’s General Rules for the Following Chapters

JOINING URDU LETTERS

hfae|> ka jaaeD[naa_ ��

( ا��ں��ڑن )

THIS IS THE MOST CRITICAL BUT INTERESTING AS WELL AS UNIQUE ASPECT in learning urdu language. It is important for English and Hindi knowing people to understand how the letters are truncated or symbolized when two, three or more letters are joined. I hope you have learned previous lessons well and you are able to read individual Urdu letters easily, if not, please go back to lesson 1.

LESSON 3.0THE 39 URDU CHARACTERS

Nasta@]leeq Script : The 39 Urdu Characterssua@d sh&n s&n zhe jhe ad<e re za@l d{a@l da@l khe he che j&m se t<e te pe be alif

� ��

� ��

��

��

��

��

��

� ��

��

��

�� Table Designed by Ratnakar Narale.

nun gunna ye ye hamza he he va@o nu@n m&m la@m ga@f ka@f qua@f fe ghain ain zoe toe jua@d

� � � ء � � �� گ ک � � ��

� ��

� ��

Naskh Script : 39 Urdu Characters : for Side by Side Comparisonsua@d sh&n s&n zhe jhe ad<e re za@l d{a@l da@l khe he che j&m se t<e te pe be alif

ص ش س ژ ز ڑ ر ذ ڈ د خ ح چ ج ث ٹ ت پ ب اTable Designed by Ratnakar Narale.


ں ے ی ء ھ ہ و ن م ل گ ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض

PITFALLS : In order to understand Urdu clearly and easily, consideration of the following Three things (ppp) is essential. (A) Character Properties; (B) Character Positions and (C) the Connector Points.

In Hindi and to a certain extent in English, what you right is what you read. In Urdu it is different. In Urdu the Stand Alone characters change their shapes when they are joined. This is the crux of learning to read/write Urdu. You will notice that, when a character with any dot/mark comes between two other characters, only its dot/mark is written. This representation of a character only by its dot/mark

is called Shosha oaaeoaa شوشہ) �� ). This makes Urdu language very fascinating for a learner.

(A) THE CHARACTER PROPERTIES

Unique for a Language born in India, most of the Urdu characters can be recognized simply by

looking at the ‘placement, number and presence or absence’ of the dot/dots or a mark (nauK[taa nuqta@

�) in them. Some say there are 37 characters in Urdu language, other people say there are 38

characters, I say there are 39 characters. These 39 characters can be grouped into sets, according to their above mentioned three properties.

(a) According to their ‘shapes,’ the Urdu lettere may be grouped into the following four sets.

i. 1, 2 or 3 dots : é(=� ) ��

� � غ ��

��

� ��

� ��

� ��

� �

� ��

� �

� �

� ��

ii. No dots : � � ء � � �� ک � � � ��

iii. Presence of � shape : ٹ ��

�

iv. Presence of a line : گ

(b) Again, unique for a Language originated from Sanskrit (Sanskrit’s grand-daughter, Hindi’s

daughter), Urdu is not only written Right to Left, but Nasta@]leeq words can be stacked and compacted,

vertically and/or diagonally. Thus best suited for caligraphy. e.g. :

. ��

(faj f[ja, Mountain pass), ��

(jahannamjah²ma, Hell), � ��

�� (khanjar Sa>jar, Daggar),

��

��

� �� (haneefee hnaIf[I, Religious), �� (hijjeer ihjjaIr, One’s nature), ��

(ghar zar, House),

��

� (bachpan bacapana, Childhood), �� (kiseese iksaIsae, To someone), ��

��

(battakh baTaS[a,

Duck), �

(Muhammad mauhmmad),��

��(paICe, Behind), ��

�� (naIcae, Below), � (baIca, Between),

� (tah, Bottom), � (isar, Head)...etc.

(C) THE URDU CHARACTER CONNECTORS

Again, uncommon for the Languages born in india, the connected ends of Urdu letters are truncated into joining points or suitable handles in order to make smooth connections with the characters that comes on its Left and/or Right side, respectively.

(1) STARTING POSITION :

As said above, the left half portion of the characters, other than those characters which do not

connect on their left side (see Tip1), is cut off into a Flat Connector Point, so that the next

character on left side butts and connects with it smoothly.

Nasta@]leeq Script : Connector Points in STARTING POSITION : Side by side Comparison

39 Urdu STAND ALONE Alone Characters : Nasta@]leeq scriptsua@d sh&n s&n zhe jhe ad<e re za@l d{a@l da@l khe he che j&m se t<e te pe be alif

� ��

� ��

��

��

��

��

��

� ��

��

��

�� Table Designed by Ratnakar Narale.


� � � ء � � �� گ ک � � ��

� ��

� ��

28 Urdu Characters at STARTING Position : Nasta@]leeq scriptsua@d sh&n s&n zhe jhe ad<e re za@l d{a@l da@l khe he che j&m se t<e te pe be alif

· µ ² ¥ ¢ › ˜ ” ‘ Š ‡ „Table Designed by Ratnakar Narale.


è å â ß Û Ø Õ Ò Ï Ì É Æ Ã À ½ º

. NOTE : The ELEVEN Urdu Letters, AiLaf[ alif (ا ), daLa da@l (د), DaLa d<a@l (ڈ ), j[aaLa za@l ( re ;(ذ re (ر), AD[e

ad<e, ( ڑ ), j[ae jhe ( ز ), jyae zhe ( ژ ) and vaaAae va@o (و), baD[I yae bad{& ye (�) and naUna gau²a nu@n gunna@ (� )

DO NOT connect with the next letter on their LEFT side, therefore they do not need connector

handles.

Naskh Script : Connector Points in STARTING POSITION : Side by side Comparison

39 Urdu STAND ALONE Alone Characters : Nasskh scriptsua@d sh&n s&n zhe jhe ad<e re za@l d{a@l da@l khe he che j&m se t<e te pe be alif

ص ش س ژ ز ڑ ر ذ ڈ د خ ح چ ج ث ٹ ت پ ب اTable Designed by Ratnakar Narale.

THE URDU LETTERS

(Based on Character Shapes)

GROUP 1

LESSON 3.1

The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : alif AiLaf[ (English a Hindi A)Nasta@]leeq style :

a ƒ ƒ aStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Naskh style :

a ƒ ƒ aStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

TIP 7 : (i) No letter is connected on the LEFT SIDE of the Letter AiLaf[ alif (A a ).

(ii) alif can be connected to the letter on its right side only. Therefore, in the Middle

position and in End position, the shape of alif remains same.

Examples : Urdu@ name : alif � �� (Naskh ا�لف) (Hindi A English a )

(for the letters be and pe, please see Lessons 3.2 and 3.3 or the Back Cover of the book)

(i) Letter alif in Stand-alone position ( ا )

(ii) Letter alif in Starting position ( ا ) : Aba ab (now) = Right to Left $ ba b + A a = ب ا + =

must be written in Stand-alone shape; therefore, be ا ]as Initial letter, alif AiLaf) اب bae ب also

becomes a Stand-alone letter).

�

(iii) Letter alif in Middle position (ƒ) : baapa ba@p (father) = Right to Left $ pa p + a A + ba b = پ +

ا ب + پ = + ƒ + „ = ��پ (Naskh پ��) (be is written in Starting shape, alif in Middle

position is attached to be, but it is detached from pe. Letter pe is written detached from alif, in its Stand-alone shape). See TIP 5

(iv) Letter alif in End position (ƒ) : Abbaa abba@ = Right to Left $ a A ب ba b + ا + ba b ب + a A

a A = ا ƒ + ba b + ba b „ + a A ƒ = �� (Naskh ا��) (alif is in Starting shape; the first be ا is ب

in Middle position and the second be ب is represented with a tashdid Marker ( ) ; the second

alif ا is written in End shape, which is same as its Middle position shape). See TIP 4

** TIP : Whe a consonant is doubled, the second consonant is represented by a tashdid Marker. For

all Urdu Markers, please see LESSON 5. But, generally these Markers are skipped.

NOTE : When AiLaf[ alif (A a ) comes after the Urdu@ letters dal (د), d<al ( ) zal ,(ڈ ذ ), re (ر), ade

) ze ,(ڑ) ز ) and zhe (ژ ) , the alif is written as a Stand-alone letter. eg\ دا ژا زا ڑا را ذا ڈا

NOTE : PLEASE DO NOT GO TO NEXT LESSONS , WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING CURRENT LESSON PROPERLY.

LESSON 3.2

The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : be bae ب (English b ih>dI ba)

Nasta@]leeq style :

b † … „

Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

LESSON 3.5

The 5th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : t<e @e ٹ (English t> ih>dI@)

Nasta@]leeq style :

T “ ’ ‘Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Naskh style :

T “ ’ ‘


NOTE : This the second Urdu ta (@) ‘t’ sound ( see tae te ��

Lesson 3.4 and taae] toe � Lesson 3.22)

Examples : Letter te (ٹ ) Urdu name@ t>e ��

(Naskh �� ) (Hindi @ English phonetic t< )

(for letters ‘ka@f’ and ‘la@m’ please see Lessons 3.28 and 3.30, or see the back cover of the book)

(i) Letter ‘t>e’ in Stand-alone position (ٹ)

(ii) Letter ‘t>e’ in Starting position : e.g. @pa t>ap (Tap! sound) Right to Left $ pa p + @ t>> =

�� = ‘ + ‰ = ٹ + پ � (Naskh �� ) (t>e is in Starting position and

pe is in End-position).

