110499697 microwave principle and equipment

Microwave Principle and Equipment

ZTE University

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application

Application/Solution

Mobile Network Application

Cellular Network Application

Ethernet Application

Microwave Communication Principles

ZTE Microwave Product

Microwave Future Evolution

Application/Solution

Point to Point Digital Microwave transmission system

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Microwave link

Coaxial cable

MUX

Mobile Network Application

BSC

MSC PSTN BSC

.....

MSC

SDH

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS BTS

BTS BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS PDH

PDH

BTS

PDH BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

PDH

SDH SDH

SDH

Microwave

PDH

Microwave

PSTN: Public Switched

Telephone Network

MSC: Mobile Switching Center

BSC: Base Station Controller

BTS: Base Transceiver Station

Cellular Network Application （1）

UMTS: Universal Mobile

Telecommunication System

Cellular Network Application（2）

RNC: Regional Network Centre

ADM: Add/Drop Multiplexer

MUX: Multiplexer

STM: Synchronous Transport Module

Ethernet Application(1) LAN to LAN Bridge

Ethernet Application(2)

Ethernet Application(3)

Review

What are the main transmission methods

nowadays?

What are the main applications for microwave

equipments?

Contents



Introduction to Microwave Principles

System Structure



Introduction to Microwave Principles

Different Transmission Systems

Microwave Frequency

Features of Radio Transmission

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization

Radio Wave Propagation

Fading

Interference

Microwave Radio Link

Relay station (Passive)

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Microwave link

Coaxial cable

MUX

Different Transmission Systems

10Km 1Km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm

f 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz

LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

microwave

Frequency: 300MHZ～ 300GHZ Wavelength: 1m~1mm

Frequency band: UHF: 0.3-1.12G X: 8.2-12.4G L: 1.12-1.7G

KU: 12.4-18G LS: 1.7-2.6 G K: 18-26G

S: 2.6-3.95 G Ka: 26.5-40G C: 3.95-5.85G

U: 40-60G XC: 5.85-8.2G

Microwave Frequency

Wavelength is short while frequency is high.

Wide frequency band

Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering

Free space loss

Fading caused by other types of path loss.

Interference

1

2

3

4

5

6

Features of Radio transmission

8 5 4 3 2 10 20 1 30 40 50

1.5 2.5

Regional network

National backbone network

Regional and local network

2

8

34

Mbit/s 34

140

155

Mbit/s

2 8

34 140 155

Mbit/s

3.3 11 GHz

GHz

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization （1）

Channel number

Frequency

F3

F1 F2

Fo

1 2 n 1' n'

Low frequency band High frequency band

Band width

Fo: Center frequency

2'

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization （2）

The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing between

transmitting and receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the lower layers

of the atmosphere (a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground)

The non homogeneity of the atmosphere influences the waves propagation:

1°) Path curvature

2°) Reflecting, diverging, focusing intermittent events

Free space loss (Lfs)=92.4+20×log(f×d) (dB)

f:GHz, d:km

Radio Wave Propagation （1）

Absorption Partial reflection

Almost horizontal

Diffusion Refraction

Atmosphere influence

i.1

i.2

n1

n2

n1

n2

Diffusion

volume

500Km

n1×sin i.1 = n2×sin i.2

Gaz and water vapor

Frequ. < 15 GHz : insignificant

20 GHz : 0.1 dB / km

Rain

Frequ. > ?10 GHzo


Ground influence

Reflection

Diffraction

Spherical diffraction

Diffraction on a ridge


An imaginary earth with the radius of 8500km, allows to simplify analysis on

Refraction propagation of radio wave.

