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AD -R43 753 THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT MODEL (BEM)(U) MITRE CORP 1/3MCLEAN VR MITRE C31 DIV R S CONKER ET AL. SEP 83MTR-83W8245 F19628-84-C-0081
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The Battlefield Environment Model (BEM)
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-~MITRE
The Battlefield Environment Model (BEM) P,.
R. S. ConkerJ. R. Davidson
P. K. Groveston .
R. 0. Nugent
September 1983
MTR-83W00245
SPONSOR:Army Model Management Office
CONTRACT NO.:F]9628-84-C-0001
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The MITRE CorporationMITRE C'1 Division
Washington C3! Operations1820 Dollev Madison Boulevard
McLean, Virginia 22102he-
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ABSTRACT
-This report describes the Battlefield Environment Model (BEM), a
computer model implemented by MITRE for use in conducting simulations of wemilitary combat. Specifically, the model simulates Red unit observables
against which Blue sensors can operate. The modeling effort employs object-
oriented programming techniques using the RAND-developed ROSS
programming language. The BEM provides a stream of realistic sensor reports
for ANALYST, an expert system for determining battlefield activity. In
addition, the BEM provides an experimental environment for studying C,
structures and various approaches to sensor tasking. Future enhancements of
the BEM are also presented.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
*" " 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
*: 1.1 Background and Purpose 11.2 Object-Oriented Programming 2
1.2.1 General 21.2.2 Programming Using Object-Oriented 2
Languages1.2.3 ROSS 3
1.3 Organization of the Report 5
2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLEFIELDENVIRONMENT MODEL (BEM) 11
2.1 Model Overview 11
2.2 Input Data 11
2.2.1 Red Units 112.2.2 Blue Sensors 13
2.3 Description of a BEM Simulation 13-, 2.4 BEM/ANALYST Work Stations 19
2.4.1 BEM Controller Station 212.4.2 Blue Sensor Control Station 332.4.3 ANALYST Station 37
3.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE BEM 51
3.1 Model Overview 51 ..-
3.2 Actors - Actor Files in the BEMSimulation 55
3.2.1 Simulator 553.2.2 Scenario 56
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TABLE OF CONTENTS• -- (Concluded)
":3.2.3 Artist 57 -'3.2.4 Node/Node Environment File 59 P
" 3.2.5 Pathfinder 60 :"-
S3.2.6 Scheduler 60',3.2.7 Sector/Sector Environment File 62 !
. 3.2.8 Flightplanner 683.2.9 Mathematician 70. _,3.2.10 Interface 713.2.11 Unit 72
.3.2.12 Control-Unit 733.2.13 Action-Unit 753.2.14 Unit Property File 76Fie53.2.15 Red Instance File 773.2.16 Sensor 77
3.2.17 Sensor-Control-Unit 78romn-ie63.2.18 Sensor-Action-Unit 793.2.19 Generi Sensors 803.2.20 Sensor Instance File 81
3.3 Considerations For Using ROSS/LISP 81
4.0 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF THE BEM 83.."
4.1 Formal Sensor Models 83
4.2 Two-Sided Simulation 834.3 Speed-up of Processing 84
APPENDIX I SENSOR RESEARCH FOR THE BEM 85
APPENDIX THREAT RESEARCH FOR THE BEM 115
4.1NDI Forma DAASSen MOdel 8HETRPEETTO39
FOR THE BEM
(CLASSIFIED SECRET-PUBLISHED SEPARATELY)
APPENDIX IV ROSS-LANGUAGE CODE FOR THE BEM 141
APPENDIX V DEVELOPMENT/DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES 205
GLOSSARY 211
REFERENCES 213
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Number Page
1-1 Object Hierarchy 41-2 Example Generic Object Creation 61-3 Example Instance Object Creation 71-4 Example Object Behavior Definition 82-1 High-Level View of the BEM/ANALYST Models 12
. 2-2 Red Units in the BEM 142-3 Example of ROSS Messages on the Text Terminal 172-4 BEM/ANALYST Work Station Configuration 202-5 Symbology Used in the Ground Truth Display 232-6 Current Node Network 252-7 Terrain Background 272-8 Red Threat Units Representing a Division 312-9 Ground and Airborne Sensors and Their Coverages 35
Over the Battlefield2-10 BSCS - Gray Map Background with Menu Overlay 392-11 BSCS - Map, No Menu, Sensors and Reports 412-12 BSCS - Interactive Querying Capability 432-13 ANALYST Station Display - Initial Cluster 47
Reports2-14 ANALYST Station Display - Showing Determined 49
and Undetermined Military Objects3-1 ROSS Object Hierarchy in the BEM 523-2 Sectors in the BEM 633-3 Example Racetrack Pattern Constructed by 69
FlightplannersU1-1 Tank Division 131I-2 Motorized Rifle Division 13211-3 Army Level Units 133V-1 SPL Configuration 209V-2 CAMIS Laboratory Configuration 211
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LiaT OF TABLES -Table Number Page
3-1 Major Elements of Sensor Control and Detection 543-2 Sensor/Threat Unit Events Which Trigger 66
Detection Process OI-1 Sensor Properties 971-2 Generic SIGINT System Platform Characteristics 1001-3 Generic SIGINT System Collector Characteristics 1011-4 Generic SIGINT System Ground Processing 102
Station Characteristics1-5 Generic Photo Imagery System Platform 1021-6 Characteristics1-6 Generic Photo Imagery System Collector 103
Characteristics1-7 Generic Photo Imagery System Ground Processing 103
Station Characteristics1-8 Generic IR System Platform Characteristics 1041-9 Generic IR System Collector Charactristics 1051-10 Generic IR System Ground Processing Station 105
Characteristics1-11 Generic Imaging Radar System Platform 106
Characteristics1-12 Generic Imaging Radar System Collector 106
Characteristics1-13 Generic Imaging Radar System Ground Processing 107
Station Characteristics1-14 Generic MTI System Platform Characteristics 1071-15 Generic MTI System Collector Characteristics 1081-16 Generic CM/CB System Platform Characteristics 1091-17 Generic CM/CB System Collector Characteristics 1191-18 Generic CM/CB System Ground Processing Station 110
Characteristics1-19 Generic REMS System Collector Characteristics 1101-20 Generic REMS System Monitor Characteristics 1111-21 Generic Jamming System Platform Characteristics 1111-22 Generic Jamming System Jammer Characteristics 11211-1 Maneuver Units 122U1-2 Engineer Units 1231-3 Artillery Units 12511-4 Air Defense Units 12711-5 CSS Units 129
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Purpose
This report was prepared to provide a description of the MITRE
Battlefield Environment Model (BEM), a computer model used in conducting
simulations of military combat. The BEM model is designed to generate Red
unit observables against which Blue sensors can operate; specifically, it is
designed to generate sensor observables from a Soviet division-sized force at
company resolution. With this model, enemy tactical events such as
movement, communications, artillery and air defense firings, and radar
emissions are generated and subsequently detected by Blue (NATO) force
sensors. The resulting stream of sensor reports is sent by the BEM to the
ANALYST, an expert system used to determine enemy tactical disposition on V
the battlefield.
Both the BEM and the ANALYST are enhancements of previous modelswhich employed conventional, procedural programming techniques. The
predecessor of the BEM was the MITRE Threat Event Generator (MTEG)(1,2),
a model written in Pascal which generated sensor reports by parametrically
filtering the observables. The BEM evolved from this model through three
significant enhancements:
o a more realistic threat representation.
o a cause and effect modeling of sensor detections.
o implementation using object-oriented techniques and the ROSSprogramming language (to be discussed).
The current ANALYST(') is LISP-based and is operational on both a VAX
11/780 and a LISP machine.
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1.2 Object-Oriented Programming
1.2.1 General -
The essence of object-oriented programming is that it is centered
around objects (actors in the simulation) which communicate with each other -
by way of messages. Features of the technique provide promise to overcome
many of the limitations of conventional procedural programming in the areas
of intelligibility, modifiability, understanding, and performance
characteristics. (See MITRE WP83-W004074 for an evaluation of the use of
object-oriented programming).
The remainder of this section provides a discussion of object-oriented
languages in general and of ROSS, the object-oriented language in which the
BEM is implemented.
1.2.2 Programming Using Object-Oriented Languages
The use of object-oriented programming for simulation purposes requires
that simulation objects be created to represent the systems being simulated
(e.g., the military units). Those objects must have characteristics and
behaviors sufficiently defined for them to adequately portray the system or
units being represented.
Objects have property lists and behaviors associated with them. The
properties can represent such items as the numbers of vehicles, location, and
radio frequencies. Behaviors are the actions taken by the objects upon
receiving a message. Both properties and behaviors may be modified during
the simulation.
There are two types of objects called basic and auxiliary objects. Basic
objects are actors in the simulation and have some real-world representation
suc h as the military units being simulated. Auxiliary objects assist in the
construction and conduct of the simulation; an example is the Mathematician,
which centralizes most of the computation, thus making the basic object
behaviors cleaner and therefore more readable. Basic objects may be generic
objects, to represent classes of objects, or instance objects, to represent the
actual unit or object being simulated.
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Objects are organized into a hierarchy which permits them to inherit , 9
properties and behaviors from ancestor objects in the hierarchy. This allows
the programmer to establish the property or behavior at the highest common
level and aids in the construction of the simulation. Inherited properties may
be modified at the lower level before or during the simulation. An example of
a hierarchy used for implementation is depicted in Figure 1-1. The top-level
object of the hierarchy is called "Something". "Something" has properties and
behaviors which allow it to be called upon to create offspring. In turn, these
offspring at the generic level can be called upon to create their own offspring
at either the generic or the instance level. The example shows how a generic
tank company might be created and how it in turn could be asked to create an
instance tank company, one of the basic objects in the simulation.
All action in the simulation is controlled through message passing and
the object behavorial rules. Object behaviors are in the form of IF-THEN
-4 rules which list the actions to be taken by an object on receipt of particular
messages. These actions frequently involve sending messages to other objects
or planning for action to be taken at a future time in the simulation.
1.2.3 ROSS
The particular object-oriented simulation system chosen to implement
the BEM was the RAND Corporation's Rule Oriented Simulation System
(ROSS). ROSS was developed by RAND specifically to demonstrate the
application of artificial intelligence techniques to military combat
simulation.(5,6)
1.2.3.1 ROSS Commands. ROSS is invoked through the use of
commands in the ROSS language. The format of a ROSS command is
< ask or tell> <object><message> )where the parentheses set off a list as in LISP, the language in which ROSS is
based, and the greater-than/less-than ( > , ) signs set off parts of the
command for explanation purposes. "Ask," used interchangeably with "tell,"
alerts the object to receive a message, that is, it involves a LISP macro to
process the remainder of the list, sending the message to the object.
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receipt of a message constitutes what is known as a behavior. The
command to give an object a behavior is of the form( <ask or tell> <object>
when receiving
<message>:. . < action(s) >)
Figure 1-2 gives an example of how a previously created generic 0"Action-Unit" could be tasked to create another generic unit "Tani
Action-Unit would inherit the behavior ability to create another objectthe top-level object Something. The object property list is in the foslot-value pairs, e.g., "tanks", and "10,"1 indicating that each tank cor
begins with ten tanks. The semi-colons set off comments and are us
make the code more readable or to provide explanation.
Figure 1-3 gives an example of how a generic unit could be tas
create instances of itself and provide additional properties to the instane
An example is given in Figure 1-4 of an object behavior. The ex
also demonstrates some of the features of the ROSS language, in partthe abbreviation package which aids in the readability of the code.
behavior is given to the generic object "Unit" and would therefore be inh,by all descendants, both generic and instantiated, of Unit. This bel
consists of four actions which include sending messages to other a
sending messages to the unit itself, and modifying unit properties.
Another feature of the ROSS language demonstrated in the exam... ' that of pattern-matching. This feature allows the use of symbolic variat
* -'I the messages (preceded by > or + symbols in the message and evaluathe action part of the behavior when preceded by ' or
1.3 Organization of the Report
Section 2.0 provides an overview of the BEM model, a descriptio
BEM simulation, and a description of the components of the BEM/ANALI
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work stations. A more detailed description of the BEM is presented in Section r
3.0, which details the "actor files" in the BEM simulation. Section 4.0
describes future enhancements of the BEM. Appendix I and II contain sensor
and threat research for the BEM. Data lists of threat representation for the
BEM are presented in Appendix III, which is classified SECRET and published
separately. Appendix IV presents the ROSS-Language code for the BEM, while --
Appendix V describes the BEM development and demonstration facilities.