(iii) Letter ‘t>e’ in Middle position : e.g. pa@k[ pat>ak (to Drop) Right to Left $ k k + t> @ + p pa =

’ +Ñ = پ + ٹ + ک + ‡ = �� (Naskh ��) (pe is

written in Starting shape, t>e is written in ‘Middle shape’ and ka@f is written in End shape).

(iv) Letter ‘t>e’ in End position : e.g. paLa@ palat> (To turn. return) Right to Left $ t> @ + + l La + p pa =

URDU LETTERS GROUP 2 (based on Character Shapes)

LESSON 3.7

The 7th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : j&m jaIma ج (English j ih>dI ja)

Nasta@]leeq style :

j š ™ ˜Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Naskh style :

j š ™ ˜Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

NOTE : This is the first ja ‘j’ sound ( see : j[aaLa ja@l ��

Lesson 3.13, j[ae ��

je Lesson 3.16, j[ae ze ��

Lesson 3.17, jauAad jua@d ��

Lesson 3.21 and j[aae] ��

joe Lesson 3.23 )

REMEMBER : jaIma j&m (ج ), cae che ( he ,(چ he ( and Sae (ح khe (خ ) is second group of

letters which can be identified simply by looking at the dots (nuqte).

Examples : jaIma j&m (ج ) Urdu@ name j&m �� (Naskh ��) (Hindi ja English j )

(i) Letter ‘j&m’ in Stand-alone position (ج )

(ii) Letter ‘j&m’ in Starting position (˜) : e.g. jaba jab (When) Right to Left $ ba b + ja j =

LESSON 3.8

The 8th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : che cae چ (English ch ih>dIca)

Nasta@]leeq style :

c Ÿ œ ›


Naskh style :

c Ÿ œ ›


Examples : cae che (چ ) : Urdu@ name che �� (Naskh �� ) (ih>dI ca English ch )

(i) Letter ‘che’ in Stand-alone position (چ )

(ii) Letter ‘che’ in Starting position (›) : e.g. cacaa chacha@ (Uncle) Right to Left $ A a + ca ch + ca

ch = چ + ا ‹ + ƒ + œ = چ + = ��

� (Naskh �� ) (first che

.(is in Starting position, another che is in Middle shape and alif is in End-position چ

(iii) Letter ‘che’ in Middle position (œ) : See the example given above, cacaa chacha@ (Uncle).

Notice the difference between Starting (œ) and Middle (›) shapes of che چ in this example.

LESSON 3.10

The 10th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : khe Sae خ (English kh ih>dIS[a)

Nasta@]leeq style :

{ ¨ § ¥


Naskh style :

{ ¨ § ¥Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Examples : S[ae khe (خ ) : Urdu@ name khe ��

(Naskh ��) (Hindi S[a English kh)

(i) Letter ‘khe’ in Stand-alone position (خ ) :

(ii) Letter ‘khe’ in Starting position (¥) : e.g. S[ataa khata@ (Fault) Right to Left $ A a + ta t + S[a kh

=خ + � + ا = ƒ + ¾ + ¥ = ��

� (Naskh �� ) (khe خ is in Starting

position, toe � is in Middle shape and alif is in End-shape).

(iii) Letter ‘khe’ in Middle position (§) : e.g. taS[ta takhta (Throne) Right to Left $ ta t + S[a` kh + ta

t = ت = ت + خ + Œ + § + Š = �� (Naskh �� )

LESSON 3.14

The 14th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : re re ر (English r ih>dI r)

Nasta@]leeq style :

ر ¬ ¬ رStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Naskh style :

ر ¬ ¬ رStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Examples : re re ( رے Naskh) رے Urdu@ name re : (ر ) (Hindi r English r )

(i) Letter ‘re’ in Stand-alone position ( ر )

(ii) Letter ‘re’ in Starting position ( ر ) : e.g. rba rab (God) Right to Left $ ba b + r r = ب ر +

= = ر + ب رب Naskh) رب ) (re is in Starting shape, be is in End-shape). See

TIP 2

LESSON 3.17

The 17th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zhe j[ae ژ (English zh ih>dI j[ya)

Nasta@]leeq style :

ژ ¯ ¯ ژStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Naskh style :

ژ ¯ ¯ ژStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

NOTE : This is the fiurth ja ‘j’ sound ( see : jaIma j&m Lesson 3.7, j[aaLa ja@l Lesson 3.13, j[ae je Lesson

3.16, jauAad jua@d Lesson 3.21 and j[aae] joe Lesson 3.23 )

NOTE 2 : This j[yae zhe ( ژ ) is the least used ‘j’ type of sound in Urdu@ language

Examples : Jyae zhe ( ژ ) : Urdu@ name zhe ژے (Naskh ژے ) (Hindi j[ya Eng. zh)

(i) Letter ‘zhe’ in Stand-alone position ( ژ )

(ii) Letter ‘zhe’ in Starting position ( ژ ) : e.g. j[yaaLa (j[yaaLa:) zhal (Hail) Right to Left $ La l + A a


LESSON 3.18

The 18th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : s&n saIna س (English s ih>dI sa)

Nasta@]leeq style :

s ³ ± ²


Naskh style :

s ³ ² ±


NOTE : This is the second sa ‘s’ sound ( look : sae se in Lesson 3.16, oaIna sh&n Lesson 3.19 and

sauAad sua@d Lesson 3.20)

REMEMBER : Letters saIna s&n (س) and oaIna sh&n ( ض) and j[auAad jua@d (ص ) sauAad sua@d ,(ش )

is the fourth group of letters which can be identified simply by looking at the dots (nuqte).

Examples : saIna s&n (س ) : Urdu@ name s&n �� (Naskh �� ) (ih>dI sa English s )

(i) Letter ‘s&n’ in Stand-alone position (س )

(ii) Letter ‘s&n’ in Starting position ( ± ) : e.g. saba sab (All) Right to Left $ ba b + sa s =

س + ب = † + ² = �� (Naskh �� ) (s&n is in Starting


LESSON 3.22

The 22nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : toe taae] ط (English t ih>dI ta)

Nasta@]leeq style :

Q ¿ ¾ ½Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Naskh style :

Q ¿ ¾ ½Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

NOTE : This is the third ta ‘t’ sound ( see tae te Lesson 3.4 and @e t>e Lesson 3.25)

REMEMBER :

Letters taae] toe (ط ), j[aae] zoe ( ع) ena ain[ ;( ظ ), gaEna gain (غ ); and f[’ fe (ف ), k[af[ qa@f (ق )

are the fifth group of letters which can be identified simply by looking at their dots (nuqte).

Examples : taae] toe (� ) : Urdu@ name toe ۓ� (Naskh ۓ�� ) (ih>dI ta Eng. t )

(i) Letter ‘toe’ in Stand-alone position (� ) :

(ii) Letter ‘toe’ in Starting position ( ½ ) : e.g. taLaba talab (Desire, addiction) Right to Left $ ba b +

LESSON 3.24

The 24th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ain ]ena ع (English e, a ih>dI], A)

Nasta@]leeq style :

E Å Ä Ã


Naskh style :

E Å Ä ÃStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Examples : ]ena ain (ع ) : Urdu@ name ain �� (Naskh ��

) (ih>dI ], A Eng. e, a )

(i) Letter ‘ain’ in Stand-alone position (ع )

(ii) Letter ‘ain’ in Starting position ( Ã ) : e.g. Ajaba ajab (Strange) Right to Left $ ba b + ja j + A

a = ب + ج = ع + † + ™ + Ã = �� (Naskh ��

) (ain is in Starting shape, j&m ع ب is in Middle position and be ج is in End position).

(iii) Letter ‘ain’ in Middle position (Ä) : e.g. taAba ta-ab (Struggle, effort, trouble) Right to Left $

ba b + A a + ta t = + ب ع = ت + † + Ä + Š = ��

�

LESSON 3.30

The 30th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : la@m Laama ل ( English l Hindi La )

Nasta@]leeq style :

l × Ö Õ


Naskh style :

l × Ö ÕStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

REMEMBER : Letters Laama la@m (ل ) and naUna nu@n ( �) and nun gunnah ( ن see page 12) form the

seventh group of letters which can be identified simply by looking at the dot (nuqte).

Examples : La l (ل ) : Urdu@ name la@m �� (Naskh الم ) (ih>dI La English l )

(i) Letter ‘la@m’ in Stand-alone position (ل )

(ii) Letter ‘la@m’ in Starting position ( Õ) : e.g. Laba lab (Lip), Right to Left $ ba b + La l =

+ ب = ل † + Õ = �� (Naskh �� ) (la@m is in Starting ل

shape, be (is in End position ب

(iii) Letter ‘la@m’ in Middle position (Ö) : e.g. baLaa bala@ (Trouble) Right to Left $ A a + La l + ba


LESSON 3.33

The 33rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : va@o vaaAae و (English v, w Hindi va, q, AaE)

Nasta@]leeq style :

و Þ Þ و


Naskh style :

v Þ Þ vStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

REMEMBER :

(1) Letter va@o vaaAae (و) is similar to letter daLa da@l (د ) in shape, and thus sometimes confusing.