R

Imaginary Earth Real Earth

Ro

Standard atmosphere N = - 39 N.units Km

K = R/Ro = 4/3 h

h

N : Gradient of air refraction index

N may reach more extreme values than + 250 or - 350, during short percentage of time

N = 315 N units

Air refraction index at sea level: n = 1.000 315

N


Fading

Causes

Types

Selective Fading

Rain and Snow Fading

Anti-Fading Measures

Causes of fading ：

Reflection

Changes of transmitting media

Atmosphere

Rain

1

2

3

4

Causes

Fast fading and slow fading

Up fading and down fading

Frequency selective fading and flat fading

1

2

3

Types

Refraction

Receiver Transmitter

A max

A min Frequency

Radio channel

> 1 non-minimal phase fading

A

F0

F

A

A

A

For A1 = A2 A max dB = + 6 A min dB = -

A

F = 1

1

1

1

2

- A

+ A

2

2

8

=

T =

A

A

2

2

1

- T 1

Reflection

A ,T 2 2

A ,T 1 1

< 1 minimal-phase fading

Cause： Multi-path propagation

The direct signal is larger than the reflected signal

Selective Fading

Transmitter

FI

-80 < Pr < -20 dBm

Receiver Demodulator

Digital

signal

IF

A B

CAG

A

Time

dBm

W 0

Noise

W

B

dBm

Time

IF Level 0 dBr ?2dB?

C

N

Main cause ： frequencies > 10 GHz

Signal

Noise

Rain and Snow Fading

H

Frequency Diversity

1

2

3

Techniques without diversity

Diversity techniques

Space Diversity

Reduce ground reflection

Increase path consistency

Various equalizers

1

2

10.2/F0/2<H<37/F0/2

Anti-Fading Measures

Interference

Types

Anti-Interference Measures

Sort

A

B

Co-channel interference

Adjacent channel interference

Anti-Interference Measures

A

B

Increase transmit power

Improve band pass filter performance

TX/R

x

Hop

NO.1

Or

TX/Rx

Hop

NO.2

Hop

No.n

TX/Rx TX/R

x

Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, a few km < D < 100km

Availability and quality depends on the distance recommended by ITU-R.

Terminal

Station

Cable

Relay station

(Passive)

Terminal

Station Relay station

(Active)

Cable Radio Link

Microwave Radio Link

Parabolic reflectors Plane reflectors

Relay station (Passive)

System hierarchy

Transmission Rate Levels

Digital System Hierarchy

2400/19200 bit/s

Data VF

TN 1

64 kbit/s

2.048 Mbit/s

8.448 Mbit/s

34.268 Mbit/s

139.264 Mbit/s

TN 2

TN 3

TN 4

4 x 480 channels

1920 channels

4 x 120 channels

480 channels

4 x 30 channels

120 channels

+ frame + stuffing

30 channels 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s signalling + 64 kbit/s frame

32 x 64 = 2048 kbit/s

Data

MUX PCM

Digital System Hierarchy

Tx/Rx CMI

Tx/Rx HDB3

Tx/Rx HDB3

Tx/Rx HDB3

1

4

3

2

1

4

3

2

TN2

1

4

3

2

1

30

140 Mbit/s 34,268 Mbit/s

8,448 Mbit/s

2,048 Mbit/s

64 kbit/s

34 Mbit/s

8 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

TN4

2/34 Mbit/s PDH ADM

155

155 Mbit/s

CMI

4x2 Mbit/s

or 4x2 Mbit/s

or 16x2 Mbit/s

TN3

TN1

Transmission Rate Levels

Review

1. What are the frequency rang of microwave?

2. Describe the features of the microwave transmission?

3. What are the influences of the atmosphere on microwave transmission?

4. What are the causes of fading?

5. What are the main causes of selective fading?

6. What are the two types of counter-fading measures? What are the main measures?

7. How many kinds of passive relay stations are there?

Contents




ZXMW P10 S400&S500

ZXMW SR10 S200

ZXMW SR10 S340

ZXMW NR8000 Series


ZXMW PR10 S400&S500

ZXMW SR10 S200

ZXMW SR10 S340

Nodal Solution Integrated Solution PTP Solution

SDR BBU Platform

NR8000 is a PDH&SDH integrated digital microwave system developed by ZTE Corporation

NR8050 NR8250 NR8120

NR8000 Series Overview

ZXMW NR8250

ZXMW NR8250 is a high capacity and nodal digital

microwave system developed by ZTE Corporation for

mobile system hub, aggregation, nodal application and

backhaul transmission solutions.