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2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT
MODEL (BEM)
2.1 Model Overview
As noted in Section 1.0, the primary purpose of the BEM is to produce
realistic sensor reports for the ANALYST, MITRE's expert system for
intelligence fusion. The BEM also provides a testbed environment where
various C structures and approaches to sensor tasking can be modeled. -
Figure 2-1 shows a high-level view of the BEM/ANALYST models.
In addition to the computer code necessary to run a BEM simulation,
there is a database related to the movement of a Soviet division-level force in
the Fulda Gap of Germany. This data originates in the Scenario Oriented
Recurring Evaluation System (SCORES) ( 7 ) which provides battalion-level
resolution. Previous work at MITRE( 8 '9 ) has expanded this data to company
level, and from this, beginning and ending times and positions have been
generated (See Section 2.2.1). Path construction routines which can be used
dynamically during a simulation are also used prior to a BEM run to generate
routes for all threat units. These routes are constructed with the aid of a
nodal network which includes the road network and any other trafficable path
for a company-sized unit. 2."
Currently, sensor detection in the BEM extends only to the point of
determining whether a given observable event has taken place within the
geographic coverage area of a relevant sensor. Other considerations related
to sensor detection, such as terrain masking and signal attenuation, will reside
in formal sensor models and appear in a future version of the BEM.
2.2 Input Data
2.2.1 Red Units
Red units in the BEM represent a first-echelon Soviet division in the
Fulda Gap area of Germany on D + 1, i.e., one day after the start of
hostilities. The division consists of three tank regiments, one motorized rifle
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regiment, their regimental artillery groups, an artillery regiment, an air
defense battalion, and combat service support units. Units are represented
down to company level, with headquarters represented from battalion to
division level. Unit positions are developed for 0330 hours and 0930 hours on
D + 1 of SCORES European Sequence II a. Figure 2-2 depicts the command 0
structure.
Common unit data are developed and stored at the generic unit level.
These data include the number and types of vehicles and radios and other
characteristics such as march length and speed and radio nets. Individual unit
data such as location and radio frequency are developed and stored at the
instance unit level. Appendix II (published separately) presents
representative data at both the generic and instance levels.
2.2.2 Blue Sensors
The BEM employs five generic types of sensors:
o MTI (moving target indicators) which detect unit movement on thebattlefield.
o COMINT (communications intelligence) which detects radiocommunications.
o CMCB (counter-mortar/counter-battery) which detects mortar,rocket, missile and artillery firings.
o ELINT (electronic intelligence) which detects radar emissions.
o IMINT (imagery intelligence, specifically photo).
CMCB is only represented on the ground while IMINT is only represented
" airborne. All others are represented both on the ground and airborne.
COMINT sensors are omnidirectional. All others are directional, with IMINT
having a squared coverage area directly beneath the platform, and MTI,
CMCB and ELINT having a fan-shaped coverage.
" "2.3 Description of a BEM Simulation
The BEM has a scenario file with particular events set to occur at
specified times during the simulation. First among these events is the
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delivery of orders down through the Soviet military chain of command 0
beginning at division level and proceeding to the company/battery level.
Movement of these threat units will not begin before their start times as
prescribed by the SCORES data.
A second major event set in motion by the scenario file is the initiation
of artillery firings, and anti-aircraft radar and firing activity. In a two-sided
simulation, many of these events would be generated on the Red side in
response to events occurring on the Blue side. Since the current BEM is one-
sided, it is necessary to generate these events artificially. Once set in
motion, these activities can continually be produced throughout the simulation
by Monte Carlo techniques.
The third major activity initiated by the scenario file is the tasking of
ground and airborne sensors. Ground sensors will travel along the node
network until they reach a point where they will stop and begin their
mission. Passive sensors (COMINT, ELINT) will remain on for the duration of
their mission, while active sensors (MTI, CMCB) will periodically turn on and
off. Airborne sensors will start from and return to a specified airport.
Airborne MTI, ELINT and COMINT sensors will fly to designated points and
proceed to traverse racetrack patterns with their sensors turned on during
each leg of the racetrack and off during each turn. Photo-imagery sensors
will be given specified flight points over which a picture will be taken.
Although this preprogramming of sensor tasking allows the simulation to run
systemically, it is nevertheless possible to interactively task sensors during
the running of the simulation.
As previously noted, the current BEM employs object-oriented
programming techniques using the ROSS programming language. Events and
calculations occur in response to messages sent amongst the various objects.
Part of the BEM Controller Station is a text terminal which, in addition to
allowing interaction with the BEM, can display the ROSS messages sent during
a simulation. An example of some of these messages is shown in Figure 2-3.
The format of a line of the message is the time the message was sent, the
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object to whom the message was sent, and the message itself with any
variables evaluated (as is) in it. The user may have all messages print out or
only those of particular interest. The messages may also be sent to a file on
the disk. The complete set of messages is an invaluable aid to debugging,
whereas a carefully chosen subset is displayed during demonstrations to better
understand the progression of events exhibited on the Ground Truth Display.
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2.4 BEM/ANALYST Work Stations4
During the running of a full-up BEM simulation (which involves the
ANALYST), user interaction is accomplished by means of three work stations:
o BEM Controller Station
o Blue Sensor Control Station (BSCS)
0 ANALYST Station
Figure 2-4 shows the current BEM/ANALYST Work Station
Configuration. Each of these stations contains a keyboard and graphics
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r display. (See Appendix V for a description of the laboratory configuration.)The BEM Controller Station controls the simulation itself. The
simulation is initiated from the text terminal of this station and can at any
time be suspended. During a suspension, the user can change certain kind of
data and even alter sections of code. The simulation can then be restarted
and it will take up where it left off.
The Blue Sensor Control Station serves to monitor Blue sensor movement
and sensor reports coming from the BEM. This station also serves as a vehicle
for dynamically tasking sensors. In the real world, intelligence missions are
conducted primarily in an effort to discover information relating to enemy 5
tposition capability and intention. In the analytical environment, it is
inappropriate for the collection manager to be able to view the enemy order
of battle. For this reason, the Blue Sensor Control Station is remoted from
4 the BEM. Although its functions belong in fact to several intelligence
organizations in the field, it has been useful to combine them at one station
for purposes of analysis.
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All of these work stations allow a user to move the cursor to a point on O
their respective graphics displays and make enquiries as to the nature of an
object displayed there.
The next four sections of this report discuss these stations and their
. displays in more detail.
2.4.1 BEM Controller Station
The BEM simulation is projected graphically onto the Ground Truth
Display. This display is comprised of three functional parts: (1) a node or
terrain background, (2) the Red threat units, and (3) the Blue sensor units. In
addition, the activities of the military units are dynamically displayed. Figure2-5 shows the terrain symbology used.
2.4.1.1 Background Displays
2.4.1.1.1 Trafficable Path Network Background. Threat and sensor
ground units are constrained by terrain features to a limited set of trafficable
paths. These paths are represented by 493 nodes in the BEM simulation. Each
of these nodes has properties describing its type (city, bridge, obstacle or road -
intersection), its location, and any neighboring nodes to which there are
trafficable paths. The graphics system can portray this nodal network to
support development of route selection criteria or to enhance other detailed
threat analyses. Figure 2-6 shows the current node network.
2.4.1.1.2 Stylized Terrain Feature Background. Demonstrations of the
.',. BEM require a graphical background which has more militarily significant
information. Major terrain features such as high speed roads, major rivers,
- .and forested areas need to be displayed, along with large urban centers and
" •key bridges. Here the viewer is able to watch the simulation against an
aggregated background where model details are less important than major
O trends in behavior. This is the default background for the BEM Ground Truth
Display. Figure 2-7 shows the terrain display.
21
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2.4.1.2 Red Threat Units. Threat units in the BEM are of five basic
types: tank, motorized rifle, artillery, air defense, and combat service
support. These require symbols to reflect both their function and their size,
e.g., company/battery, battalion, regiment and division. The symbology used
is similar to approved military convention while allowing for rapid recognition
in a complex display. Figure 2-8 shows Red threat units representing a
division.
2.4.1.3 Blue Sensor Units. As stated earlier, the BEM uses five basic
types of sensors: MTI, COMINT, ELINT, IMINT (photo), and CMCB. The
symbology used to represent sensors does not distinguish between sensor types
but rather whether the sensor is airborne or on the ground. The symbols were
chosen to make sensors easily distinguishable from the Red threat units.
2.4.1.4 Enemy and Sensor Activities. The Ground Truth Display
*'.- dynamically portrays not only the simulation units but also their activities. "
These are discussed below.
Threat and sensor units that move require a graphics display of that
movement. Basically, movement is depicted by erasing a unit's symbol at the
current position, drawing a vector to the destination, erasing the vector, and
displaying the symbol at the end location.
Military communications (for the threat units only) are represented as
radiating concentric circles centering on the transmitting element and colored
to correspond with the type of communications currently used in the BEM, ;-.
i.e., fire call, net call, ready call, control call, sitrep call, and confirm call.
There are four types of threat radars used in the BEM: meteorological,
fire control, heightfinder, and surveillance. Each radar "on status" event is .-
represented as the displaying of a radar symbol next to the transmitting unit
in a color appropriate to its function.0:,
There are three types of firing events shown on the Ground Truth 0
Display: artillery, missile, and rocket. Each type requires a separate color
and is shown as a flashing asterisk near the firing unit.
29
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There are currently three types of sensor coverage displayed on the
Ground Truth Display. Airborne photo-imagery is represented by a square
with the current sensor location in the center. Omnidirectional sensors
(COMINT) require a circular coverage display, while directional sensors (MTI,
ELINT, CMCB) require a fan-type coverage display with the origin at the
current sensor location. Displays of sensor coverage are used to depict
graphically the tactical duty cycle of particular sensors. Figure 2-9 decpicts
ground and airborne sensors and their coverages over the battlefield.
2.4.2 Blue Sensor Control Station
The Blue Sensor Control Station (BSCS) is a separate process from the
BEM, designed to provide an interactive window into the sensor tasking and
execution functions contained in the battlefield simulation. Additionally, the
Blue Sensor Control Station displays the results of BEM sensor operations in
the form of tactical intelligence reports displayed on the graphics screen.
2.4.2.1 Utility. The Blue Sensor Control Station enables the user acting
as a collection manager to formulate sensor taskings for each of five types of
intelligence sensors. These taskings are then passed to the BEM for
implementation. Providing there are available sensors, the BEM orchestrates
the performance of the sensor platforms and collection devices. Sensor
platform positions and coverage areas are displayed at the Blue Sensor
Control Station Display, allowing the collection manager to monitor the
execution of earlier taskings. The BEM sends tactical sensor reports to the
Blue Sensor Control Station which displays them on the graphics screen. The
Blue Sensor Control Station also records reports in history files for use in
-"-" later evaluations. At any point, the user can interact with the Blue Sensor
.:. Control Station display to obtain information relating to a particular sensor or
report on the screen. The mission tasking, monitoring, and assessment cycle
'O continues throughout the simulation, and the collection manager at any point
can control sensor employment in the BEM through this station.
33
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2.4.2.2 Operation Once the BEM is running, the user then loads the Blue
Sensor Control Station environment into a ROSS program in the same working
area as the BEM and prepares the station with the following command:
(ask station-manager prepare the station)
This behavior is principally graphical in nature. It displays the stylized
terrain background and the station menu on graphics screen. Figure 2-10 is a
view of the station after this command is completed.
The user can now cause the station to begin looking for sensor position
updates and sensor reports put out by running BEM. The command to issue is:
(ask station-manager turn the station on)
At this point the station is running and the user controls its operations
with the menu shown in Figure 2-10. By placing the joystick cursor over the
desired circle option and pressing a key, the user can select among the choices
shown.
The menu shown allows for selective decluttering of the display by
alternately showing or hiding parts of the display such as the map, sensor
* positions or sensor reports, or the menu itself. A joystick is used to "pick"
sensors and sensor reports whose detailed information is to be displayed.
- - Figure 2-11 shows the station during a simulation with several sensors
operational, their coverage areas and sensor reports of several types displayed
on the screen. The station's interactive querying capability is shown in Figure
2-12, where the user has picked an ELINT sensor report. The user can read
the report's property list while the station continues to process incoming
sensor position updates and/or additional sensor reports.