(2) Letter va@o vaaAae (و) stands for English letters V and W, (Hindi va). It is many times used as Hind&

vowels q, Aae or AaE (u, o, au ) attached to consonants. eg. dukana (duka@n,Shop) دو��ن ; dae (do,Two)

�� saaE (sau,Hundred) ;دو

Examples : va v : Urdu@ name va@o �� (Naskh واو

) (ih>dI va English v, w )

LESSON 3.35

The 35th letter : do chashm& he dae caomaI he ھ (English h Hindi h)

Nasta@]leeq style :

H ä ã âStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

Naskh style :

H ä ã âStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin

NOTE : This is the third h ‘h’ sound (see : Cae@I he chhot>& he 3.34 and baD[I he bad[& he 3.9)

REMEMBER :

This interesting looking character is very important for writing the Hind&

‘Breath Characters’ namely : Sa kha, za gha, C chha, Ja jha, # t>ha, $ d<ha, $[

d<ha, Ya tha, Za dha, f pha, and Ba bha. See chart given below for actual

details.

Examples : h h : Urdu@ name do chashm& he � � ��

(Naskh دو��

) (Hindi h,

English h )

(i) Letter ‘do chashm& he’ in Stand-alone position ( ھ)

(ii) Letter ‘do chashm& he’ in Starting position (â) : e.g. hf‘ta: haftah< (Week), Right to Left $ h h +

3.36 WRITING HINDI BREATH CHARACTERS IN URDU

huWf[ maurKkba

� � �� وف��)

)ih>dI : Sa kha, za gha, C chha, Ja jha, # t>ha, $ d<ha, $[ d<ha,

Ya tha, Za dha, f pha, Ba bha

Hind& Urdu@ e.g.

Sa kha = ka@f + do chashm& he ھ ک + = �� e.g. ر�� rSa rakh (keep)

za gha = ga@f + do chashm& he + ھ گ = �� e.g. �� zar ghar (home)

C chha = che + do chashm& he + ھ چ = �� e.g. �� Cta chhat (roof)

Ja jha = j&m + do chashm& he ج + ھ = �� e.g. �� Ja@ jhat> (quick)

# t>ha = t>e + do chashm& he + ھ ٹ = ��

e.g. �� La# lat>h (stick)

$ d<ha = da@l + do chashm& he + ھ ڈ = ڈھ e.g. ڈ�� $ba d<hab (mode)

$[ d<ha = ad<e + do chashm& he + ھ ڑ = ڑھ e.g. ��ھ pa$[ pad<h (read)

Ya tha = te + do chashm& he ھ + ت = ��

e.g. ر��

rYa rath (Chariot)

LESSON 3.39

The 39th letter of the Urdu@ alphabet : nu@negunnah naUnae gau²a ں (English an Hindi A{)

Nasta@]leeq style :

� �Stand Alone End Position

Naskh style :

ں ںStand Alone End Position

Also called naUna gau²a Nu@n gunna@, it acts almost same as the signs for Hindi vowels Aa{ or ]{ (ca>dRiba>dI {

maa%aa) at the end of a word.

This naUna gau²a Nu@ne gunnah< character comes at the end of a word. Its shape is almost same as letter naUna

nu@n, but without the dot.

e.g. maa{ maÜ ں�� Kyaae> kyoÜ ں�� kha{ kaha@Ü ں��

vaha{ vaha@Ü و��ں� maE> maiÜ ��

LESSON 3.40

Study of sentences made up of multiple-letter-words.

dae sae saata tak hrf[ae> vaaLae Laf[j[aae> k’ jaumaLaae> kI maok[

� � ��

�

( ��ں��دو��ت��ں�وا��ں� )

EXAMPLES : imasaaLa �� ل) )

A. Words of Two Letters : dae hrf[I Laf[`ja � �� ( دو��)

( آگ) �.1 a@g Aaga (Fire) � ؟ .2 (��؟) kab kba (When?)

3. � (�� ) bam bama (Bomb) 4. � (�� ) bam bama (Bomb)

TWO IMPORTANT NOTES :

(1) If Alif ( �� ) or Lam (� ) comes after kaf (ک ), the compound letter becomes like this :

� ka@ ka (Of), � (��) kal kLa (Yesterday, Tomorrow)

(2) If Alif ( �� ) comes after Lam (� ), the compound letter becomes like this :

la@bh LaaBa (Benefit) (ال��) �� ,la@ Laa (Please bring) (ال) �

Study of sentences TWO-LETTERS words : � � �� (دو��ں�� )

1. Bring two letters. do khat la@. dae Sata Laa � � �� ( دو��ال)

2. Don’t count days. din mat gin idna mata igana � � ��

� (د��)

3. Drink the juice. Ras p& le. rsa paI Lae � � �� (رس�� )

LESSON 4

WRITING HINDI AND ENGLISH VOWELS IN URDU

ih>dI AaEr A>gaRej[aI svarae> kae qdU| mae> iLaSanaa_

�� ی�� اور ا�� اردو � ��اروں ی��

(1) A (a) : ا

For producing the sound of Short vowel ‘a’, as the first ‘A’ in the English word ‘America’ AmaerIka,

or Hindi word Aba ab, please see Urdu@ letter alif in Section 3.1 above. eg. AmarIka amrika@

(America) ا��

(2) Aa (a@, aa) : آ

(i) To write the Long vowel ‘a@’ (Aa) sound at the begining of a word, like Aa a@ in the word Aaga a@g

(Fire), write the letter alif and put a ‘tilde’ like sign ( ~ ) above to make it look like آ e.g. Aaga a@g

(Fire) � (Naskh آگ )

(ii) The Long ‘a@’ sound within or at the end of the word : like Aa a@ in the word maataa ma@ta@ (Mother)

��

(Naskh ��)

(3) } (i) : �� or é

(i) To write the sound of the Short vowel ‘i’ (}), like } i in word irha riha@, please see Urdu@ letter

chhot>& ye in Section 3.37. e.g. irha riha@ (Free) �� ر or ر�� (Naskh �� ر�� or ر );

(ii) Initial letter, } i is written by adding a diacritical ‘French aigue’ like subscript ‘zer’ sign (see the next

LESSON 5

URDU DIACRITICAL ACCENT MARKS

maa%aa]> (]êraba) ��

(1) Zabar j[abar ��

(Naskh �� ز

) : e.g. �� ...etc.

‘Zabar’ is always written as SUPERSCRIPT (above). Its shape is like

French ‘acute accent.’ Appearing initially, Zabar should be placed over letter alif.

It ipmarts a plain sound (like A a ) to the consonant below it.

e.g. �� = (A + A, a + a) � � = (ba` + A, b + a) � � = (pa` + A, p + a)

(2) Zer j[aer ز�� (Naskh �� ( ز : e.g. ا ب پ ...etc.

‘Zer’ is always written as SUBSCRIPT (bolow). Its shape is like

French ‘accent aigue.’

It adds a sound of } i to the consonant above it.

Appearing initially, Zer should be placed under letter alif.

e.g. �� = } i, ب = iba bi, (ba` + }, b + i), ��پ� = ipa pi, (pa` + }, p + i)

(3) Pesh paeoa �� (Naskh �� ) : e.g. ا ب پ

...etc.

‘Pesh’ is always written as SUPERSCRIPT. Its shape is like English ‘comma.’

It adds a sound of q u to the consonant below it.

Appearing initially, Pesh should be placed over letter alif.

e.g. ا = q u, ب

= bau bu, (ba` + q, b + u), پ

= pau pi, (pa` + q, p + u)

(4) Mad mad �� (Naskh ��) : e.g. آ

‘Mad’ is always written as SUPERSCRIPT. Its shape is like Spanish ‘tilde.’

It gives a sound of Aa a@ to the letter alif.

‘mad’ should be placed over letter alif.

e.g. آپ = Aapa a@p (You).