ZXMW NR8250 is a versatile, compact split type radio

system. It supplies both the data and voice transmission

and supports the continuously increasing large capacity

digital transmission. It supports the hybrid transmission for

TDM traffic and IP traffic.

In addition, the NR8250 system supports the typical

applications in mobile backhaul network, enterprise private

network, government and emergency communications.

All outdoor solution

- Install on Tower

- Install on Ground

- Zero Footprint

NR8250 - based on same platform with SDR BBU

Built-in ADM multiplexer, support digital cross connect.

Smooth upgrade from 2+0 east-west to 6+0 multi-directional configuration.

TU and MU can support mixed insertion. Flexible Configuration.

High integrity and unified structure.

Fast engineering and simplified network structure.

Low CAPEX, suitable for aggregation site.

Modem Unit

Power unit

Core unit

Traffic Interface

Up to 6

ways

2U

NR8250 Series

ZTE Nodal

Microwave

Solution

Benefits

Nodal Solution-NR8250

Contents





All IP

Broadband

Low TCO

Highly efficient

mobile Backhaul

is the key to win

ALL-IP

Broadband

Low TCO

Node-type Structure

Smooth Upgrade

Device Convergence

Unified Network

Management Platform

All-outdoor Solution

MPLS/MPLS-TP

PWE3

End-to-end OAM

End-to-end QoS

Clock synchronization

technology

Ethernet Ring Network

Protection

ACM Self-adptive

Modulation/Demodulation

Ethernet Packet Compression

XPIC Common-frequency and Dual-

polarity

High QAM Modulation/Demodulation

E-band UHF band

Development Trend and Hot Topics of New

Microwave Technology

1 ALL-IP Technology

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband Carrier-class Ethernet-CE

W1 - Highest priority

W2

W3

W8 – lowest priority

Scheduling departures

Classify Arrivals

Priority Queues

W4

W5

W6

W7

Services are classified based on the priority field of L2/L3 frame head

Source Port

VLAN 802.1p

IPv4 TOS/IPv6 TC

Flexible port-based scheduling mechanism

Strict priority (SP)

Weighted Round Robin (WRR)

Hybrid – any combination of SP & WRR

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband

QoS mechanism provides different quaility

guarantee for different services.

TDM

E1

Abis

E1

TDM

Abis

IMA

E1

ATM

AAL2/5

Iub

STM1

ATM

AAL2/5

Iub

ETH

802.1Q

IP

Iub

ETH

802.1Q

IP

Iub TDM E1

IMA E1

Ethernet ATM STM-1 TDM E1

Ethernet

BTS E1 PWE3

NB ATM PWE3

BTS

NodeB

NB HSDPA PWE3

Bi-directional Tunnel BTS E1 PWE3

NB ATM PWE3

NB HSDPA PWE3

PE PE

PWE3

TDM

Abis

Tunnel

PHY

PWE3 realizes unified bearing of TDM, ATM/IMA, and Eth services

PWE3 is used to implement fexible TDM/ATM/IMA/MLPPP protocol processing, service sensing and configuration

according to requirements

TDM: Supports structured/unstructured emulation, as well as structured idle DS0 timeslot compression

ATM/IMA: Supports VPI/VCI switching and idle cell removing

BSC

RNC

P

PWE3

ATM

AAL2/5

Iub

PHY

Tunnel

ETH

802.1Q

IP

Iub

PWE3

PHY

Tunnel


PWE3 is compatible with traditional

network services

EF (Expedited Forward)

Service sensing is useful for adopting suitable scheduling mode according to the priority level of the service.

For ATM service, service sensing is based on the cell, theVPI/VCI ID mapped to different PW for processing, the

priority (including the priority of dropping) can be mapped to the EXP field of the PW.

For ethernet service, service sensing is based on outer VLAN ID or IP DSCP

For TDM real-time service that is more sensitive to delay, the service is quickly forwarded by fixed rate.