2.4.3 ANALYST Station
2.4.3.1 Utility. The ANALYST Station allows the user to interact with
the fusion model and depicts on a graphics screen the results of processing
sensor reports from the BEM. The ANALYST is an expert system which
transforms sensor reports to meaningful hypotheses as to the current state of ..-.
the battlefield by applying various knowledge-bases. •'" -,
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2.4.3.2 Operation. Sensor reports, collected from the BEM, are O
partioned into five groups corresponding to five types of sensors. Knowledge
is applied to each group of sensor reports to produce localized clusters of
activity as shown in Figure 2-13. The numbers represent the
number of reports making up the cluster, and the color represents the type of
activity, i.e., green for radars, red for firings, etc. Pattern knowledge is then
applied to these clusters to hypothesize the existence of military entities. If
the ANALYST is not sure of an entity at this point, it is shown in pink. Figure
2-14 shows another look at the screen with some military objects determined
and others in an uncertain state (i.e., those shown in pink).
General military knowledge is next applied in an all-source process to
refine the situation. Some information about known objects may be
transferred to those close by which are unknown; initial disparities will be
resolved; and enemy doctrine will be examined to approve or disapprove of
conclusions already made. "
Finally, information both received and hypothesized which is dated will
be purged from the system after a certain length of time. Purged units are
shown in dark blue.
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3.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE BEM
3.1 Model Overview
As discussed in Section 1.0, of major importance in the design of theis the use of object-oriented programming techniques. Constructing the
with the ROSS language was considered an important test case in determthe applicability of the object-oriented programming to other forms of
modeling. For a report on the evaluation of object-oriented programmir
Army modeling, see the MITRE Working Paper. ( 4 )
As noted earlier, objects in the BEM can generally be divided intothat have some real-world counterpart and those that do not. This 1
group is referred to as auxiliary objects, which perform computationsservice to the real-world objects of threat units and Blue sensors. Figur
shows the ROSS object hierarchical structure of the BEM. The rightcolumn headed by Scenario comprises the auxiliary objects in the BEM.
properties and behaviors resident at one level of this hierarchy cainherited by any actor at a lower level. Conversely, any property or beh
at a lower level can overide the same property or behavior resident
higher level. Thus, in order to save space, properties and behaviors ifBEM are placed at the highest level of commonality.
The primary purpose of the BEM is to generate realistic sensor rep
So that this function may be better understood in the BEM/ROSS environnTable 3-1 portrays the major elements of controlling sensors and of s(
detection oi Red units. A view of the process is given here by stelthrough the sequence of message passing from the first tasking of a senso
the ultimate detection of a threat unit. The example uses an airborne Esensor which is capable of detecting emissions from Red unit anti-airl
radars if those emissions fall within its coverage area. The messages depi
are the actual ROSS messages sent.
51
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The actor "Scenario" is the BEM's source of initiating events. The event
of interest in the case shown in Table 3-1 is the tasking of an ELINT sensor.
*This tasking alternatively could have been generated by the Blue Sensor
* Control Station through interaction with the user.
In the initial message in Step 1, controll, elint, 8, 3, and (50 25)
represent the specific values of variables within the message. All other words-
form the static format of the message. This message is sent to a sensor-
control-unit called Controll, which will determine which sensor is available
and construct a task and plan for it using the incoming information.
In Step 2, when Controll, sends the message, the expressions !task and
!plan will be evaluated and sent to the sensor-action-unit indicated by the
variable "sensor".
Step 3 indicates that the sensor-action-unit will ask an auxiliary unit
* called Flightplanner to construct a route for the airborne sensor, and also ask
* ano~ther auxiliary unit, Mathematician, to determine when the coverage areaof the sensor penetrates (i.e., turns on in) the global sector (an intermediary
between Blue sensors and Red units).
In Step 4, Mathematician will, in response to the previous message, send a
message to the global sector telling it what sensor has penetrated it and
* sending pertinent additional information such as the next time the sensor will
turn off.
In Step 5, the sector will ask the Mathematician to determine the time
and space overlaps between the ELINT sensor and any Red radars. The result
will be a list of the Red radars which are on within the ELINT's coverage area
at the same time the ELINT sensor is turned on. Also returned will be the
times when these detections first occur. When these times are reached in the
simulation, the Sector will send a message to the appropriate sensor to check
for sensor detection as indicated.
* * In Step 6, when this message is received by a generic actor Sensor, the
proposed detection is passed on directly to the Interface telling it which
53 .-
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0Table 3-1
Major Elements of Sensor Control and Detection
Actor Example of Message Sent by Actor
1. Scenario file"tell controll send up airborne
or elint sensor in 8 km racetrackpattern 3 times around with
Sensor Control Station initial pt (50 25)"
2. Sensor-Control-Unit "tell !sensor move airborne sensorin racetrack pattern with !taskand !plan"
3. Sensor-Action-Unit "ask flightplanner move airbornesensor !myself using racetrackpattern"
"ask mathematician determine pene-tration of global generic sectorwith airborne sensor !myself"
4. Mathematician "tell sector !sensor has pene-trated the sector with !sensor-data"
5. Sector "ask mathematician determinetime/space overlaps between elint!sensor-data and any red radars" .
"tell !sensor check for sensor .-
detection of !unit of type !typeand frequency !frequency" :."-,
6. Generic Sensor Type "tell interface !myself hasdetected !unit at !frequency and!duration"
7. Interface Extracts from the database the0, O-type of information that parti- .
cular sensor would report and.. sends it (if required) to Blue
Sensor Control Station or ANALYST
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sensor has detected what threat unit and relaying the detected emission
frequency and duration.
In Step 7, the Interface will extract from the unit's database only the
information that a sensor could realistically detect. These sensor reports can
then be sent to ANALYST and/or the Blue Sensor Control Station.
3.2 Actors - Actor Files in the BEM Simulation
The following sections of the report discuss the current actors in the BEM
simulation by describing their purpose and their major behaviors.
3.2.1 Simulator
The Simulator is the highest-level actor in the object hierarchy. Createdby the ROSS actor Something, all other actors are directly or indirectly
created from Simulator. A well-defined inheritance tree is thus establishedeven though inheritance features are not used for all actors. Simulator is the
principal BEM object with which the user can control the simulation. Prior to
the beginning of a simulation, the user sends a message to the Simulator by ; "
typing:
(ask simulator prepare simulation using scenario xyz).
Upon receipt of this message the Simulator will:
o override certain of its defaults with those in the scenario filenamed xyz
o ask the graphics generator (the Artist) to draw the appropriateterrain background on the Ground Truth Display
,'. .%
o ask the Artist to draw all of the military units on the Ground TruthDisplay in their initial positions. 7
When this is completed, the user types:(ask simulator start simulation).
When the Simulator receives the "start simulation" message, it:
*. o tells the scenario actor xyz to "prepare to start simulation" whichinitiates all preprogrammed events
, '. .'-S
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o sets up a loop which will loop once for every simulation time 0segment (tick) required to reach the designated end of thesimulation.
Within the loop for every simulation tick, the Simulator will:
o cheek to see if an interrupt has occurred which is the user'smethod for halting the simulation
0 ask the Artist to print the simulation time on the Ground Truth
Display
o ask the simulation clock to advance one tick
o cause all sensor reports accumulated during the tick to be sent outto ANALYST and/or the Blue Sensor Control Station.
The above two commands are the ones required from the Controller Station to
run the BEM simulation.
The user can also send the Simulator messages to start or stop:
o all graphics on the Ground Truth Display
o sending sensor reports to ANALYST and/or the Blue SensorControl Station.
Finally, by sending the Simulator the message "prepare simulation again," the
-. -user can cause a complete restart of the simulation from the beginning
without reloading the system.
3.2.2 Scenario
The Scenario actor is created by the Simulator and takes a name related
to a simulation being shown. This actor contains property information and
messages which will govern how the BEIM simulation will be run. The graphics
and timing defaults listed as properties of the Simulator can be overridden by
the corresponding properties of the Scenario. The Scenario has only one
behavior. In response to the message "prepare to start simulation," the
scenario will send messages which initiate movement, artillery and air defense
firings, radar emissions and sensor taskings. These messages will be sent at;; specified times during the simulation.
56
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3.2.3 Artist2
The Artist is an auxiliary object which produces the graphics on the
Ground Truth Display. It provides a high-level ROSS interface so that theBEM actors need not concern themselves with the details of graphics
production. In the BEM, medium-level BEM related graphics routines reside in
* . an ARTFNS.L library while BEM- independent, low-level graphics instructions
reside in the AED.L file.
* 3.2.3.1 The Low-Level Graphics Device Driver (AED.L). The device
currently used in the SPL for graphics displays is the AED 512 graphicsterminal. As in the case of any graphics terminal, it has its own set of
firmware which recognizes specific display commands to produce images on
the display monitor. In an effort to make the Artist as device independent as7 possible, these functions were written directly in LISP and placed in a file
separate from the ROSS files for ease of compilation and speed. Other SPLLISP-based systems also use this file as the device driver for the AED, as in
the case of the VAX-based ANALYST. This file is application independent
and represents a LISP graphics library for the AED terminals. An example of
a LISP function used is:
(draw-circle 10)which draws a circle with the origin at the current cursor position in the
current color with a radius of 10 pixels. This function generates a character
stream which drives the AED firmware through an RS232 interface to produce
* the circle.
3.2.3.2 Artist Messages/Behaviors. When receiving the ROSS message
"display node network"
the Artist accesses the BEM node network data structure to produce an image
on the background plane shown in Figure 2-6. This display uses the colors
gray, blue, and black. The cities are represented as blue circles, the bridges
or obstacles as gray circles, and the roads as gray arcs. Black is reserved to
enable erasure which is available by substituting the word "erase" for "display"
in the invoking message pattern. The substitution of "erase" for "display" is
allowed in all Artist messages.
57
When receiving the ROSS message O
"display tic (or grid) marks"
the Artist will cause kilometer-spaced tic or grid marks to be drawn as an aid
in the determination of points of reference. Tic marks are spaced along both
the x and y axes. Grid marks cross the entire screen along both axis. Both tic
and grid marks are drawn in gray.
When receiving the ROSS messages
"display towns and bridges" and "display terrain features"
the Artist draws the stylized terrain display as shown in Figure 2-7. Forested
areas, major highways, cities and bridges are drawn with these messages
:4 where tree symbols are green, roads and cities light blue, and bridges gray.
When receiving the ROSS message
"place > shape at vicinity"
the Artist will draw an object symbol corresponding to the value of "shape" at
the location specified by "vicinity". All threat units and sensors are initiallydisplayed with this command.
When receiving the ROSS message
"move > actor from > location to > destination using > shape"
the Artist erases the specified shape at the specified location, draws a line in
the appropriate color to the specified destination, erases the line, and places
the symbol at the destination to give an appearance of object movement. The
actor variable holds the actor name involved, and although this information is
not currently exploited, it aids considerably in tracing the Artist behaviors.
...7 When receiving the ROSS messages
"display >type com m at >location"
or "display >type radar at >location"
or "display > type burst at > location"
the Artist will draw special symbols at the specified location representing one
of these activities. For the "comm" request, the Artist will display and then
- .automatically erase four concentric circles in an appropriate color to indicate
a tactical communications event. For the "radar" request, the Artist will
58 "'"
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: ....-- .......: .-.:...:-:. . -:-:... ..-.:.. .:..:-..,...............,........,....-...........-.............°..............-
display an appropriately colored radar symbol to the left of the locationspecified. For the "burst" request, the Artist will display an appropriately-
colored asterisk to the left of the specified location. Because this depicts a
firing event, the symbol will be erased automatically.
When receiving the ROSS message"display > actor sensor coverage"
the Artist will display the particular sensor's coverage area using the sensor's
range, current location, and coverage shape (circle, fan, or square). All of
these shapes are orange colored and will be appropriately clipped at the edges
of the Ground Truth Display.
When receiving the ROSS message -.
"update the clock to > time"
the current value of simulation time is displayed at the upper left hand corner
of the screen.
The ROSS message"correspond"
enables user interaction with the Ground Truth Display screen for information
' query. The Artist initiates a dialogue with the user on the text terminal of
the Controller Station concerning the objects on the Ground Truth Display. -"-
The user may request information about nodes, sectors, threat units, and
sensors, by "picking" them on the graphics terminal with the cursor. The
Artist will then list on the text terminal the full property list for that item.