ا

ا

ا

آ

Nasta@]leeq

A Aa a@ } i q u ] e ]e ai Aae o AaE au

a i u e E ae aE

k (k) ک � � ک

� ��

k[ (q) � � � � � ��

Sa (kh) � � � � � ��

S[a (kh) ��

� � � �

� ��

��

ga (g) گ � � گ

� � � ��

za (gh) ��

ca (ch) ��

C (chh) � � � � � ��

ja (j) ��

j[a (z) ��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

j[a (jh) ��

��

��

� ��

��

��

� ��

��

j[ya (zh) ��

��

��

� ��

��

��

� ��

��

j[a (xj) ��

� � � �

� �

��

j[a (jh) � �

��

� � �

��

��

��

Ja (jh) � � � � � ��

@ (t>) ��

��

� � �

� � �

� ��

# (t>h) � � � � � ��

� � ��

D (d<) ��

��

��

� ��

��

��

� ��

��

D[ (d<) ��

��

��

� ��

��

��

� ��

��

$ (d<h) ��

��

��

��

��

��

��

$[ (d<h) ��

��

��

��

��

��

��

ta (t) ��

��

� ��

� ��

��

Ya (th) � � � � � ��

� � ��

d (d) ��

Za (dh) ��

na (n) ��

��

� � �

� � ��

��

(B) CHART OF HINDI / ENGLISH / URDU CONSONANTS +VOWELS

NaskhA Aa a@ } i q u ] e ]e ai Aae o AaE au

a i u e E ae aE

k (k) ك �� ك

��

��

k[ (q) ق �� ق

��

��

Sa (kh) ��

��

��

S[a (kh) خ �� خ

��

��

��

ga (g) گ �� گ

��

��

za (gh) ��

��

��

ca (ch) چ �� چ

��

��

C (chh) ��

��

��

ja (j) �� ج

��

��

j[a (z) �� ذا �ذی �ذ

�ذے �ذی

�ذو �ذو

j[a (jh) �� زا �زی ��ز

��زے �زی

�زو �زو

j[ya (zh) �� ژا ��ژی ��ژ

��ژے ��ژی

��ژو ��ژو

j[a (xj) ��

�� ض

��

��

j[a (jh) � � �� ظ

��

��

Ja (jh) ��

��

��

@ (t>) ٹ �� ٹ

�� ٹ

��

# (t>h) ��

��

��

D (d<) ڈ� ��ڈا �ڈی �ڈ

�ڈے �ڈی

�ڈو ��ڈو

D[ (d<) ڑ ڑا ��ڑی �ڑ

ڑے �ڑی

�ڑو �ڑو

$ (d<h) ھڈ ڈ�� ڈ�� ڈھ

�ڈ�� ڈ��

�ڈ�� ڈ��

$[ (d<h) ڑھ �ڑ�� ڑ�� ڑھ�

�ڑ�� ڑ��

�ڑ�� ڑ��

ta (t) ت �� ت

��

��

Ya (th) ��

��

��

d (d) د دا دی �د

�دے �دی

�دو �دو

Za (dh) دھ د�� د�� دھ

�د�� د��

�د�� د�

�

na (n) ن �� ن

��

��

pa (p) پ �� پ

��

��

f (ph) ��

��

��

SOME URDU LETTERING STYLES

�� آو �� اب اردو � ��

��

�� ( a@o ab ham urdu@ likhna@ s&khte haiÜ )

(<AaAae Aba hma qdU| iLaSanaa saISatae hE) سیکھتے ے ہیںآو ہم اب اردو لکھنا

آو��اب�اردو��ے��

آو��اب�اردو��ے��

آو ہم اب اردو لکھنا س

ہیںے کھتےی

آو��اب�اردو��

��ں��

آو��اب�اردو��

��ں��


ہوںکھتےی


ہوںکھتےی


ہوںکھتےی


ہوںکھتےی


ہوںکھتےی


ہوںکھتےی


ہوںکھتےی


ہوںکھتےی


ہوںکھتےی

آو ہم اب اردو لکھنا سیکھتے ہیں



آو رتناکر سے اردو سیکھےں

LESSON 6

THE URDU NUMERALS

qdU| Add ��

0 sifr ٠ isaf`r

1 ek �١ ]k ì One book. ek kita@b ]k iktaaba_ �� ( ا��ب)

2 do ٢ dae ì ì Two books. dok kita@beÜ �� ( دو��)

3 t&n ٣ taIna ì ì ì Three books t&n kita@beÜ �� (��ں)

4 cha@r ٤ caar ì ì ì ì

5 pa@n~ch ٥ paaãca ì ì ì ì ì

6 chhah ٦ Ch ì ì ì ì ì ì

7 sa@t ٧ saata ì ì ì ì ì ì ì

8 a@t>h ٨ Aa# ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì

9 nau ٩ naaE ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì

10 das ١٠ dsa ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì

EXERCISE سواالت सवालात :

(1) Read the numbers in Urdu@ :

1 7 9 4 0 3 2 8 5 6

(2) Read the following Urdu numerals :

٧ ٤ ١ ٩ ٦ ٠ ٥ ٣ ٢ ٨ (3) Read and Write the following Urdu@ numerals :

،�� ،��

�� ،�� ،� ،� ،�� ،� ،�� ،�� ( ( ��ر،��ت،��دو،��ا��،��آ��،��دس،��،��،��،

COUNTING FROM ELEVEN TO ONE HUNDRED

Each Urdu Numeral is written Left to Right, like English

English Transliteration Hind& Nasta@]leeq Naskh

11 ١١ gya@rah gyaarh �� رہ

URDU NUMERALS 0 to 100 :

٣٠، ٢٩، ٢٨، ٢٧، ٢٦، ٢٥، ٢٤، ٢٣، ٢٢، ٢١، ٢٠، ١٩، ١٨، ١٧، ١٦، ١٥، ١٤، ١٣، ١٢، ١١، ١٠، ٩، ٨، ٧، ٦، ٥، ٤، ٣، ٢، ١، ٠ ،

٥٣، ٥٢، ٥١، ٥٠، ٤٩، ٤٨، ٤٧، ٤٦، ٤٥، ٤٤، ٤٣، ٤٢، ٤١، ٤٠، ٣٩، ٣٨، ٣٧، ٣٦، ٣٥، ٣٤، ٣٣، ٣٢، ٣١ ،

٧٧، ٧٦، ٧٥، ٧٤، ٧٣، ٧٢، ٧١، ٧٠، ٦٩، ٦٨، ٦٧، ٦٦، ٦٥، ٦٤، ٦٣، ٦٢، ٦١، ٦٠، ٥٩، ٥٨، ٥٧، ٥٦، ٥٥، ٥٤ ،

١٠٠، ٩٩، ٩٨، ٩٧، ٩٦، ٩٥، ٩٤، ٩٣، ٩٢، ٩١، ٩٠، ٨٩، ٨٨، ٨٧، ٨٦، ٨٥، ٨٤، ٨٣، ٨٢، ٨١، ٨٠، ٧٩، ٧٨

١٠٠٠٠٠٠٠، ١٠٠٠٠، ١٠٠٠، ٩٠٠، ٨٠٠، ٧٠٠، ٦٠٠، ٥٠٠، ٤٠٠، ٣٠٠، ٢٠٠

LESSON 7

7.1 MAKING YOUR OWN URDU SENTENCES

Apanae Aapa qdU| jaumaLae banaanae kI maok_

�� آپ اردو ا��

� � ��

1 MAKING SIMPLE SENTENCES - about a ‘Present’ event, with ‘IS’ (hai hE)

NOTE, The Ü sign is a nasal tone added to the vowel under that Ü sign.

Key words :

English Hindi Urdu English Hindi Urdu

I maE>> (maiÜ) � (��) am hUã (hu@Ü) �� ں))

You Aapa (a@p) �� (آپ) are hE> (haiÜ) � (��)

He, she, that vah (vah) �� is (وہ) hE (hai) � (��)

This, it yah (yah) � (��) They vah (vah) �� ( ہو )

My maera (mera@) (��ا) �� your Aapaka (a@p-ka@) �� ( آ��)

Our hmaara (hama@ra@) (��را) �� Hisöher qsaka (us-ka@) ا�� ( ��ا )

� ( �� ) TABLE 1 : Speaking Present Events

Subject am is are

I maE>> maiÜ � (��) hUã (hu@Ü) �� ں))

He, that vah vah �� hE (hai) (وہ) (��)

She, that vah vah �� hE (hai) (وہ) (��)

We hma ham � (��) hE> (haiÜ) � (��)

You Aapa a@p �� (آپ) hE> (haiÜ) � (��)

You tauma tum ��(��

) hae (ho) � (��)

You taU tu@ �� (��

) hE> (haiÜ) � (�� )

They vah vah �� (وے) hE> (haiÜ) � (�� )

These yah yah � (��) hE> (haiÜ) � (�� )

7.5 USING URDU PLURAL WORDS

RATNAKAR’S FIRST THREE NOBLE TRUTHS : (Singular to Plural)

FIRST TRUTH : If the word is Masculine ending in a@ (Aa), the a@ (Aa) changes to e (]) in plural.

eg\ singular m\ Boy LaDñka lad<ka@ �� (��) # plural m\ Boys LaDñk’ lad<ke �� (��)

SECOND TRUTH : If the word is Feminine ending in a consonant, then eÜ (]ã) is added in plural.

eg\ singular f\ Book iktaaba kita@b �� ( ��) �� plural f\ Books iktaabae> kita@beÜ # ( ��ب)

THIRD TRUTH : If the word is Feminine ending in & (}|), the & (}|) changes to iya@Ü (}yaaã) in plural.

e.g. Singular f\ Girl LaDñkI lad<k& # �� (�� ) # plural f\ Girls LaDñikyaaã ladñkiya@Ü �� ( ��ں)

MORE EXAMPLES : (* = no change)

Dog (m\) kÖTaa (kutta@) �� (��

) # Dogs kÖTae (kutte) �

�� (��

)

Cat (f\) ibaLLaI (bill&) �� ( ��

� ) # Cats ibaiLLayaaã (billiya@Ü) �� ( ��

ں�� )

Car (f\) gaaDñI (ga@d<&) ��

(��ڑی) # Cars gaaiDñyaaã (ga@diya@Ü) ��

�� ( �� ں�ڑ )

*House (m\) zar (ghar) � (��) # Houses zar (ghar) � (��)

Thing (f\) caIja (ch&j) �� (��) # Things caIjae> (ch&jeÜ) �� (�� )

Cow (f\) gaaya (ga@y) �� (��) # Cows gaa]ã (ga@eÜ) ںیگائ (��)

*Teacher (m\) qstaad (usta@d) �� ا��د)) # Teachers qstaad (usta@d) �� ا��د)

)

PLURALS .