TDM E1 PWE3

ATM PWE3

Ethernet PWE3

AF (Assured Forward) BE (Best Effort)

BTS

NodeB

PE PE

BSC

RNC

P

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband Service Sensing

PE PE

P P

Entrance processing: The customer service is recognized and the service priority is mapped to the tunnel priority.

Transmission process: The service is assigned according to the tunnel priority by using PQ or PQ+WFQ shceduling strategy.

Exit processing: The tunnel tag is removed, and the original customer service is restored.

EF

AF

BE

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband End-to-end QoS

Supports OAM functions that are similar to SDH, including failure, performance and presetting, to implement convenient

end-to-end network monitoring and maintain the customer's operation habbits.

Supports line protection and ring network protection that are similar to SDH

MEP

MIP

OAM Cell Client Service

Client Service OAM(UNI to UNI)

PW OAM

Tunnel OAM

Segment OAM

Access Link OAM

Access Link OAM

PTN

802.3ah

MEF/ITU-T Y.1731

ITU-T G.8114 / Y.1730 / Y.1731 / 802.1ag

ITU-T G.8114

ITU-T G.8114

PW OAM

Tunnel OAM

Segment OAM

PTN

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband Structured OAM

BSC/RNC

FE FE/GE

E1/STM1

E1

Hybrid/PTN Timing Solution

BTS

Node B

Node B

GPS

GPS

Slave clock

c

c

c

Traditional Timing Solution

FE

GPS

GPS

Master clock

Slave clock

Slave clock

Clock synchronization technology based on

IP transfer

ITU-T G.8261 Sync. Eth

Freq. transfer

IEEE 1588v2

Freq. transfer

time-of-day transfer

Private 1PPS+TOD

Freq. transfer

time-of-day transfer

c

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband Clock Synchronization Technology

RNC

c

c

c

c

c

Port blocked

Microwave Ethernet and Ring Network Protection

2 Broadband-based

Technology

Improve spectrum

utilization efficiency

ACM …

… …

PACKET COMPRESSION

ACM CCDP(XPIC)

NATIVE ETH

4 times capacity increased Co-channel can be doubled

Up to 45% Improvement Enhanced capacity by 25%

Step 1 Step 1

Step 2 Step 2

Vertical

Horizontal

56MHz

500Mbps

500Mbps

V

H

Step 1 Not compress Step 1

Since the radio spectrum is becoming more and more precious, we have to use multiple new technologies to improve the

spectrum utilization efficiency.

Demand for mobile Backhaul capacity is increasing rapidly

Native TDM

Service

Native Ethernet

Service

100% TDM

Hybrid Transmission

100% Ethernet

TDM

Eth

What is Hybrid & Native?

• Native Ethernet + Native TDM Service

All services share the same RF channel

TDM and IP services are directly mapped to

the microwave frame.

TDM and IP service capacity bandwidth is

dynamically assigned without loss.

Why we use Hybrid & Native?

• Advantages

Since the unified hardware platform supports

hybrid transmission of TDM and IP services,

the CAPEX will be reduced.

Delay of IP service transmission is reduced.

The one-time investment can bring larger

transmission capacity.

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband Hybrid & Native Structure

QPSK 16QAM

32QAM64QAM128QAM256QAM

16QAM 32QAM 64QAM

Typical 4E1 transmmision

link

Bandwidth of 7MHz

99.999% availability rate

Fixed Modulation Scheme

Capacity expanded to 4E1 + 40M

Bandwidth of 7MHz

4E1 @ 99.999% available

40M @ 99.9% avilable Adaptive Coding Modulation

256QAM QPSK

QPSK

Real-time service

Non-real-time service

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband Adaptive Coding Modulation Technology

Increase Throughput via Packet Header

Compression

Packet length (bytes) Capacity Expansion

64 45 %

96 29 %

128 22 %

256 11 %

512 5 %

All implemented via hardware.

The throughput is increased while the service is not affected.