3.2.4 Node/Node Environment File
The Node Environment file is a file of node instances created by the
generic Node object. In this file the individual node properties - position,
associated sector, node type and linked neighbor nodes - take on specific
values. Nodes do not have behaviors. They exist in the current BEM as a
convenient, easily accessible database. The 493 node instances create a nodenetwork corresponding to the road network depicted in the previous chapter.
The property "linked-nodes" is a list of other nodes to which there exists a
59.
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trafficable path. This information is used by path construction routines togenerate routes for the movement of ground units, both threat and sensor.
3.2.5 Pathfinder
Pathfinder is an auxiliary object created at the instance level. It is usedboth in the preprocessing of input data and dynamically in the simulation to
find paths for the Red units and Blue ground sensors over the traffic ability* network. The Pathfinder accesses unit and network data and determines a -
- .~ time-ordered route using pathfinding and other algorithms written in LISP.
The Pathfinder does not have any properties but has three behaviors:
0 To determine a time-ordered network path for a Red unit
0 To determine a time-ordered network path for a Blue groundsensor
0 To move either a sensor or unit over the network path at thepredetermined times.
3.2.6 Sc heduler
Scheduler is an auxiliary object created at the instance level. The
purpose of Scheduler is to create those events which are either of a random
nature or would be created by the interaction of opposing units in a two-sided
simulation. Events currently modeled are as follows:
0 Artillery fire missions
0 Air defense engagements
0 Radar on-off status.
Sc heduler has the following properties which control the frequency of events:0 Preparation-frequency, the mean frequency with which artillery -
preparation fire missions are generated
0 Fire-mission-frequency, the mean frequency with which artillerytarget-of -opportunity fire missions are generated
0 Firing units, a list of the artillery fire units available depending onthe type of mission
60
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0 Artillery preparation start-time, stop-time and length, set by theinitiating message
o Air defense engagement frequency.
The Scheduler has eight behaviors described below:
o "Initiate call for fire." This causes the Scheduler to take threeactions:
- schedule the next "initiate call for fire" according to anexponentially distributed random variable time in minutes withmean of the fire mission frequency
- randomly pick one of the maneuver companies in contact to
call for artillery support
- send a message to that company to make the call for artillery.
0 "Cease call for fire." This causes the Scheduler to unplan its next"initiate call for fire" and thereby terminates the cycling until it isreinitiated.
0 "Conduct > t-length minutes fire starting at time >t-start.1' Thiscauses the Scheduler to set its property values for the preparationstart-time, length and stop-time and to call itself to "fire the
* preparation."
o "Fire the preparation." Upon receipt of the message, theScheduler takes the following three actions:
- reschedules the next "fire the preparation" message to itselfunless the preparation stop-time has been passed
- randomly picks an artillery battery which is available to fire(not moving or otherwise engaged)
pll:- sends a message to the unit to fire.
0 "Cease fire the preparation." This causes the Scheduler to unplan"fire the preparation" and thereby stops the cycling of calls untilreinitiated.
0 "Initiate Red radars." This causes the Scheduler to
.- . - schedule a "create air defense acquisition" message accordingto an exponential distribution with a parameter of the airdefense engagement frequency
61
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LAI%
schedule a duty cycle for each of the various units with radars "i(See section 3.2.8 for more description of the SA-6 acquisitionsequence).
0 "Create air defense acquisition." This message causes theScheduler to
- reschedule another "create air defense acquisition" message toitself
- check each air defense battalion and if one is found that has itssurveillance radar on, the Scheduler sends a message to thatunit telling it it has acquired a target.
" "Cease air defense acquisition." This message causes theScheduler to unplan "create air defense acquisition" and stops thecycle until it is reinstated.
3.2.7 Sector/Sector Environment File
The Sector is an auxiliary object which performs two functions for a BEM
simulation:
o It acts as a third party between sensors and threat units.
o It can localize the search for threat units by some sensors.
The battlefield is divided into rectangular sectors which do not correspond to
any military sectors. These sectors are all created as ROSS instances and are
defined in the Sector Environment file. There are no behaviors in this file;
* the only data slot is for the position of the sector instances. The position is
given in the form of four x-y locations of the corners of the sector. Figure 3-2 shows the allocation of sectors over the battlefield in the current BEM. .,-_,
Sector behaviors reside in the generic Sector actor, referred to as the
global sector when the entire battlefield is treated as one sector. When this
.. occurs, the global (generic) sector acts as an instance would, and messages are
sent directly to it instead of the actual sector instances.
3.2.7.1 Sector as Third Party. All five sensor types use the sector as a
third party between them and the threat units. This is done to increase
the integrity of the simulation since it is not appropriate to have sensors
accessing threat unit information. Since the sector can know the dispositions
" 62
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of both sensors and units, it acts to complete the sensor detection process
once an initiating event has occurred.
Table 3-2 shows the events which trigger the detection process inSector. The occurrence of any of these events results in a corresponding
S message being sent to either the global sector or a sector instance. Thusthere are seven behaviors within Sector.
The time duration of events is crucial to determining how the sensor
detection process works. Even though voice communications, artillery firings,
and picture-taking do have time lengths associated with them, these times are
considered small enough so that the event can essentially be considered to
occur at a single point in time. Therefore, when voice communications occur,
the global sector will receive the ROSS message
.unit has voice communication with
frequency > freq and duration > duration"
and when artillery or missile firings occur, the global sector will receive the
message
"unit has fired > artillery-missile".
The response to these messages is essentially the same. The Mathematician is
asked to search the list of relevant sensors in order to determine time/space
overlaps between sensors and units. For each sensor having a time/space
overlap with the unit, a message will be sent to it telling it to "check for
sensor detection..." This is the essence of what the Sector does, although the
time/space overlap computations in the Mathematician vary widely.
to Sector responds to IMINT events upon receipt of the message
"sensor has taken picture at > point"The response is similar to that described above except that in this case the
sensor originated the event, and Sector will check all units within the relevant .
sensor coverage area. 0
Because enemy anti-aircraft radars have long duty cycles compared to
radios and because movement of threat units through sectors is continuous,
detection of these events is dependent on the time intersection between
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sensor and unit events. Therefore, for these kinds of detections, the Sectormust respond to both the threat unit event and the sensor turning on. For
ELINT detections the threat and sensor related messages to Sector are
respectively
Y" unit has turned > type radar on at frequency > freq
and duration >duration""- and "sensor has penetrated the sector with sensor-data".
" For MTI detections the threat and sensor related messages to Sector are
respectively
"unit has penetrated sector with >unit-data
" and "sensor has penetrated the sector with >sensor-data".
Sector has four actor property lists which relate to the four messages above:
0 Active -Red-radars
o ELINT-sensors
o Units
o Sensors (for MTI).
Every time Sector receives one of the four messages above, it adds the threat
unit or sensor to its relevant property list and plans to remove it from the
property list when that unit or sensor leaves the Sector (or stops moving,
etc.). Thus at any given time, all ELINT and MTI sensors active in the Sector
and all units which they could detect are known to the Sector. A time overlap
is simply that time intersection when both sensor and unit are active in the
Sector. The Mathematician is asked to determine this and for those
sensors/units which have time overlaps, a second check for space overlaps will
be performed. If time/space overlaps exist, the relevant sensor will be
...) informed.
3.2.7.2 Sector for Localized Computation. The second use of sectors is
for localization of computations. Because the number of sensors and events
for COMINT, CMCB, IMINT and ELINT are relatively few, localization (or use ,--
of the sector instances instead of the global sector) is not employed for these
sensors. Only MTI sensors can use localization since there are a large number
of threat units spread out over the battlefield, and most of them are capable
67
g . *'.%
* .. * .
". ," .• . . . . ... - . . . .. .. . . ..... ,,,., - .- °, -. J-.. . . . .. , . - *.1, ,.. ... •
.......... * ,:..* :. > ' .
of movement. The idea behind localization is that it is not necessary to check Wunits over the entire battlefield if the sensor covers only a small part of it.Since the sensor coverage for airborne MTIs is extensive, there is noadvantage to using the smaller sectors. Consequently, only ground-based MTlsuse the smaller sectors.
* 3.2.8 Flightplanner
Flightplanner is an auxiliary object which constructs routes for theairborne sensors to fly. It contains two behaviors-one which constructs aracetrack pattern and the other which constructs a route based on a list ofarbitrarily specified points (used only for IMINT sensors). The relevant ROSSmessages to which the Flightplanner responds are, respectively:
"move airborne sensor >sensor using racetrack pattern"and "move airborne imint sensor> sensor along points> points". '-
For the racetrack pattern, information relating to the leg length, number
of times around, and initial point have been placed in the sensor's "plan"property. This plan will be reworked to form a list of points and associated Stimes which establish a template for the racetrack pattern. The first and lastpoints on the route are the airport. The initial timing of the route is set so
- .that an aircraft takes off as soon as possible, i.e., after an appropriate
response delay. The initial point is the lower right hand point of the racetrack* . pattern. A total of six points will be calculated based on the initial point, and
associated times will be calculated using the speed of the aircraft. Theaircraft always flies around the racetrack in a counterclockwise direction.Figure 3-3 shows the route constructed for an example sensor with a fan-shaped coverage area. For the template points on revolutions beyond thefirst, times will simply be updated with the time it takes to make a completecircuit of the racetrack pattern. When the template plan is finished,
S Mathematician is asked to "calculate update points for !sensor". Thisprocess will generate intermediate points according to the resolution specifiedby the user for use with the graphics displays of the Ground Truth and Sensor
68
Pt 3
Pt 4 Pt 2
Pt 5 ,,Pt 1- initial pt
.Aipor
FIUR 3-EXML RAERC/ATR
IOSRCE /YFIHPANR
-469
.."...
Control stations. This updated plan is stored back into the "plan" property ofthe sensor.
The routes for IMINT sensors are constructed from the list of points
passed in the message. Times at these points are calculated using the
aircraft's speed and, as before, Mathematician is asked to refine the route by O
calculating intermediate times and points.
3.2.9 Mathematician
The Mathematician is an auxiliary object which serves the computational
needs of the other objects.
The twelve behaviors of the Mathematician are divided into three
categories:
o Determination of time/space overlaps
o Calculation of sector penetrations by units and sensors
0 Refining stored data.
The determination of time and space overlaps was first described in the
section on the actor Sector. The messages are all of the general form
"determine time/space overlap between > a and > b," where "a" is a sensor,
and "b" denotes the list of relevant units to be searched. If the event is a type
that has no time duration (as discussed in Section 3.2.7), a simple
determination of space overlap will be made which entails calculating whether
a unit is within a sensor's coverage area at the given time. If the event has
significant time duration, a calculation will first be made to determine the
time overlap. A time overlap is simply the intersection of the time intervals
of the unit and the sensor within the sector. Using lower-level LISP routines,
further calculations are made to determine if there was a space overlap
within that time overlap.
The second major function of the Mathematician is the calculation of .
sector penetrations by sensors and units. For sensors, penetration applies not
to the sensor itself but to its coverage area. A sensor coverage area
"penetrates" a sector either when the sensor first turns on or during
70
6 S..)." . p *
"" " ° "" """ " " " ' " " "- .-'.. ... . ."". ""
- - .o ".o"
movement when the coverage area first intersects a sector boundary, and
when the sensor coverage area exits the sector. In the case of units, sector
penetration means movement of the unit both into and out of the sector. If
the unit was already in a sector and not moving, the initiation of its
movement would constitute a sector penetration.
Finally, the Mathematician can refine existing data. One method,
discussed in Section 3.2.8, was the calculation of intermediate time and
position points for a more roughly laid out plan. These calculations are done
solely to smooth out sensor and unit movement on the graphics displays. A
second form of data refinement occurs when the Mathematician receives the
message:
"reconstruct cycle definition for > object".
It then takes information on a sensor's mission start-time, mission duration,
and duty cycle and creates a list of sublists which contain on/off times for the
entire duration of the mission. The information, put in this form, is used by a
variety of other actors.