We are boys hma LaDñk’ hE> ham lad<ke haiÜ � �� (��)

You are boys Aapa LaDñk’ hE> a@p lad<ke haiÜ � �� ( آپ��)

They are boys vah LaDñk’ hE> vah lad<ke haiÜ � �� (وہ��)

These are boys yah LaDñk’ hE> ye lad<ke haiÜ � �� (��)

We are girls hma LaDñikyaaã hE> ham lad<kiya@Ü haiÜ � �� ( ��ں�� )

You are girls Aapa LaDñikyaaã hE> a@p lad<kiya@Ü haiÜ � �� ( ��ں�آپ��ك؟ )

They are girls vah LaDñikyaaã hE> vah lad<kiya@Ü haiÜ ( وہ��ں��) ��

7.9 SPEAKING A PAST EVENT - ‘WAS’ (Yaa) �) �� )

Key words: Here = yaha@Ü yahaã�� (ں��), There = vaha@Ü vahaã�� (و��ں), Where = kaha@Ü khaã �� (ں��)

Rich =am&r AmaIr �� ا��) ), Poor= gar&b g[arIba �� ( �� ), Don’t =mata��

�(��), Up to = tak tak��(��)

� ( �� ) TABLE 2 : Speaking Past Events

Subject was (m\) was (f\) were (m\) were (f\)

I maE>> maiÜ � (��) Yaa tha@ � (��) YaI th& ��(�� )

He vah vah �� @Yaa tha (وہ) (��)

She vah vah �� &YaI th (وہ)��(�� )

We hma ham � (��) Yae the � (��) YaI> th&Ü�� (�� )

You Aapa a@p �� (آپ) Yae the � (��) YaI> th&Ü�� (�� )

You tauma tum ��(��

) Yae the � (��) YaI> th&Ü��

��(�� )

You taU tu@ �� (��

) YaI th& ��

��(�� ) Yaa tha@ � (��) YaI th& ��

��(�� )

They vah vah �� ( ہو ) Yae the � (��) YaI> th&Ü�� (�� )

These yah yah � (��) Yae the � (��) YaI> th&Ü�� (�� )

NOTE : The above table shoes that :

(i) Suffixes for the Past events are tha@, th&, the, th&Ü (Yaa YaI Yae YaI>)

� (��), ��(�� ), � (��), ��

��(�� )

(ii) Ending ‘a@’ (Aa) stands for masculine gender, singular subject (I, you, he) See examples below

(iv) Ending ‘&’ (}|) shows a feminine singular subject (I, she) See examples below

(v) Ending ‘e’ (]>) stands for masculine plural subject (we, you, they) See examples below

(vi) Ending letter ‘&Ü’ (}|>) stands for feminine plural subject (we, you, they) See examples below

* In Urdu and Hindi there is no Neuter gender, all English Neuter things are Masculine or Feminine.

Masculine :

I was maE>> Yaa maiÜ tha@ � � (��)

We were hma Yae ham the � � (��)

You were Aapa Yae a@p the � �� ( ��آپ )

7.15 USING THE ACTION WORDS

FOR MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES

Let us learn how to make our own sentences in the following five ways

1. I normally ‘do’ (habitual) (you do; he, she, it does; we do, they do) see - Table 3

2. I am ‘doing’ (you are doing; he, she, it is doing; we, they are doing) Table 4

3. I was ‘doing’ (you were doing; he, she, it was doing; they were doing) Table 5

5. I had ‘already’ done (you had done; he, she, it had done; we, they had done) Table 6

6. I ‘used to do’ (you used to do; he, she, it used to do; they used to do) Table 7

� ( �� ) TABLE 3 : Making sentences with - I do; you do; he, she, we do; they do.

Doer of the action drink am, is, are, has, have

Subject Verb Masculine Verb Feminine Present tense

I drink maE>> maiÜ � (��) paItaa p&ta@ � ( �� ) paItaI p&t& � ( �� ) hUã hu@Ü �� ں))

He drinks vah vah �� @paItaa p&ta (وہ) ( �� ) hE (hai) � (��)

She drinks vah vah �� &paItaI p&t (وہ) ( �� ) hE (hai) � (��)

We drink hma ham � (��) paItae p&te � ( �� ) paItaI p&t& � ( �� ) hE> (haiÜ) � (��)

You drink Aapa a@p �� (آپ) paItae p&te � ( �� ) paItaI p&t& � ( �� ) hE> (haiÜ) � (��)

You drink tauma tum ��(��

) paItae p&te � ( �� ) paItaI p&t& � ( �� ) hae (ho) � (��)

You drink taU tu@ �� (��

) paItaa p&ta@ � ( �� ) paItaI p&t& � ( �� ) hE (hai) � (��)

They drink vah vah �� (وہ) paItae p&te � ( �� ) paItaI p&t& � ( �� ) hE> (haiÜ) � (��)

EXERCISE سواالت सवालात : Present Habitual mode

Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)

1. I drink tea. maiÜ cha@y p&ta@ (p&t&) hu@Ü maE> caaya paItaa (paItaI) hUã_

�� ( ��ں�� ) �� ( ��ں�� )

You drink tea. a@p cha@y p&te haiÜ. Aapa caaya paItae hE>_ �� ( ��آپ�� )

He drinks tea. vah cha@y p&ta@ hai. vah caaya paItaa hE_ �� ( ��وہ�� )

2. She eats hot Samosa@s vah garam samose khat& hai vah garma samaaesae SaataI hE_

�� ( ��وہ��م�� )

We walk 10 km. hum das km chalte haiÜ. hma 10 km.caLatae hE>_

7.19 MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR FUTURE EVENTS

� ( �� ) naxaa TABLE 8 : Future actions : I will do, I will eat, I will go, ...etc.

Doer of the action drink am, is, are, has, have

Subject Verb Masculine : will Verb Feminine : will

I will drink maE>> maiÜ � (��) paIQ{gaa p&u@nga@ �� (��ں��) paIQ{gaI p&u@ng& �� ( �� )

He will drink vah vah �� @paI]gaa p&ega (وہ) �� (�� )

She will drink vah vah �� &paI]gaI p&eg (وہ) �� (�� )

We will drink hma hum � (��) paI]{gae p&enge � �� (�� ) paI]{gae p&enge � ��

�� ( �� ) *

You will drink Aapa a@p �� (آپ) paI]{gae p&enge � �� (�� ) paI]{gae p&enge � ��

�� ( �� ) *

You will drink tauma tum ��(��

) paIAaegae p&oge �� (�� ) paIAaegaI p&og& �� (�� )

You will drink taU tu@ �� (��

) ]gaa p&ega@ �� (�� ) paI]gaI p&eg& �� (�� )

They will drink vah vah �� (وہ) paI]{gae p&enge � �� (�� ) paI]{gae p&enge � ��

�� ( �� ) *

*NOTE : Masculine plural forms are good enough for Feminine plural tenses also.

EXERCISE سواالت सवालात : Future Events

Translate the English sentences into Hind& (Answers are given for help)

1. I will eat a mango. maiÜ ek a@m kha@u@n[ga@ (kha@u@n[g&). maE ]k Aama> SaaQãgaa (SaaQãgaI)_

�� ,(��ا��ام��و��) �� ( ��ا��ام��و��)

2. You will bring the money. a@p paise la@en[ge. Aapa paEsae Laa]ãgae_ � �� ( �ال��آپ�� )

3. He (she) will wash clothes tomorrow. vah kal kapd<e dhoega@ (dhoeg&). vah kLa kpaD[e Zaae]gaa (Zaae]’gaI)_

�� ,(وہ��ے�د��ے��) �� (�� ( وہ��ے�د��

4. We will write two. hum do khat likhenge. hma dae Sata iLaSae>gae_ ��

�� ( ��دو��)

5. Will they drink wine? vah shara@b p&en[ge kya@? vah oaraba paI]ãgae Kyaa? kya@ vah shara@b p&en[ge? Kyaa

vah oaraba paI]ãgae?

� �؟ � �� ,( وہ��اب��؟) ��؟��

�� ( ��وہ��اب��؟ )

6. What will they ask? vah kya@ pu@chhen[ge? vah Kyaa paUCe>gae? ��

�� ( ��وہ�� )

RATNAKAR’S FOURTH NOBLE TRUTH : (kya@)

Whem ‘kya@’ (Kyaa) comes at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, kya@ (Kyaa) = a question mark

(?). But, when kya@ (Kyaa) comes anywhere in the sentence, then this kya@ (Kyaa) = what?

LESSON 8

MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR COMPLETED ACTIONS

A perfected or completed action indicates what you did, have done or had done.