Preamble

7 Bytes

Start of Frame

1 Byte

MAC DA

6 Bytes

MAC SA

6 Bytes

ETH Type / Length

2 Bytes

Payload

46 - 1500 Bytes

CRC32

4 Bytes

IFG

12 Bytes

Compression

Step 1

Compression

Step 1

Compression

Step 1

Compression

Step 2


Vertical

Horizontal

56MHz

500Mbps

500Mbps

V

H

Common Channel Dual Polarity (CCDP): Transmit two circuits of signals in the vertical and

horizontal directions of one channel.

Cross Polarity Interference Cancellation: improve the cross polarity separation degree to

gurantee the transmission performance of the system.

By using XPIC and CCDP technologies,the transmission capacity of single microwave

channel is doubled.

Get double capacity

based on the limited

spectrum,

256QAM


Transmission capacity of single microwave

channel is doubled

Atmospheric and molecular absorption

E-Band Frequency allocations

E-Band provides ultra high transmission capacity bandwidth to support the deployment of LTE network in the future.

Working frequency: 71-76GHz, 81-86GHz

10GHz available

BPSK or QPSK modulation scheme

Up to 2.5Gbps transmission capacity

1-5km Backhaul short distance

transmission

High antenna gains: 44dBi/1ft (30cm)

High output power: allowed

E-Band Ultra High Band Microwave Technology


bits/symbol

Modulation

6416QAM 64QAMQPSK

2

1

I

Q 0010

0011

0000 0001

IkQk=00

3

1

3

IkQk=10

IkQk=01IkQk=11

Q

I

I

Q

00010 00110

00100 00101 00111

00000 00001 00011 1

1 3

3

5

5

IkQk=00

IkQk=01

IkQk=10

IkQk=11

32QAM

5

001000

001001

001101

001100

001010

001011

001111

001110

000010

000011

000111

000110

000000

000001

000101

000100

I

Q

1 1

3

5

7

3 5 7

IkQk=00

IkQk=10

IkQk=11IkQk=01

7128QAM

11010 11011

01011

01010

11000 11001 01001 01000

10000 10001 10101 10100

10010 10011 10111 10110

00010 00011 00111 00110

00000 00001

00101

00100

I

Q

11100 11101

11110 11111

01110 01111

01100 01101

3

1

5

7

9

11

1 3

5

7

9

11

IkQk=01IkQk=11

IkQk=10

IkQk=00

1000

1001

1101 1100

1010 1011

1111 1110

0010 0011 0111

0110

0000 0001

0101

0100 00

3

1

5

7

9

11

1 3 5

7

9

11

13

15

1100

1101

1001

1000

1110 1111

1011

1010

0110

0111

0011

0010

0100

0101

0001

0000

13

15

0000

0001 0101 0100

0010 0011 0111 0110

1010 1011 1111 1110

1000 1001 1101 1100

0100 0101 0001 0000

0110 0111 0011 0010

1110 1111 1011 1010

1100 1101 1001 1000

00

01

01

10

10

11

11

IkQk=01

IkQk=11

IkQk=10

IkQk=00Q

I

8256QAM

I

Q

3

1

5

7

9

11

1 3

5

7

9

11

IkQk=01IkQk=11

IkQk=10

IkQk=00

13 15 19 2317 21

13

15

17

19

21

23

9512QAM

QPSK

512QAM

Advantages

Adopts higher level of modulation modes, and supports larger

transmission capacity.

Disadvantages:

Once the modulation mode gets upgraded by 1 level,the C/N

threshold of the system becomes 3dB inferior.

Higher-order QAM Modulation/Demodulation

Modes

2.5 Gbps

1000 Mbps

200 Mbps

100 Mbps

40 Mbps

28 MHz 56 MHz 56 MHz (XPIC) N*250 MHz (E-band)

150 128QAM

150 16QAM

300 128QAM

40 QPSK

75 16QA

M

*Single wave channel

100 32QAM

500 Mbps

200 32QAM

500 256QAM

1000 256QAM

2500 QPSK

1000 BPSK

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband Table of Transmission Capacity of

Microwave Systems

3 Low TCO Solution

Reduce

operation &

maintenance

cost

2

1

Reduce site

cost

3

Reduce

evolution

cost

Lower the quantity and cost of sites

Simplify the network topology

Reduce the CAPEX of devices

Highly reliable structure

Flexible deployment

High spectrum utilization effeciency

Green Microwave

Reduce power consumption by multiple

technologies

Suitable for outdoor environment, no need

to install devices in the equipment room.