3.2.10 Interface
Interface is an auxiliary object which acts on messages from the sensor
actors (MTI, COMINT, CMCB, ELINT, IMINT) to the effect that a specified
unit has been detected. The messages coming from the five sensors are:"mti >sensor has detected >unit"
-'omint > sensor has detected > unit at frequency > freq and_-•duration duration"
'mcb - sensor has detected > unit""elint > sensor has detected >unit of type> type andfrequency > freq"."imint >sensor has detected >unit at time >time".
Some of these messages pass variables relating to frequency or duration
since these can only be known at the time a unit initiated the event resulting
O in its detection. Interface exists to combine these data with other types of .
" data stored in the threat units' data base. The information will be formatted
-. into a sensor report which contains only that information which that sensor
-" could reasonably detect. Sensor reports are accumulated and sent out to the
71
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,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-....". .. ' .. .....-.'. .- ,' . ... - . . - .. . --. . .-.. . . . . . . . -, ,-... . '' . ",--%.JI-
% * % % , , , = % , " . = = k% ' ' °' M . " . = " - * - " " • " - " = . " • " - " * " " - " ''
'= ~ -e ?" , -= " I"q r=
• =,• v" " r .° ' . , .' . ,' ° "* .' •' ' ",, ,' ' ' . ' . .".,.
.7.- V%.. . 7
ANALYST and/or Blue Sensor Control Station by the Simulator at a frequency
related to the simulation clock step size.
3.2.11 Unit
Unit is a high-level generic actor with few assigned property values but
which has most of the behaviors presently provided to any of the Red units in
the simulation. Its parent in the object hierarchy is the generic actor
Simulator, its subordinates are Action-Unit and Control-Unit. The other
property slots which are assigned values are times such as communication
delay time, response delay, fire mission call time and other lengths of
communications.
There are five unit behaviors stored at this level of the actor hierarchy. V.
These are behaviors in response to the following messages:
o "Proceed to> position". This causes the unit to take the followingactions:
- notify the Artist to move the unit position on the Ground TruthDisplay
- set the unit position to the next position
- shut down its surveillance radar if it has one
- set the unit activity to moving.
0 "Move according to plan." This causes the unit to take thefollowing action:
- notify the Artist to display a confirmation communications call
- notify the Sector of the communications call
-request the Pathfinder to move the unit from its presentposition to its destination.
0 "Have arrived at node >node." This causes the unit to take thefollowing actions:
- notify the Artist to display a control call communication
- notify the Sector that a voice communication has been made andletting it know of the radio frequency and length of call.
72
PP0
. -..,-.
'1
o "Have arrived at final destination." This causes the unit to takethe following action:
- notify the Artist to display a closing call communication
- notify the Sector of the communication, frequency anddirectives
- set its activity to "in-position"
- send a message to Scheduler to begin recycling of the unitsradar if it has a surveillance radar.
o "Turn >type radar >onoff." If the unit is moving, then it sets itsradar status to off, unplans any future planned radar cycle, andtells the Scheduler to unplan any cycling. If the unit is not movingand the message is to turn the radar type on, then it takes thefollowing actions:
- notifies the Artist to display the radar symbol
- notifies the Sector that the radar has been turned on and statesthe frequency and duration
- sets the radar status to on.
If the unit is not moving and the message is to turn the radar off, then
the unit makes the notifications to the Artist and Sector and sets its radar
status to off.
3.2.12 Control-Unit
Control-Unit is the generic actor from which all the control units (i.e.,
those with subordinates in the military hierarchy) stem. The actor parent of
Control-Unit is the generic actor Unit, while the subordinates are the types of
control units, e.g., tank battalion headquarters, tank regiment headquarters, -
division headquarters.
The properties for the Control-Unit are inherited from its parent, Unit.
Control-Unit has four behaviors. The first is for all control units; the second
is for maneuver (tank or motorized rifle) battalion headquarters; the third and
*ll fourth are for an air defense regimental headquarters. O
o "Implement battle plans." This message comes initially from thesimulation scenario to the division headquarters and is passed on throughthe military chain of command until reaching the resolution level, theindividual companies in the simulation. On receipt of the message,
4 QControl Units take the following actions:
* 73
.... - ... *... . . . . .
,_... .. ,-.
issue a confirmation call acknowledging receipt of the message
-- issue a communication call to each of its subordinates to
"implement the battle plan"
"- notify both the Artist and the Sector of the above communication
- ask Pathfinder to move the unit according to its pre-arrangedmovement plan.
The behavior for the maneuver battalion command observation post
(COP) is in response to the message "request fire support" from one of the
.*.-" subordinate companies. This simulates the joint effort of the maneuver --
battalion and the collocated artillery representative. The actions taken are as
follows:
o A communication is made acknowledging receipt of the message, andthe Artist and Sector are notified accordingly.
o A check is made of the artillery battalions available to support thatmaneuver unit; the artillery must be within range to provide support,
-- and must not be moving or already engaged in firing.
o The number of volleys of fire needed for the target is generated using aPoisson distribution; this determines both the number of communications -
to the firing unit for adjusted fire and the number of firings by theartillery unit for that mission.
o The Artist and Sector are notified of the communications calling thisartillery unit to fire.
The first behavior for the air defense regimental headquarters is in
response to the message "target acquired" which is generated by the Schedulerto simulate an airborne target being detected by the regiment surveillance
radars. The following actions are taken:
o the regiment headquarters turns its heightfinder radar on and notifiesthe Artist and Sector accordingly
o the regiment headquarters picks one of its batteries to engage thetarget, the battery must not be moving or already engaged in firing
o a communication is made to the battery to "engage the target" and theArtist and Sector are notified accordingly. kb-.
74
0'. .. ....
• -. . = - .. . o - ,- * - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . ., . . . . S .* h. . . " •
-. .
The second behavior for the air defense regiment headquarters is in
-; response to the message "mission complete" when it receives a message from
one of its batteries that a mission has been completed. The following actions
° are taken:
o The headquarters issues a communication acknowledging receipt of thecall and notifies the Artist and Sector accordingly
o The headquarters sends a message to itself to turn off its heightfinderradar.
3.2.13 Action Unit
Action-Unit is the generic actor from which all the company level units
(those without subordinates) stem. The actor parent of Action Unit is the
generic actor Unit; the subordinates are the types of action units, that is, the
generic company level units.
Five behaviors are stored with Action Unit. The first deals with the
battle plan implementation and is used by all action units; the second is for
maneuver companies requesting artillery support, the third is for the artillery t-O
' .batteries providing the fire support, the fourth is for air defense batteries
*' • engaging a target, and the fifth is for artillery units firing preparatory fires.
The message "implement battle plan" is received from the units military
superior and, if the unit is scheduled to move during the time slice, the O
Pathfinder is asked to move the unit according to the plan, on the units
property list.
A maneuver unit in contact may receive a message "call for fire" fromthe Scheduler telling it to call for fire support as if the unit were engaging an
,.-. enemy target. The unit sends a communication to its battalion headquarters
,.-.-requesting artillery support; the Artist and Sector are notified of this
communication.
A behavior for an artillery battery is in response to the message "fire
mission" which it may receive several times, simulating additional calls to
adjust effects on the target. The following actions are taken:
75
,* - -
.. "..' . -.. " ' -" " "" "" " . . . . .' . .".".".""" "'... . . "-... . . . . . . . .."" "" - "''i"%" . . °. .. /* 4. • - . - " .-.- "-* " - . * . * . , .
* h . -. °. -
o The Artist and Sector are notified of the communication callacknowledging receipt of the message.
o The Artist and Sector are notified of the firing.
o The unit sets its activity to firing and then "in position" at the end ofthe mission.
The behavior for the air defense battery is in response to the message"engage the target" which it receives from the regiment headquarters. The . -
following actions are taken:
o The Artist and Sector are notified of the communication acknowledgingreceipt of the message.
o The Artist and Sector are notified of each time an air defense missile isfired.
o The unit sets its activity to "firing" during the mission and to "inposition" after completion of the mission.
o The number of missiles which the unit fires is determined according to aPoisson distribution.
o A communication is made to the regiment headquarters on missioncompletion, and the Artist and Sector are notified of this thiscommunication.
The other behavior for artillery batteries is in response to the message
* . "fire preparatory fires" which it receives from Scheduler. The following
-. actions are taken:
o The unit sets its activity to "firing".
o The unit notifies Artist and Sector of the firing.
o The unit sets it activity to "in position" at the mission completion.
3.2.14 Unit Property File
* This file contains the generic unit property data, that is, each of the
actors just above the instance level. There are forty generic units currently
in the BEM. These include the combat, combat support and combat service
support units at company level and their headquarters from battalion to
• division level. The parent of each of the action units, i.e., those at company --
76
. - . .- .- '.
°° - -° ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ° ........%-°' .. ..... . -.... °..... :.. =°. .-......... ° °. .. " ° " ° o ° ° - - " - • ' . ., • - ' . ° - ° ° - , .• • . - . ° . ° -° • , • % .. .• ." • ° . • • ., * * .~.. *., -' . ,
level, is the generic actor Action-Unit. The parent of each of the control
units, i.e., the headquarters units, is the generic actor Control-Unit.
Properties for the generic units include the parent unit, offspring units,
numbers and types of vehicles, types of radios, radio networks used, times to
clear from and close into position, convoy speed and convoy length. (See
Appendix I1.)
No actor behaviors are currently stored at this level.
3.2.15 Red Instance File
This file contains the instantiation of each of the 144 basic actors
representing the Red units in the simulation. The actor parents are the
generic units described in the above paragraph. The instance actors do not
have offspring in the actor hierarchy. No behaviors are currently stored at
this level.
It is at this level that the unit receives its individual properties. These
include the starting and final location for the unit in the time slice; the unit's
location in the military hierarchy to include superior unit, subordinate units, ADsupporting artillery units, units supported, combat service support units and
alternate headquarters. Additional properties include the radio frequencies on
which the unit operates in order to communicate with superior, subordinate
and supporting units.
3.2.16 Sensor
The generic object "Sensor" is the highest level object pertaining to
sensors. It contains a property list as a template for lower-level sensor
objects. The values of the elements of the property list are mostly unfilled at
this level. The Sensor has only one behavior and that is related to
movement. Its response to the message
O "proceed to < position" "0'
is to ask the Artist to move a sensor instance from its current position to theposition specified and then to update the property "position" to the new
location.
.7
. P•%. .°
3.2.17 Sensor-Control-Unit O
The generic object "Sensor-Control-Unit" contains the behavioral
responses to the initial tasking of ground or air sensors. Thus, in response to a
message
"send ground > type sensor to setup point > setup-pt 0
for >mission-duration minute mission"
a sensor control unit will find a ground sensor of the type required by checking
through the list of sensors assigned to it until it finds one not currently
tasked. Then a timing task will be constructed containing information related FIG
to the mission duration and duty cycle (if pertinent). A message will then be
sent to the selected ground sensor ordering it to move to the specified setup
point and to start its mission according to the constructed task. Had no
ground sensor of the required type been available, the request would have
been discarded with an appropriate response sent to the user via the text
terminal of the BEM Controller Station.
For airborne sensors, the sensor, control unit would receive a message of
the form
"send up airborne >type sensor in >leg-length Km
racetrack pattern > num-circuits times around with
initial pt >init-pt"
and search for and select the appropriate sensor in the way it did for ground
sensors. The variable information passed in the message - the type of sensor,
- the leg length of the racetrack pattern, the number of circuits around the
racetrack and the initial point of the racetrack - are sufficient to completely
describe the activities of the sensor chosen. Again a message will be sent to
the selected sensor passing timing and route information in a structured
format.
* i A separate behavior exists for airborne IMINT (Photo) sensors since their
behaviors are significantly different from other airborne sensors. Airborne
IMINT sensors travel to specified points to take photographs instead of
following a racetrack pattern. However, the behaviors for selecting a sensor,
78
O; •
'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~." ".. . . .. . . . .. ". ."... .""." " ••.' . ... .. ... ".-".' -. . .. "". "-.""--"".."." "
'4'°
sending a sensor an order to move, and responding if no sensor is available are S
the same as for other sensors.
3.2.18 Sensor-Action-Unit
The Sensor-Action-Unit is a generic object which contains some of the
behavioral responses to the messages sent by a sensor control unit. The
behavior involved with moving an airborne IMINT sensor applies only to IMINT
sensors and is therefore appropriately placed in the generic IMINT actor, one
level down from the Sensor-Action-Unit.