(i) suffix (m\) a@ (Aa) or (f\) & (}|) is attached to the verb that ends in a consonant or a short vowel.

eg\ verb chal caLa (to walk) # walked chal + a@ = chala@; I walked m\ maiÜ chala@, f\ maiÜ chal&.

caLa + Aa = caLaa, (m\) maE> caLaa, (f\) maE> caLaI_ � + � �، ��؛ �= � �� ( ��،��؛��= آ�+ �� )

(ii) suffix ya@ (y + a@) yaa or y& (y + &) yaI is attached to the verb that ends in a long vowel such as a@, &

or o (Aa, }|, Aae). eg\ verb (Sleep) : so saae # (slept) : m\ so + y + a@ = soya@, I slept : m\ maiÜ soya@,

saae + yaa = saaeyaa, (m\) maE> saaeyaa ںیم �� (�� ) , f\ maiÜ soy&. maE> saaeyaI_ � ��

( �� )

(iii) If a completed action is Transitive, suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject. verb (Eat) kha@ Saa #

(ate) kha@ + ya@ = kha@ya@, (I ate) maiÜne kha@ya@. Saa + yaa = Saayaa, maE>nae Saayaa_ �� ( �� ),

(Drink) p& paI # (drank) p& + ya@ = paIyaa p&ya@ � (�� ), (I drank maiÜne p&ya@ maE>nae paIyaa � � �(��)

(iv) When suffix ne (nae) is attached to a subject, the verb changes according to the Object (the thing

on which the action is done). Now the Subject has no effect on the verb. eg\ m\ and f\ subject #

1. I ate a banana. maiÜ ne kela@ kha@ya@ maE>nae k’Laa Saayaa �� ( �� );

2. I ate bananas. maiÜ ne kele kha@ye maE>nae k’Lae Saayae �� ( �� );

3. I ate a rot>& maiÜ ne rot>& kha@y& maE>nae rae@I SaayaI �� ( ��رو�� );

4. I ate rot>&/ maiÜ ne rot>iya@Ü kha@y&Ü maE>nae raei@yaaã SaayaI> �� ( ��ں��رو�� ).

RATNAKAR’S FIFTH NOBLE TRUTH : (Perfect tense)

If an action is completed on a transitive verb, suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject.

(a) Completed or perfected action = I did, I have done, I had done ...etc.

(b) Transitive action is where the the action is performed on an object, not on the subject. eg\ I (the

subject) ate (the verb) a mango (the object), I drank tea, I wrote a book ...etc.

(c) Intransitive action is where the action is performed by the doer (subject) on himöherself, i.e. the

action is not transferred to any external object. eg\ I (the subject) went, Bob slept, John walked,

dog ran, cat died, they stayed, we came, you lived, baby cried, water leaked, house burnt, Sonia

won, she swam, he sat, monkey jumped, sun rose, rain fell.

The perfect (completed) actions are mainly of three kinds, such as :

1. I did (you did; he, she, it did; we did; they did) see - Table 8

2. I have done (you have done; he, she has done; we have done; they have done )

3. I had done (you had done; he, she had done; we had done; they had done)

LESSON 9

RATNAKAR’S BRAIN SURGERY OF THE URDU GRAMMAR

From the charts of tenses we studied in previous lessons, following facts can be discovered :

(1) I drink hot tea = maiÜ garam cha@y p&ta@ hu@Ü = maiÜ� garam �� cha@y �� p&ta@ � hu@Ü ��

Note: #2 ‘t’ = habitual mode (do), rah = incomplete mode (-ing), chuk = ‘already done’ mode.

#3 a@ = m\ singular; & = f\ singular, e = m\ plural; &Ü = f\ plural.

#5 u@Ü = 1st person singular; ai, e = second and third person singular; aiÜ, eÜ = plural.

(2) I was drinking tea = maiÜ cha@y p& raha@ tha@ = maiÜ � cha@y �� p& � raha@ �� tha@ �

Note : #6 ‘th’ = was, had, *used to

* used to = #2 + #3 and #6 + #3 (t + a@, th + a@)

(8) I saw (have seen, had seen) = maiÜ ne dekha@ (hai, tha@) = maiÜ � ne � dekha@ �� (hai, tha@) � , �

Note : #8 When the action is transitive and perfected (Simple, Present, Past or Future), suffix ‘ne’ (nae) is

attached to the verb.

With suffix ne (nae), the Subject has no effect on the verb. Now, the Object affects the verb. eg\

(1) m\ Ra@m cha@y p&ta@ hai, f\ S&ta@ cha@y p&t& hai. ��

�� ( �� ) (2). Perfect actions

(Objects f. cha@y m. a@m) Ra@m ne cha@y p&, S&ta@ ne cha@y p&, Ra@m ne a@m kha@ya@, S&ta@ ne a@m kha@ya@.

� �� ،� � �� ،� �� ،�� ( ��آم��،��رام��آم��،��،�رام�� )

subject

object

verb and its modetense & person

subject

verb

object

#1verb

#2mode

#3gender and number

#4present tense #5

person

#6past tense

tense

#3gender, number #3

gender, number

#2mode

adjective adjective

#3perfect tense suffix,

ya@ for a long vowel

#8transitive

perfect action suffix

presenttense

perfect,transitive

action

#6past tense

past tense

LESSON 10

USE OF THE CASE SUFFIXES

ko (kae) � ( �� ) = to; se (saee) � ( �� ) = with, by, from;

meÜ (mae>) � ( �� ) = in; par (par) � ( �� ) = on, at

RATNAKAR’S EIGHTH NOBLE TRUTH : (attaching Case suffixes)

(i) When ANY SUFFIX (ko kae � (��); se saee � ( �� ) ; meÜ mae> � (�� ); par par � (��) or any other

suffix comes after a MASCULINE SINGULAR noun ending in a@ (Aa), this a@ (Aa) is changed to e (]).

e.g. m\ boy lad<ka@ LaDñka + ko kae = lad<ke ko LaDñk’ kae_ �� ( �� )

(ii) When ANY SUFFIX comes after ANY PLURAL NOUN, particle oÜ (Aae>) must be added to that noun,

before attaching that suffix. e.g.

m\ boys lad<ka@ + oÜ + ko = lad<koÜ ko LaDñka + Aae> + kae = LaDñkae> kae_ �� (��ں��)

m\ Houses ghar + oÜ + ko = gharoÜ ko zar + Aae> + kae = zarae> kae_ �� ( ��وں�� )

f\ books kita@b + oÜ + ko = kita@noÜ ko iktaaba + Aae> + kae = iktaabaae> kae_ � �� ( ��ں��)

f\ Girls lad<k& + oÜ + ko = lad<kiyoÜ ko LaDñkI + Aae> + kae = LaDñikyaae> kae_ �� ( ��ں�� )

RATNAKAR’S NINTH NOBLE TRUTH (see pronouns Table^) :

I = maiÜ maE> � ( �� ); He, she, that = vah vah �� ( ہو ); It, this = yah yah � ( �� )

They, those = vah vah �� ( ہو ); These = ye yah � (��).

When any suffix is attached to these pronouns :

(i) maiÜ maE> � ( �� ) changes to # muz mauJa � (��)

(ii) vah vah �� ( ہو ) changes to # us qsa �� اس))

(iii) yah yah � ( �� ) changes to # is }sa �� (اس)

(iv) vah (plural) vah �� ( ہو ) changes to # un qna �� ان)

);

(v) yah (plural) yah � ( �� ) changes to # in }na �� (ان)

THE PRONOUNS

DEFINITIONS :

(1)The word used in place of a noun (in order to avoid its repetition) is called a

Pronoun.

(2) If a pronoun qualifies a noun, then the pronoun is called a Pronominal or Possessive

Adjective.

EXPLANATION :

(i) See this sentence :

Al& is going to Al&’s school to see Al&’s teacher and to return Al&'s teacher Al&'s teacher's

books.

Al& Al& ke guruj& ko milne aur Al& ke guruj& k& kita@beÜ Al& ke guruj& ko laut>a@ne Al& ke

skool ja@ raha@ hai.

ALaI ALaI k’ gauwjaI kae imaLanae AaEr ALaI k’ gauwjaI kI iktaabae> ALaI k’ gauwjaI kae LaaE@anae ALaI

k’ sk”La kae jaa rha hE_

��

( ��اور��

( ��ل��ر��

It sounds improper and confusing.

(ii) Now see this one

(Same sentence can be re-written properly with the use of pronouns) :

Al& Al& is going to his school to see his teacher and to return him his books.

Al& apane guruj& ko milane aur un k& kita@beÜ un ko laut>a@ne apane skool ja@ raha@ hai.

ALaI Apanae gauwjaI kae imaLanae AaEr qnakI iktaabae> qnakae LaaE@anae Apanae sk”La jaa rha hE_

��

( ��ا��اور��ا��ل��ر��)

Now, with the use of pronouns, it reads proper.

LESSON 11

THE ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

Definition : The word that describes, qualifies or adds something to a noun is an ADJECTIVE.

1. Good boy (achchha@ lad<ka@) AcCa LaDñka 2. Good boys (achchhe lad<ke) AcCe LaDñk’

�� ( ��ا�

) �� ا��)

)

3. Good girl (achchh& lad<k&) AcCI LaDñkI 4. Good girls (achchh& lad<kiya@Ü) AcCI LaDñikyaaã

�� ( ��ا�

�� ) �� ( ا��

�ں�� )

The word that qualifies a verb or an adjective, is an ADVERB.

1. Eat slowly. (dh&re kha@o) �� ( ��و�ے�د� )

2. Walk fast. (tej chalo) taeja caLaae_ � � (�� )

3. Very good. (bahut achchha@) �� ( ��ا��)

4. It is heavy. (yah bha@r& hai) �� ( ��ی��ر�� )

11.1 THE ADJECTIVES

RULE : In HUrdu@, the adjectives have same gender and number as the nouns they qualify.