Easy to maintain

Device Convergence

Unified Network Management Platform

Unified platform for the future

TDM Hybrid Packet smooth evolution

Supports multiple services access: E1, STM-1, FE,

GE, ATM…

How to help the operator cut TCO?

Lower power consumption

Smaller space to install devices

Fewer external devices

Quick deployment

Easy to maintain

Nodal IDU

Traditional Solution Nodal Solution

Advantages

IDU

IDU

IDU IDU

ADM/ Switch

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband Highly Integrated Nodal Solution

for HUB Site

BSC/RNC

BTS

Eth

Eth

Eth

E1/STM1

E1

Hybrid MW Network

Node B

Node B

GPS

GPS

Traditional GPS Clock Solution

Investment on GPS receiver

Cost on GPS installation

High TCO solution

Sync Eth. + 1588v2 Solution

No need of investment on GPS receiver

No need of cost on project installation

Low TCO solution


c

c

c

c

Low Cost Clock Synchronization

Solutions Based on IP Transmission

Modulation Average

Throughput Availability (%) Unavailability

Without ACM: requires 0.9 m antennas

128QAM 180 Mbps 99.999 5min, 15sec

Modulation Average

Throughput Availability (%) Unavailability

With ACM: requires 0.3 m antennas

QPSK 50 Mbps 99.999 5min, 15sec

16QAM 100 Mbps 99.997436 13min, 29sec

32QAM 120 Mbps 99.996384 19min, 0sec

64QAM 150 Mbps 99.994746 27min, 37sec

128QAM 180 Mbps 99.993123 41min, 38sec

4.3km route, 28MHz bandwidth, 180Mbps, 128QAM

With lower requirement for the load-bearing capacity of the iron tower, the cost of iron tower is reduced.

Allows to use smaller antenna, the delivery cost of the antenna is reduced.

With simple installation, the costs on land requisition and installation are reduced.

0.9 m

0.3 m

Antenna

Carrier Ethernet LOW TCO Broadband ACM Technology Reduces Antenna Size

Performance Management

NMS/OSS/BSS

GUI

WEB

CLI

Security Management

Topology Management

System Management

Configuration Management

Fault Management

EMS Client Flat File/CORBA/DB

Inventory Management

……

SNMP/CORBA Flat File/CORBA/DB Flat File/CORBA/DB

NML

NEL

EML


BN RAN …… MW

Unified Network Management Platform Reduces

Maintenance Cost


No need to install devices in the equipment

room.

No need of cabin and equipment room

Cost on site renting is reduced

Supports quick and easy installation and

deployment

Suitable for end access of Backhaul application

in WiMAX /LTE network

Baseband and RF modules are

integrated in the outdoor equipment

case.

Adots PoE power supply

Power over

Ethernet

All-outdoor IP-based Microwave Solution

FSO (Free Space Optics): Laser Radio Communication System is based on the

utilization of invisible laser beam, and it uses the air as the transmission media. It can be

combined with the microwave to be used in mobile Backhaul.

Advantages

The working frequency is on the THz frequency band, so there is no signal

interference.

No need to apply for license, so the cost is reduced.

Supports high capacity: 155Mbps to 10Gbps

Supports quick installation and easy to maintain

Disadvantages

The communication quality may be affected by adverse whether conditions, such as

rain, fog, snow and wind. The best communication quality can be acquired only

within the range of 1km from the site.


NodeB RNC

NodeB

c

c

c

Microwave & Radio Laser Integrated Transmission

Solution

110499697 microwave principle and equipment

Documents

base station controller

center frequency

radio link propagation

local network

regional network centre

waves propagation

propagation medium

mobile switching center