Upon receipt of the ROSS message
"move ground sensor to> point with > task"
the Sensor-Action-Unit will ask the Artist to draw the sensor on the Ground
Truth Display at its initial position. The Artist will also be asked to draw and
erase the sensor's coverage area periodically according to its duty cycle. If
the ground sensor is to be moved, a message will be sent to the Pathfinder
actor asking it to construct for the sensor a route over the road network. The
sensor will be placed on a list of "sensors-in-use" so that it cannot be retasked - -0
during its mission. If the sensor is an MTI, a message is sent to the
Mathematician actor asking it to determine when the sector(s) are penetrated,
i.e., when the sensor turns on and off. Information pertaining to the on/off
status of the sensor will be sent to the Blue Sensor Control Station (BSCS) if it
is turned on so that the appropriate sensor coverage may be displayed on the
BSCS graphics terminal.
Another behavior in the Sensor-Action-Unit responds to the ROSS
message"move airborne sensor in racetrack pattern with > task
and > plan."
Again the Artist will be sent a message to display the airborne sensor at its
initial position (always an airport). The Flightplanner actor will be asked to
construct an airborne route for the sensor. If the sensor uses sectors directly
to help with detection, Mathematician will be asked to determine when the
79
N.
• . . -• , ° . . - - • * . . .. . . .
sensor's coverage "penetrates" the relevant sector(s).The only other bet
of the Sensor-Action-Unit responds to is the message
"fly to > position."
A sequence of these messages are created as a result of the route consti
by the Flightplanner and refined by the Mathematician. The response 1
message principally involves updating current position of the Sens(
asking the Artist to display the movement of both the sensor and its re
coverage area. Since airborne sensors turn their coverage off as they I
their racetrack pattern, the on and off status of the sensor will a
reflected by those same messages to Artist. Finally, the current positi,
on/off status of the sensor will be sent to the Blue Sensor Control Stat
that it may display the sensor's movement and coverage on its own gr
terminal. Thus the sensor will be seen moving on both the Ground Tru
BSCS displays.
3.2.19 Generic Sensors
There are five generic sensor actors - MTI, COMINT, CMCB, ELIP
IMINT - all of which are created by the Sensor-Action-Unit. As
previously, there are currently no formal sensor models in the BEM
detections based on an event occurring within the geographic coverage a
the sensor. When that detection occurs, a message is sent by the Sector
(acting as an intermediary between threat and sensor units) to the
involved asking it to
S'Ycheck sensor detection of > unit."
- Currently the sole response of all sensors is to consider the specified i
be detected upon receipt of this message and to cause a sensor report
sent out to ANALYST or the Blue Sensor Control Station by sending a m
to the BEM actor Interface. In a future version of the BEM, formal
models will reside in the generic sensor actors and will make a I
determination based on terrain, signal attenuation, etc. as to wheth
observable was actually detected.
-80
9
The generic IMINT actof, however, has otner behaviors not related to
sensor detection but to sensor movement. These are behaviors associated
with the "move" and "fly to" messages first discussed in the previous section
on the Sensor-Action-Unit. Although the movement of airborne IMINT sensors
is different from the racetrack patterns of other airborne sensors, the
response to these messages is functionally equivalent to the corresponding
behaviors in the Sensor-Action-Unit.
3.2.20 Sensor Instance File
The sensor instance file contains the ROSS instances for the sensor
control unit and all sensors used in the BEM simulation. There are no
behaviors in this file, only properties relating to sensor range, coverage,
speed, type, and beginning and ending points. This file contains all sensors
known to the BEM although they need not all be tasked by the Scenario actor
during the running of a simulation. By keeping a group of sensors in reserve,
there are always some available for dynamic tasking from the Blue Sensor
Control Station.
3.3 Considerations For Using ROSS/LISP
.*... The use of the ROSS programming language is a very positive feature of
the current BEM. Even though a message-passing environment is radically
different from the standard procedural environment, acclimation to it is fast
and easy. The use of object-oriented programming techniques is most
advantageous at the command and control level. At this high level, the ROSS
messages and objects closely conform to actual communications between real-
world actors. This is true for both threat units and sensors. However, at a
somewhat lower level, where auxiliary actors and their messages have perhaps
no real-world counterparts, the inherent modularity of ROSS code can still
enhance the intelligibility of many processes. It is at the very low levels,
usually involving computational processes, that the efficacy of message
passing breaks down. There is an overhead attached to processing messages;
therefore, the point at which message passing no longer clarifies a process is
the point at which it should be abandoned in favor of LISP function calls.
81
.0.. ',"
Determining where this point is, however, is largely judgmental, and
can even be a matter of style. Many computational processes which might
otherwise have been placed in the Mathematician exist instead in pure LISP
functions. Placing a computation in the Mathematician means that it will be
performed as a result of a message sent instead of a LISP function call. The 0
decision as to which processes to single out in this manner is largely
judgmental and related to a sense of aesthetics and whether the implementor
thinks that an English-worded ROSS message adds something to the
understanding of the simulation.
Another consideration in the use of ROSS/LISP is the resulting
development and demonstration environments. For small programs, use of the
interpreter is a productive method for constructing and debugging. The
process of compiling ROSS code is not fast and the compiler still has some
vagaries attached to its use. However, as the BEM has grown larger, it has
been necessary to run a good portion of the code compiled even when
debugging. For demonstrations, even though almost all code is compiled, the
BEM simulation may run at best with a simulation to real time ratio of 2:1 or
3:1. For many uses this is not undesirable, but as the BEM continues to grow,
speeds less than this would be unacceptable.
4
82
S"~l
.. .. . . . . . , . . -.. , . . . . . . . . . . , . . ,,. - . . a .
4.0 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF THE BEM
Work has already begun on what is tentatively called BEM 11. Whereas
the current BEM models the activities of a Soviet division with company-level
resolution, BEM II will model echelons above corps with battalion-level
resolution. Some other areas of future development which will be discussed in
the following sections are:
o formal sensor models
o two-sided simulation
o speed-up of processing.
4.1 Formal Sensor Models
As was emphasized in the previous section on Generic Sensors (Section3.2.15), the BEM models sensor detection of threat units by determining
whether a unit or unit activity lies within a relevant sensor's coverage area.This is essentially a first step in the total process of detecting units. The
second step involves the use of formal sensor models which are not now .S
present in the BEM. In the future, detection "candidates" from the first step
may be presented to these formal sensor models which use additional criteria* . to determine whether or not a detection has occurred. Factors such as
terrain, signal attenuation, weather, and sensor errors can all be considered in S. the design of formal sensor models. In addition, various approaches to
modeling multiple sensors on a single platform will be considered. Moredetailed and realistic modeling of sensors must be considered in a future BEM
if it is to become a useful testbed for sensor deployment studies.
4.2 Two-Sided Simulation
The current BEM is one-sided, i.e., there is no modeling of Blue (NATO)
forces other than sensors. Consequently, somewhat artificial means (random
generators) are used to cause Soviet radar emissions and artillery firings,etc. In a two-sided model, these events would most likely stem from a
reaction to Blue force actions. It is therefore desirable to create a
83
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% % % % "~~~~~. . .. . . . . . . . . . . ...-.-' " ' ' * ' ' ' ' ' ' " o ' . J " " "
" -.. ."-- - "*'..."" ' " "' "' ' '' ' '
* .r,*. * * .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... _ . .[ . . I -
~~~~~~~... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[* representation of the Blue force side (other than sensors) so that the BEM can
further serve as a testbed for command and control studies.
4.3 Speed-Up Of Processing
- The current speed limitations of the BEM were discussed in Section 3.3.
-. *The BEM simulation runs slowest, of course, when all three components of a
demonstration are active - the ANALYST, the Blue Sensor Control Station,
and the BEM proper. The ANALYST currently runs during a demonstration on
the VAX 11/780. When the VAX and the SPL's LISP machine are linked
together, the ANALYST will run on the LISP machine, thus removing a
significant computational burden from the VAX. The Blue Sensor Control
Station can relieve some of the computational burden by not only undergoing a
careful adjustment of its priorities, but also a restructuring of its menuing to
a non-cursor mode. In the BEM proper, many computations regarding threat
movement are currently preprocessed since that movement is determined
from the SCORES data. Some subsequent computations related to this
movement are currently performed during the simulation, but could also be
preprocessed. With these changes and a more careful look at ways to
optimize the modeling effort, the BEM II should be able to maintain an
-. acceptable running time.84.
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APPENDIX I
SENSOR RESEARCH FOR THE BEM* S.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 89
2.0 SENSOR DATA 91
2.1 Sensor Employment 91
2.1.1. SIGINT Employment 912.1.2 MTI Employment 932.1.3 CM/CB Employment 952.1.4 IMINT Employment 95
2.2 Sensor Properties 96
3.0 FUTURE EFFORTS 99
3.1 Data for Formal Sensor Models 99
3.2 Message Formats 99
REFERENCES 113
*1~~ 87
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1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
The purpose of this appendix is to describe the research that has been
done so far on U.S. sensors for use in the Battlefield Environment Model
(BEM). This research covered two aspects of sensors - employment methods
and properties; the generic sensor types discussed are SIGINT (COMINT and
ELINT), MTI, CM/CB, and IMINT; jammers are not included now, although
they will be in the future.
The research was conducted mainly by consulting personnel at the Signals Pig
Warfare Lab (SWL) , the MITRE Corporation2 , and DIA3 , as well as the
referenced documents.
-6.
* '-8
. . .. . . . . . . ..... o . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
IZ -
2.0 SENSOR DATA S
This section begins with a brief discussion of the employment of each
generic sensor type which is now modeled in the BEM or is intended to be
modeled in the near future; this discussion is followed by a listing of the-- "
properties for each type, in chart form. The information is what was
necessary to support the determination of time-and-space overlaps of sensors
and units used in the initial modeling effort; see Section 3.1 for more
extensive sensor parameters to be used later in the formal sensor models.
2.1 Sensor Employment
2.1.1 SIGINT Employment
Difficulties in modeling IEW are caused by the fact that our current JEW
technology has not been tested in actual combat; therefore there are no firm
and precise procedural guidelines for performing IEW functions. What follows
is a general description of those aspects of SIGINT sensor employment to be
modeled in the BEM and our current understanding of the procedures that will
ultimately be used.
For our purposes, SIGINT (Signals Intelligence) will be considered to be
performed by COMINT (Communications Intelligence) and ELINT (Electronic
Intelligence) sensors. COMINT sensors are intended to intercept and locate ....emissions from enemy radios (current model requirements deal only with.-. -COMINT externals); ELINT sensors perform a similar function on enemy radar
emissions.
COMINT and ELINT sensors are combined here because they involve
similar employment techniques; however, their properties differ enough to-,.S..-
warrant separate representation in the model.
*.. For purposes of discussion, the basic functions of COMINT and ELINT -
sensors are divided into three processes - tasking, collection, and reporting.
91... .... ..... ....
.. . . . . . . .....
Tasking -
Mission tasking for these sensors comes from the S2/TCAE at the CEWI
Group (corps echelon) or CEWI BN (division echelon). Tasking can include:
o mission start and end time
4o location of sensors - For airborne sensors this could be instructions
to proceed to point A and begin flying an ellipse around points A andB.
o targets - This may be a list of frequencies to scan a specified targettype, such as "all artillery battalion command posts," or instructions Oto collect against any emitters for which the sensor has thecapability in a given geographical area.
Collection
When tasking is received, the sensors will move into position and begin
collecting. They will be shown moving within their respective areas -
division for rotary wing and some ground sensors, corps for fixed-wing and
some ground sensors.
Since COMINT and ELINT sensors are passive and not easily subject to .Sdetection by the enemy, the sensors can be on for the duration of the mission,
less travel time to and from position. However, any data links from the
sensor platform are detectable, and are always on when there is no operator in
the aircraft. When there is an operator in the aircraft, he can report signals
as they are intercepted or wait until after the mission; therefore, the data
link may be on or off at any given moment.
The sensors usually operate in groups of two or three for DF fixing; lines
of bearing from individual sensors are correlated to produce target locations.
The geographical area covered is dependent on the sensor's sector scan (in
degrees) and height (for airborne sensors).Movement of airborne sensors is
confined to the mission itself, e.g., an elliptical flight path behind the FEBA,
and travel to and from that path; movement of ground sensors is based on the
combat situation and is generally determined by the movement of the
supported echelon (about twice a day for division).