EXERCISE سواالت सवालात : Use of Adjectives


1. Ra@n& does good work. (Ra@n& achchha@ ka@m kart& hai)

�� ( �ا��م��را�

�� )

2. The oranges are sweet. (santare m&t>he haiÜ) (Sweet = m\ m&t>ha@)

� � �� ( ��ے��)

3. We saw yellow rose. (hum ne p&la@ gula@b dekha@)

11.2 THE ADVERBS

DEFINITION : The word that qualifies a verb or an adjective is an Adverb.

RULE :

Adverbs do not have any gender, number, person, tense or case. They do not change with the verb or

adjective they qualify, therefore, they are called INDECLINABLES.

EXERCISE سواالت सवालात : Use of Adverbs


1. Ra@n& walks fast. (Ra@n& tez chalt& hai) ranaI taej[a caLataI hE_

�� ( ��را� )

2. He always helps. (vah hamesha@ madad karta@ hai) vah hmaeoaa madd krtaa hE_

� ��

( وہ��د��)

3. Please move backward. (bara@he karam p&chhe hat>o) barahe krma paICe h@ae_

� � �� ( ��رہ��م��)

4. I came before he did. (maiÜ us se pahale a@ya@) maE> qsasae pahLae Aayaa_

�� ( �اس��آ��

�� )

5. He wants money right now. (us ko paise abh& cha@hiye) qsakae paEsae ABaI caaihyae_

�� ( ا��ا��)

6. Sun&l came here twice. (Sun&l yaha@Ü do ba@r a@ya@) saunaILa yahaã dae baar Aayaa_�� ( ��

��دو��ر�آ��ں� �� )

7. She knows me well. (vah mujhe achchh& tarah se ja@nat& hai) vah mauJae AcCI tarh sae jaanataI hE_

�� ( وہ��ا��ح��)

8. This is better than that one. (yah us se behatar hai) yah qsasae baehtar hE_

� � �� ( ��ا��)

9. Kindly give me ten dollars. (bara@he karam mujhe das da@lar do) barahe krma mauJae dsa DaâLar dae_

��

� ( ��رہ��م��دس�ڈا��دو)

LESSON 12

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND VOCABULARY

12.1 ANIMALS, Domastic zareLau jaanavar Gharelu janvar �� ( ��

��ر )

Buffalo BaE>sa bhains � ( �� ) Bull saa>D sa@nd> ��

� (��)

Calf baCD[a bachad>a@ �� (��ا) Camel Q{@ u@nt> ��

�او��)

)

Cat ibaLLaI bill& �� ( ��

� ) Cow gaaya ga@y �� (��)

Dog kÖTaa kutta@ �� (��

) Donkey gaZaa gadha@ �� ( �� )

Goat bakrI bakr& �� ( ی�� ) Horse zaaeD[a ghod>a@ ��

(��ڑا)

Mouse caUha chu@ha@ �� (��) Mule Saccar khacchar ��

��

(��

)

Ox baELa bail � ( �� ) Pig saUAr su@ar �� ور))

Pony @@`@U t>at>t>u �� (��

) Rabbit Sargaaeoa khargosh ��

�(��ش)

Ram mae>$a mend>ha@ �� ( �� ) Sheep BaeD[ bhed> � ( �� )

12.2 ANIMALS, Wild ja>gaLaI jaanavar Jungli Janwar �� ( ��ر�� )

Bear BaaLaU bha@lu@ �� (��

) Crab k’kD[a kekd[a@ �� ( ��ا�� )

Deer ihrna hiran �� ( ��ن) Elephant haYaI ha@th& � ��

( �� )

Fish maCLaI machhl&� �

�� ( �� ) Jackal gaIdD[ g&dad> ��

� ( �ڑ�� )

Jackal isayaar siya@r � (�� ) Lion oaer sher � ( �� )

Mongoose naevaLaa neola@ �� ( �ال�� ) Monkey ba>dr bandar (��ر) ��

Panther icaTaa chitta@ � ( �� ) Porcupine saehI seh& � ( �� )

Rhino gae>Da gend>a@ �� ( ��ا�� ) Squirrel igaLahrI gilhar& �� ( ��ی)

Stag baarhisa>gaa ba@rahsinga@@ � �� ( ��رہ��) Tiger oaer sher � ( �� )

Turtle kCuAa kachhua@ �� ( ��آ�� ) Wolf BaeiDyaa bhediya@ �� ( �� )

12.29 WARFARE ja>gaI saamaana Jungi Saman ��

( ��ن�� )

Ankle @S[anaa t>akhna@ �� (��) Army faEja fauj �� (��ج)

Attack hmaLaa hamla@ � (��) Battle LaD[a}| lad>a@& �� ( ��ا� )

Bomb bama bam � (��) Bullet gaaeLaI gol& � �� ( �� )

Cannon taaepa top �� (��پ) Cartridge kartausa ka@rtus �� (��ر��س)

Defence bacaava bacha@o �� و) ) Enemy duomana dushman �� (د��)

Gunpowder baaWd ba@ru@d �� رود)

) Ship jahaj[a jahaz@ ��

(��ز)

Submarine panadUbaI pandu@b& �� ( � ��و ) Treaty sauLah sulah �� (�� )

Trench Sa>dk[ khandaq �� (��ق)

12.30 WORMS, INSECTS kID[e makaeD[e kide Makode ��

( ��ڑے�ے�� )

Alligator magarmaC magarmachh �� (��) Bee maKSaI makkh&��

�� ( ��

� )

Butterfly itataLaI titlI��

� ( �� ) Crab kCuAa kachhua@ �� (��ا)

Cricket iJa>gaur jhingur �� ( ��ر�� ) Flea ipasaU pisu@ �� ( ��

)

Fly maKSaI makkh&��

�� ( ��

� ) Frog mae>$k mend>hak (��ك) ��

Glow worm jauganau jugnu � (�� ) Leech jaae>k jonk �� (��)

Lice jaU{ juÜ �� (��ں) Lizard iCpakLaI chhipkal&� �

�� ( �� )

Lobster iJa>gaa jhinga@ � ( �� ) Locust i@D`DI t>id>d>& �� ی) )

Poison j[ahr tzahar ��

�� (ز��) Scorpion ibacCU bichhu@� �� ( ��

)

Snake saa{pa sa@np � �� (��) Termite idmak dimak �� ( ��د )

COMMON URDU VERBS* = Transitive verb, (The actions that need an Object)

agree ��

(��ن) ma@n

arrange* �� (رچ) rach

become � (��) ho

bother* � (��) sata@

break ��

�� ٹ)

) t>u@t>

break* ��

(��ڑ) tod<

bring* � (ال) la@

burn � (��) jal

burn* �� (��ال) jala@

call* �� (��) bula@

can � (��)sak

carry ��

(ڈ��) d>ho

celebrate* � (��) mana@

come � � (آ) a@

cook* � (��) paka@

cry رو (رو) ro

cut* ��

(��ٹ) ka@t>

die � (��) mar

dig* �� (��د) khod

do* کر (��) kar

drink* �� ( �� ) p&

drive �� (��) chala@

drop* �� (��ا) gira@

eat* � (��) kha@

fall � ( �� ) gir

fear ��

(ڈر) dar

fly �� اڑ)

) ud<

fly* �� اڑا)

) ud<a@

forget* �� ل)) bh>u@l

fry* تل (��) tal

get �� (��) mil

give* �� (دے) de

go � (��) ja@

hear �� (��

) sun

hide � (��) chhip

hide* � (�� ) chhipa@

kill* �� (��ر) ma@r

know* � (�� ) ja@n

leak �� (��) bah

lick* ��

(��ٹ) cha@t>

like* �� (��ہ) cha@h

live (be alive) �� ( �� ) j&

loose* � (��) kho

make* � (��) bana@

meet �� (��) mil

mix* �� (��) mila@

move � ( �� ) hil

move* � �� (�� ) hila@

open � (�� ) khul

open* کھول (��ل) khol

peel* � ( �� ) chh&l

read* �� ( ��ھ) pad<h

rip* � ( �� ) ch&r

rob* ��

(��ٹ) l>u@t>

rub* � (��) mal

run �� (��گ) bha@g

say* � (��) kah

scare* ��

(ڈرا) dara@

sell* � ( �� ) bech

sew* � ( �� ) s&@

sieve* ��

chha@n(��ن)

sing* � (��) ga@

sleep � (��) so

sow* � (��) bo

speak �� a(��ل) bol

spread � (��) chha@

stay, live رہ (رہ) rah

steal* �� (��ا) chura@

sulk �� رو��)) ru@t>h

take* � (��) le

teach* �� (�� ) padha@

tell* � (��) bata@

touch* �� (��

) chhoo

walk � (��) chal

want* �� (��ہ) cha@h

wash* �� (د��) dho

weigh* �� (��ل) tol

win* ��

( �� ) j&t

write* �� (��) likh

NOTE : The underlined four are

most important action words

required for making sentences.

LESSON 13

URDU CONVERSATIONAL ROADMAP

(A) ASKING, ANSWERING and EXPRESSING

13.1 Begin with GreetingsHow to say hello! Interjection: aadaab, namaste ji, namaste, kya hal hai?...etc.

* Hello! (a@dab!) �� (آادا��) * Hello! Goodmorning (a@dab arj hai!) ��

�� (آداب��ض��)

* How are you (a@p kaise haiÜ?) � �� ( ��آپ�� ) (tum kaise ho?) � ��

� ( ��

�� )

Replying the greeting Adj.: achha; 1st Person Pronoun: mai; Verb: hoon

* I am fine (maiÜ t>h&k@ huÜ) � � �� ( ��ں��

) (maiÜ achha@ huÜ) �� ( �ا��ں��

)

Appreciation Interjection: shukriya. Goodnight, Good bye etc.