92
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Reporting ;
Three types of reports are sent back to the TCAE:
1) sensor location, operational status
2) technical reports - These may include frequencies intercepted andlines of bearing for analysis, and will be passed on to the user afteranalysis, stripped of any codeword information.
3) user product (TACREP, TACELINT) - This is immediately usable .-
information normally requiring no analysis. Usually it goes throughthe TCAE first, but may be sent directly to the ultimate user ifnecessary and if it contains no codeword information.
2.1.2 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Employment
The BEM represents both ground-based and airborne MTI radars, the
ground based being a generic ground surveillance radar (GSR) and the airborne
being a side-looking airborne radar (SLAR).
2.1.2.1 Ground-Based MTI (GSR)
Tasking
The GSRs with which the BEM is concerned are organic to the Ground
Surveillance Company of the CEWI Battalion, although they are usually -. *
attached to maneuver brigades or battalions. Therefore, depending on the
sensor used, the radar teams may be tasked by maneuver battalions, brigades,
or divisions.
Collection
GSR's are placed in stationary positions, usually 500 meters to 1 Km
behind the FEBA and, depending on the sensor, may be carried by personnel or
on vehicles. They are used to detect moving targets, either personnel or
vehicles, and employ random operating periods of short duration to avoiddetection.
- 0
93
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o. ,
Reporting
GSR's provide information on the range, azimuth, elevation, direction of
movement, and vehicle type (tracked or wheeled); since GSRs are usually
attached to a maneuver echelon, reports are usually sent to the intelligence
organization of that supported echelon.
2.1.2.2 Airborne MTI (SLAR)
Tasking
Various platforms such as the Army's OV-1D and Air Force high-altitude
aircraft may be furnished with SLAR equipment; the platform used so far in
the BEM is the OV-1D fixed-wing aircraft. Since this aircraft is a corps
asset,tasking is done by corps through the corps mission management
element. The SLAR is tasked to detect enemy force movements and changes
in enemy activity patterns; it may also perform rear area protection (RAP)
and operations security (OPSEC) support function.
Collection
The SLAR is used mainly as an MTI collector but also has a fixed target -
indicator (FTI) capability: its output is a two-channel film, one channel
showing fixed-target imagery and the other showing bright spots indicating
movement. The platform generally flies a racetrack pattern across the corps
front, approximately 30 Km behind the forward edge of the battle area
(FEBA). The SLAR is unable to distinguish target types or to differentiate
enemy and friendly targets; it reports only the radial components of the
target's velocity, not the transverse.
Reporting
The SLAR film is processed in flight, with a near real-time display in the
cockpit; in addition, the output may be data linked for simultaneous display at
ground data terminals located with the supported units. The data is forwarded ,
to the corps CEWI Group (TCAE).
94
"' " " i " ". .. .... . .. . . . . .
2.1.3 CM/CB Employment Tasking
The CM/CB radars are organic to the division target acquisition battery,
and are tasked by division artillery.
Collection
CM/CB radars are used to locate enemy mortars, artillery, and rockets.
They are deployed several kilometers behind the FEBA and operate by back-
plotting the weapon's trajectory.
Reporting
Target location and time are data-linked to the direct support or general
support artillery battalions.
2.1.4 IMINT Employment
The two types of imagery researched for in the BEM are photography and
imaging radars; representation of infra-red (IR) photography is not planned for
the near future. Imagery as currently represented in the BEM consists of OV-
ID overflight; the following paragraphs on photography and imaging radars .
describe future capabilities of the BEM.
2.1.4.1 Photography
Tasking
Because the immediate need is for photography deeper in the enemy's
rear areas, the BEM will be representing penetration missions rather than
stand-off photography. The major platform for this type mission would be an
Air Force high-altitude aircraft; therefore, the tasking for the sorties is an
Air Force responsibility, with a specified number of sorties allotted to fill S
Army photo requirements.
Collection
Photo missions will be flown once or twice a day, usually between 1000
and 1400 hrs when lighting conditions are favorable. The flight path used in
the BEM will be a straight line, since the high speed of the aircraft allows it
to cover the BEM's battlefield in a matter of seconds and the aircraft requires
9 5. . ._". . --
'4 .4
4200 miles for turning. The aircraft cameras take a series of still pictures of
an area approximately 40 miles wide.
Reporting
The film must be taken to a ground imagery interpretation center at
corps for developing and interpretation; this can cause a delay of four to five
hours between collection and reporting to the corps CEWI Group (TCAE).
2.1.4.2 Imaging Radars
The imaging radar represented in the BEM is the Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR).
Tasking
Tasking of the SAR depends on the platform used. The platforms
considered here are the Army's OV-ID aircraft and an Air Force high-altitude
aircraft (see paragraph 2.1.2.2 for OV-1D tasking and 2.1.4.1 for Air Force
high altitude aircraft tasking).
Collection
Collection is usually done during penetration missions and results in a
precise digital image that has the appearance of a photographic negative.....
Reporting
______ _.__- .- ,
Since the output is a digital image, there is no delay for ground
processing; the image can be linked directly to the CEWI Group at Corps
(TCAE).
2.2 Sensor Properties
Table 1-I below shows the properties currently used in the BEM for each
generic sensor type modeled; see Section 3 for more detailed properties to be aused in the formal sensor models.
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3.0 FUTURE EFFORTS
Future efforts of concern here are in two areas - the addition of formal
sensor models and the use of realistic message formats for sensor reports. The
paragraphs below ou.tline the data required for these efforts.0
3.1 Data for Formal Sensor Models
Listed in the tables below are suggested properties of each of the sensor
types which wiUl be represented in the future by a formal sensor model. For
each sensor type, properties are given for the platform, collector, and ground -
processing station; some of these properties were suggested by references 2,7,
and 8. Properties are listed for jamming systems and remotely monitored
sensors (REMS), although these systems will probably not be included in the Cnear future.
..2
It should be understood that these properties are likely to change
somewhat; they are included here as an indication of the level of detail
planned.
3.2 Message Formats
THE CO MINT reports in the BEM currently contain only messageinternals - such characteristics as frequency and start/stop times. It is
expected that in the future, report representation will be augmented to
include the text of COMINT interceptions as well as formatted messages such
as TACELINT, PEAR, SITREP, etc.
99
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Table 1-2Generic SIGINT System
Platform CharacteristicsFactor Units -
Payload lb.
Range kmTime on station minutesMax speed knots or km/hOperational speed knots or km/hMax height metersOperational height meters ,O
Fuel load lbs.Crew required nSurvivability index nTracks-Ground system only nWheels-Ground system only n -Type ground or airLocation km from FEBA, or x, y, (z)No. of platforms nVulnerabilities ADA, weather, etc.Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
100
. . .
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Table 1-3Generic SIGINT System
Collector Characteristics. Factor Units
Crew required nFrequency range n.. nMHzModulation AM, CW, SSB, PM (COMINT
only)Sensitivity db
* - Location error - range metersLocation error - azimuth degrees 7DF fix accuracy metersCoverage range kmSector scan degreesRevisit time secondsMean processing time secondsSaturation rate # intercepts/minuteMethod of reporting meansReporting speed # reports/minuteFreq. measurement error MHzPRF measurement error sec. (ELINT only)PW measurement error sec. (ELINT only)Frequency hop capability Y/N (ELINT only) 0Pulse stagger capability Y/N (ELINT only)Constraints LOS, distance, etc.Data link Y/N, to whereMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
101
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Table 1-4Generic SIGINT System
Ground Processing Station Characteristics
Factor Units
Crew required n .Tether range to platform km# collectors at one time nMean processing delay minutesMean c om munic ations delay minutesSaturation rate # reports/minuteLocation km from FEBA, or x, y
+.- Number of receivers nChannels per receiver n
" Collectible frequency (eac h c hannel) n..nMHz
Table 1-5Generic Photo Imagery SystemPlatform Characteristics
Factor UnitsRange kmTime on station min.Max speed knotsOperational speed knotsMax height metersOperational height metersFuel load lb.Crew required nSurvivability index nNumber of platforma nLocation x, y, zVulnerabilities ADA, weather, etc.Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
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Table 1-60Generic Photo Imagery System
Collector Characteristics
Factor Units
Mean process delay seconds0*Data linked n
- obscuration factors foliage, clouds, lightconditions
*- min/max look angle degrees- area covered/opn.ht. sq.km
Crew Required nCollection means film or electro-
optical (if electro-optic al, groundstation processingdelay is 0)
Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
Table 1-7 tGeneric Photo Imagery System
Ground Processing Station Chacteristics
Fac tor Units
Mean process delay minMean commo delay min.Crew required nSaturation rate reports/min.# collectors at atime nLocation km from FEBA,or x, y
103
Table 1-8 6Generic IR System
Platform Characteristics
Factor Units
Range km 'Time on station min.Max speed knotsOperational speed knotsMax height metersOperational height metersFuel load lbs.Crew required nSurvivability index nNumber of platforms nLocation x, y, zVulnerabilities ADA (because of low
flight), weather, etc. .Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
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Table 1-11Generic Imaging Radar System
Platform Characteristics
Factor Units
Type air, ground, manpackRange kmTime on station min.Max speed knotsOperational speed knotsMax height metersOperational height metersFuel load lb.Crew required nSurvivability index nNumber of platforms nLocation x, y, (z)Vulnerabilities ADA, weather, etc. .Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
Table 1-12Generic Imaging Radar System
Collector Characteristics
Factor Units
Type radar typeCrew required nArea covered at operational square km
heightMean process delay secondsData linked Y/N, to whereRange at operational height meters* Angular resolution degreesOutput digital display, film -.Vulnerabilities active emitterMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
1 .106
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Table 1-13Generic Imaging Radar System
Ground Processing Station Characteristics
Factor Units
0
Mean processing delay min.Mean commo delay min.Crew required nSaturation rate reports/min.# collectors at atime nLocation km from FEBA, or x, y
Table 1-14Generic MTI System
Platform Characteristics
Factor Units
Type air, ground vehicle,manpac k
Location x, y, (Z)Number of platforms nRange kmTime on station mn.Max speed knots or Km/h :Operational speed knots (Air only) or Km/h v"Max height meters '.
Operational height metersFuel load lbs.Crew required nSurvivability index nVulnerabilities ADA, weather for airTracks n, ground onlyWheels n, ground onlyMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
107
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Table 1-15Generic MTI System
Collector Characteristics
Factor Units
Target types detected personnel, vehicles
(tracked, wheeled)Constraints LOS, etc.Data linked YIN, to whereVelocity threshold/target type km/nCrew required nResolution metersMean process delay secondsRange resolution metersAngular resolution degreesOutput digital display, filmVulnerabilities active emitterMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hoursPower WattsCrew required n# collectors at one time nMean processing delay min.Mean commo delay min.Saturation rate # reports/min.Location km from FEBA, or x, y
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Table 1-16 6Generic CM/CB SystemPlatform Characteristics
Factor Units
Number of platforms nLocation X9 yFuel load lb.Crew required nSurvivability index nVulnerabilities active emitterTracks nWheels nMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
Table 1-17 .Generic CM/CB System
Collector Characteristics
Factor Units
Frequency range n..nRange resolution meters -..Angular resolution degreesReporting speed reports per minuteConstraints limited operator timeOutput real-time target -S
location; hard copyMean processing delay secondsTarget types detected artillery, mortarsData linked Y/N, to whereVulnerabilities active emitterCrew required n .Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours
109
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Table 1-18Generic CM/CB System
Ground Processing StationCharacteristics
Factor Units
Crew required n# collectors at one time nMean processing delay min.Mean commo delay min.Saturation rate # reports/min.Location km from FEBA, or
x, y
Table 1-19Generic REMS System
Collector Characteristics
Factor Units
Sensing life hoursFrequency range n..nMHzAccuracy emplacementData link Y/N, to whereRange kmConstraints emplacement may require
penetration of enemyterritory
. * Vulnerabilites environmental noise, heatvibrations, etc.
- , Mean processing time seconds" Location x, y
Output target locations,number, direction
* Saturation rate # reports/min.
110
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Table 1-20Generic REMS System
Monitor Characteristics
Factor Units
Channels n# collectors monitored n
Location x, y; or with what unit
Mean processing delay min.
Mean commo delay min.
Saturation rate # reports/min.
Table 1-21Generic Jamming System
Platform Characteristics
Factor Unit
Type air or ground
Crew required nFuel load lbs.