* Thank you! (shukriya@!) �� ( ��

�� ) * Good night! (shab-b-khair!) شب� ( ��شب )

* Good bye! (ija@zat d&jiye) ��

�� ( ��ا��زت�د ) (alvida@!) �� (]khuda@ haif[ij) ( آ��دہ) � � ��

� � �

��ا��)

)

13.2 Introducing yourselfAsking one’s name Interrogative: ‘kya?’ Possessive Pronoun: ‘aap ka’

* What is your name? (a@paka@ na@m kya@ hai?) � ��

�؟ � ( ��؟��آپ��م�� )

* My name is Paul (mera@ na@m Pa@l hai) ��

� ( ��م��ل��ا�� )

Giving compliment Expression : ‘bahut achha;’ Nouns : naam; Verb: hai

* Your name is very nice. (a@pa ka na@m bahut achha hai) � ��

� ( آپ��م��ا��)

13.3 Learning by askingAsking where one lives? Adv.: kahaan; Habitual Present Tense verb: rahnaa

* Where do you live? (a@p kaha@Ü rahate haiÜ?) � �� ؟�� ( �؟�آپ��ں�ر�� )

Telling where you live Listening their reply and remembering it to form your answer.

* I live in Kanpur. (maiÜ Ka@npur meÜ rahata@ hu@Ü) M\ �� ( �ر��ں��ر��

)

F\ �� ( ��ں��ر��ر�� )

Request them to say it again Modal adverb.: fir se; Imperative: kahiye

* Please say it again! barahe karam fir se kahiye.barahe krma ifr sae kihyae � � � �� ( ��ا��م��)

* I am a new Urdu learner! maiÜ naya@ urdu@ s&khne wa@la@ huÜ. �� ( ��اردو��واال��ں)

maiÜ nay&@ urdu@ s&khne wa@l& huÜ. �� ( ��اردو��وا��ں)

* Please speak slowly. (barahe karam dh@re bolo) �� ( ��ا��م�د��ے��)

* What does it (the word) mean? is ka@ matlab? ؟� � � �� اس��؟)

Asking, “what time is it” Adv.: ab; Cardinal numerals: 1-12; Phrase: O Clock = baje

* What time is it now? ab kitne baje haiÜ? ؟�� ( ��اب�ك؟�� )

13.19 CHILDRENS’ POEMS

1. A BLIND PERSON

�� (ا��)��

�� ،�� ر) ا��ا��را،��ر�� )

�� ،��

�� ( ��ا�ال��

��ر��دو��ں�آ،�

� )

�� ،�� ( ��،��آ��وا��ں��آ��

��اس��

�� )

�� ،� � � � ��

�� ،��دل��) )

� �� ،� �

� �� ( �در��ں��ل��

��،��غ��ر�

��ے��ے��دے��

)

��،�� ،�� ،�� ،�� ( ��آ��آج��،��،��د��پ،�رو��،�� )

��

�� ،� �� ( ��

��ں��د��و�اس��ر��،��ا��ا��

� )

�� ،��

��

( �اس��دو،��را��

��ں��دو�� )

1. THE WATERMILL

�� ( ��

� )

�� ،��

� �� ،��

��

�� ،��

��

�� ،� � � ��

��

�� ،��

��

�

�� ر��

��د،

��

��م�� ی

�

��ا��،�اس��

� ��ال�� ج��ا؟س��ا��ج،��ں��ڑ

�اس��،��آ��

��ت��

LESSON 14

URDU LITERATURE

The notable Urdu literary activity begins with the Su@f& mystic musician Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn

Khusrau (1253-1325) �� ا��ا �� و � ا��

� � ( ا��و ا��ا�� ) better known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlawī

��ی � ��و د �ا�� ( �د�� و یا�� ), Born at Badaun, he flourished during the reign of Sultan Ghias-ud-d&n

Balban (r. 1266-1287). Following Khusrau’s Urdu Diwa@n, Ghazal, Masnavi, Qata, Qqwwa@l&, Rubai,

Do-Beti and Tarkibhand writings, the next Urdu literary milestone is the Doha@ compositions of Sant

Kabir (1440-1518). Then the chronology of the Urdy poetry contunues through our great Muslim as

well as Hindu forefathers manely, Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah (1565-1611), Wali Muhammad Wali,

Deccani (1667-1707), Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (1699-1781), Mirza Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713-

1781), Khwaja Mir Dard, (1721-1785), Mir Taqi Mir (1722-1808), Nazeer Akbarabadi, (1740-1830),

Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim, (1811-1845), Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish, (1778-1846), Hakim Momin Khan

Momin, (1801-1852), Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Zauq (1789-1854), Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-

1862), Mufti Sadr-Uddin Azurda (1788-1869), Mirza Ghalib (1797-1869), Mir Babbar Ali Anis (1803-

1874), Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer (1803-1875), Wajid Ali Shah Akhtar (1827-1887), Amir Meenai

(1826-1900), Nawab Mirza Khan Dagh Dehlawi, (1831-1905), Durga Sahay Saroor (1873-1910),

Bekhud Badayuni (1857-1912), Altaf Hussain (1837-1914), Khwaja Altaf Hussain Hali (1837-1914),

Shibli Nomani (1857-1914), Maulana Shibli Numani (1857-1914), Akbar Allahabadi (1846-1921), Brij

Narayan Chakbast (1882-1926), Ram Parshad Bismil (1867-1927), Ashfaq Allah Khan (1900-1927),

Muhammed Ali Jauhar (1878-1931), Munshi Premchand (1880-1936), Muhammed Iqbal (1873-1938),

Akhtar Sheerani (1905-1948), Hasrat Mohani (1875-1951), Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang (1875-1952),

Asrar-Ul-Haq Majaz (1911-1955), Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (1873-1956), Jigar Muradabadi, (1890-

1960), Tilok Chand Mehroom (1885-1966), Shakeb Jalali (1932-1966), Makhdoom Mahiuddin (1908-

1969), Shakeel Badayuni (1916-1970), Mustafa Zaidi (1930-1970), Nasir Kazmi, (1925-1972), Ravish

Siddiqui (1909-1971), Majeed Amjad (1914-1974), Noon Meem Rashid (1910-1975), Jan Nisar Akhtar

(1914-1976), Krishan Chander (1914-1977), Saeeda Urooj Mazhar, (1916-1978), Ibn-e-Insha, (1927-

1978), Sahir Ludhianvi, (1921-1980), Nushoor Wahidi (1911-1981), Firaq Gorakhpuri, Raghupati

Sahay (1896-1982), Shabir Hasan Josh Malihabadi (1898-1982), Hafeez Jullundhry (1900-1982),

Saghir Nizami (1905-1982), Ihsan Danish (1914-1982), Josh Malihabadi, (1898-1982), Faiz Ahmed

Faiz (1911-1984), Ayyub Sabir (1923-1989), Yazdani Jalandhari (1915-1990), Gopal Mittal (1906-

1993), Habib Jalib (1928-1993), Waheed Akhtar (1934-1996), Obaidullah Aleem (1939-1997),

Dilawar Figar (1928-1998), Zamir Jafri, Zamir (1916-1999), Khumar Barabankvi, (1919-1999), Iqbal

MUHAMMAD IQBAL

�� ا��ل)

)

Tara@na@

�� ( ��ی��ا��)

�� رے��ں��ا��ں��را)

)

��

�� ( ��

�اس��

�وہ��

��راا��ں )

� ��

� �� ( ��وہ��او��

�آ��ں�� )

� �� ( ��را�وہ��اں��رایوہ�� )

� � �� ( ��ر��آ�� )

��

�� ( ��و��و��ں��را��ی�� )

��

� � �� ( ��رو��ں��ن� )

��

��

( ��م�و��ں��را�اب�� )

� � � ��

� � �� ت��ری)

)

�� ( �ر��د��دورے��ں��را��

)

�� ( ��م�ا��ا��ل��

��ں�� )

� �� ( ��م��

��دردے��ں��را�� )

Saare jaha{ sae AcCa ih>dUstaa{ hmaara_ sa@re jahaÜ se achhaÜ hindustaÜ hma@ra@,

hma bauLabauLae> hE> qsakI vaae gauLaisataa{ hmaara__ hum bulbuleÜ haiÜ qsa k& vo gulsitaÜ hama@ra@.

BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR

��

��در��ہ��)

)

Ghazal

�� ل)

)

� � � �� ( �ا��ا��دل��

��ر�ے�د� )

��

( ��دار�� )

� � �� ( ا��

��د��ں�� )

��

��

�� ( ��ر�� )

� � �� ( ��اور��ں��دو�ان� �� )

�� ( ��د��دا��ار��ں�� )

��

��

� �� ( ��

ں��ال��ر�دن��ےدراز )

��

� � �� ( �آرزو��دو

��دو�ا��ر�� )

�� ( ��د�� )

��

� � � � �� ( ��ز�دو

��ر�� )

111314081-learn-urdu

Documents

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urdu letters

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jaala english z ihdi

dala english d ihdi