Z Location x, ySurvivability index nVulnerabilities AD for air
Tracks n
Wheels n
- Mean time between failures hours
..." Mean time to repair hours
' Max speed knots or km/h
Operational speed knots or km/h
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-11
REFERENCES
1. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Field Manual 34-10, CombatElectronic Warfare Intellizence Battalion (Division) (Coordination Draft), June1979.
2. The MITRE Corporation, Army Intelligence Capabilities ReferenceHandbook (U), MTR-79W00461, R. P. Bonasso, November 1979, SECRET.
3. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Electronic WarfareOperations, July 1980.
.- .o.-
4. U.S. Army Electronics Materiel Readiness Activity, USAEMRA Tactical* SIGINT/EW Reference Guide, July 1982. 5.Discussions with MITRE personnel.
5. Discussions at Signals Warfare Lab, May 5, 1983.
6. Discussions with MITRE personnel.
7. The MITRE Corporation, Current, Planned, and Future Army SensorCapabilities - Working Input to Critical Nodes Targeting Study )U, DRAFT, E.J. Boyle, B. Hart, June 1982, SECRET.
* 8. TRW, POSSIM Methodology Manual (Preliminary), (U), CDRL A018,October 1979, SECRET
9. Department of the Army, Training Circular 34-50, Reconnaissance andSurveillance Handbook, January, 1980
113 .. ,,**. 6 Dicusion wit MIR pesnnl .,-
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APPENDIX UJ.
THREAT R~EARCH FOR THE REM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 118
1. 1 Purpose 1181.2 Outline of the Appendix 118
2.0 SUMMARY 119
3.0 SCENARIO 120
3.1 Description and Sources 1203.2 Unit Representation 1203.3 Scenario Development 121
4.0 FORCE STRUCTURE 130
5.0 GENERIC UNIT DATA 134
5.1 Equipment 1345.2 Radio Nets 1355.3 Other Data 135
6.0 FUTURE EFFORTS 136
REFERENCES 137
117 .
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
This appendix is intended to describe the research conducted to derive f
the Soviet threat data used to support the Battlefield Environment Module
(BEM) developed in MITRE's Secure Processing Laboratory (SPL). The BEM
supplies the battlefield environment - the Red units, their
moving/shooting/emitting events, and Blue sensors - and produces threat
observables and Blue sensor detection for use by ANALYST, a developing
expert system for intelligence fusion.
1.2 Outline of the Appendix
Section 2 provides a short summary of the intent of the threat research
discussed in this appendix and some of the problems encountered. Section 3
/ describes the scenario used as a basis for the SPL simulation and the
development of that scenario over time. Section 4 describes the
representative force structure used, and Section 5 details the characteristics
of the generic unit types used in the simulation. Finally, Section 6 provides a
glimpse of the future efforts needed in threat research for the SPL. Appendix
l of this paper, published separately, consists of the data lists, such as tables
of unit positions, radio nets, and generic unit data.
118.
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2.0 SUMMARY
The picture that emerges from this research is intended to fit the*purposes of the SPL; that is, it is required to support a scenario that will
produce a sufficient number of threat observables with sufficient realism to
* adequately test the fusion capability of the ANALYST system. For this
-reason, it is intended to be a representative portrayal of the threat rather
* than an exhaustive one.
In researc hing a subject such as the Soviet threat, several factors
conspire, against a perfect representation: threat organizations and equipment*are constantly changing while the system needs to be continuously in use and
development, and various sources provide conflicting data which need to bereconciled before being entered into the system. In addition, theclassification of sources can be a problem; because of computer facility
*restrictions, it was necessary in the earlier stages of research to keep the
data at the unclassified level. It is now possible to run SECRET level data,
with a higher level capability planned for the future. These increased
capabilities will necessitate changes in the data; it is expected that the
object-oriented approach used in the evolving system will facilitate
.,.-",
S incorporating those changes into the system.
.11
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.pupssoth SPL;-tha is,5 it5 .s.requied.to.suport.a*enario.hat*wil
* produce a sufcin nu 5e of thea oberabe wit sufcetrels o ;--
3.0 SCENARIO
3.1 Description and Sources
The scenario used for the simulation is based on the Scenario Oriented
Recurring Evaluation System (SCORES), Europe I Sequence 2A, in which the'0
U.S. Army V Corps defends/delays against an attack by the Soviet 1st Guards
Tank Army east of Fulda, in the Federal Republic of Germany. In keeping
with the objective of producing threat moving, shooting, and emitting
observables, only Soviet units are portrayed in the simulation. In order to
4 provide a representative sampling of units and procedures, the organizations
d selected for the simulation are a first-echelon tank division, the 6th Guards
Tank Division, a second-echelon motorized rifle division, the 27th Motorized
Rifle Division, and essential Army-level units. The time period covered is
from 0330 on the second day of combat to 0330 on the third day. .
The sources used as a starting point for the scenario development were
the SCORES documentation and MITRE documents.(17 Alterations made to
the scenario portrayed by these documents are described in Section 3.3. In
addition, some unit capabilities were referenced from documentation for the
Corps/Division Evaluation Model (CORDIVEM).( 8 )
3.2 Unit Representation
Each unit in the scenario is given a unit type number from one to sixty;
this number corresponds to one of the unit types in the Generic Unit Data File
and indicates the equipment and other characteristics of the unit. The unit is
further identified by a unique, eight-digit unit identification number of the
-. form CC/BB/RR/DD, which identifies the company number and the battalion,
regiment, and division to which the unit belongs. Segments of the format
which do not apply are filled with zeros; for example, the antitank battalion
command post which is organic to Army has the number 00/83/00/00, since it4 is not a company and is subordinate to neither a regiment nor a division.
120
%4%
,Nv.°
~• o
Each unit is assigned a geographical position for the beginning of each
timeslice of the scenario period; these timeslices are 0330-0930 D+1, 0930-
2130 D+1, 2130 D+1-0330 D+2, and 0330-0930 D+2. For each of these -
timeslices, each unit is given a status code indicating "assembled," "moving,"
or "in contact," according to its activity in that time period; if the unit is an
artillery unit, it is also given a number indicating the regiment it supports
during the timeslice.
Below is a listing of the unit types and their basic capabilities, organized
by functional area.
3.3 Scenario Development
Several changes were made to the scenario as portrayed in SCORES.
* First, the level of resolution was extended downward from the battalion to the
company. Next, unit positions were refined to more closely reflect terrain
-" restrictions. Then units were added to the scenario which had not been
included in SCORES, such as division and maneuver regiment forward
-- command posts, and the antitank battalion and independent tank battalion of
the second echelon division. Finally, the representation was expanded upward
*- to include Army-level units.
The system is currently running at the level of one division, with data
available for the two divisions and Army units.
..... *' ..
121
V . . . ..- .. .
. .. ' .... - .
Table 11-1KMANEUVER UNITS
TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES
1 MR CO maneuver, delivery of fires
2 NOT USED
3 MR BN CP C2 of 3MR CO's
4 MR RGT FWD CP C of 3MR BN's & 1TKBN(forward position of CMDR)
5 MR RGT MAIN CP C2 of 3MR BN's & 1TK BN42
6 MR DIV FWD CP (cr-C of 3 MR RG PS, 1 TK RGT,1 Independent KB(cmmander's forward position)
7MR DIV MAIN OP C2 of 3 MR RGT's, 1 TK RGT,1 Independent TK BN
8 TK CO Maneuver, dalivery of fires
9 NOT USED
10 TK BN CP c2 of 3 tank companies
11 TK RGT FWD CP Forward position of Tank RGTCornmander
12 TK RGT MAIN OP C2 of 3 tank BN'S
13 TK DIV FWD OP Forward position of Tank Div.Cornmander
14 TK DIV MAIN CP C of 3Tank RG'S & 1MR RGT
*44 TK ARMY FWD OP Forward position of Tank ArmyCornmander *-
45 TK ARMY MAIN OP C2 of Tank Division I MR Div.
122
Table 11-2 ADENGINEER UNITS
TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES
-2
52 Army Eng. ROT CP C2 of Army Construction BN(type 53) & Army Engr. BN(type 3 3)
*53 Army Construction BN o Emplace and remove span(considered action bridgesunit, not broken o Road construction &further) maintenance
o Operate Sawmill
33 Eng. BN (Army) o water crossing-boats, ferries,(considered action amphibians, truck launchedunit, not broken bridgesfurther) o Emplace & remove counter
mobility obstacles, (mines,abatis, booby tr, craters,etc.)
56 Army Pontoon RGT o Emplace & remove pontoon(action unit, not bridgesbroken down) o Launch and recover amphibians .
57 Army Assault Crossing o Launch tracked ferries andBN (not broken down amphibians (not bridges)
7.33 Eng. BN CP (Div) C2 of Pontoon Co; AssaultCrossing Co, (also, there is a"Road-Bridge Const. Co." at
-Div., it is omitted along with"technical Co.?, etc.)
~...
*(Capabilities are based on inferences fran equipment tables, andsane capabilities listed in Red FAlR)'S; however, Red FAR)'s showdifferent units, so again, inferences were made.)
123
.%9%
......--.-...
(type. 53 & rm Er. -N A.W
* Table 11-2(Concluded)
TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES
37 Pontoon Co. of Div See #56Eng. BN0
38 Assault Crossing Co. See #57of Div. Eng. BN
28 Eng. Co. of Maneuver See #33 (Eng. BN, Army)Rgts.
% V
412
timl
. .. .
77 3.
2- .
Table 11-3 SI
ARTILLERY UNITS
TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES
" 15 ARTY BTRY (122) fire support to maneuverregiments (Div. artillery
* ROT)
16 ARTY BN CP (122) C2 of 3 - 122 Batteries (Div.Artillery RGT)
17 GUN-HOW or Howitzer fire support to division unitsBTRY (152) (Army Artillery RGT)
18 GUN-HOW or Howitzer C of 3 - 152 Batteries (ArmyBN CP (152) Artillery RGT)
19 GUN BTRY (130) fire support to division units(Army Artillery RGT)
20 GUN BN CP (130) C2 of 3 - 130 Batteries (ArmyArtillery RGT)
21 ARTY RGT CP (Div. C2 of artillery batteries foror Army) Division or Army
41 TGT. ACQ. BTRY (ARTY Radar acquisition of groundRGT., Div. or Army) targets
22 FROG BTRY Chemical, nuclear coventional, "long range fire capabilityagainst targets in enemy area
23 FROG BN CP C2 of 3 FROG batteries
24 MRL BTRY Multi-barreled rocketlaunchers, heavy fire on high-priority targets at decisivepoints, chemical orconventional
25 MRL BN CP C2 of 3 MRL batteries
42 NOT USED
43 NOT USED
125
a.. .'-
-. - .... - .. . - . . . - -. ... .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. .... . * . . . . . . , .
(Table 11-3)(Concluded)
TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES
49 SCUD Bde CP C2 of 3 SCUD BN'S
50 SCUD BN CP C2 of 3 SCUD Btry's
51 SCUD Btry Fire support for Armyoperations (conventional,nuclear, or chemical missiles -i
to range of 280 KM, tracked orwheeled vehicle launcher)
58 Antitank BN C2 of 2 Antitank BatteriesArmy/MR Div and 1 ATGM Battery
59 Antitank Btry. Provide antitank support toArmy/MR Div unit (guns)
60 *ATGM Btry Provide antitank support toArmy/MR Div maneuver units (guided
missiles) - effective range4-5 Km L
-° - -- -- -
. 4 -.-
Anti-tank missile battery also exists in each 71K& MR IM, but hasnot been included here.
126
J_ . '... . ...
• - - . , .. iW4% '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 11-4AIR DEFENSE UNITS
TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES
26 SA-6 BTRY Engage low-to-medium altitudeattacking aircraft andhelicopters; area defense to
xx division, point defense to* maneuver regiments, Division
HQ,and FROG BN
39 SA-6-TGT-ACQ BTRY Radar acquisition of enemyaircraft targets
27 SA-6 RGT CP C2 of SA-6 BTRY's, & TGTACQ BTRY
46SA-4 Bde CP C2 of 3 SA-4 BN'S
47 SA4B PC2 of 3 SA-4 Btry's
48 SA-4 Btry Acquire & engage medium-to-high altitude aircraft attackingdivisions, Army HQ, or SSMBde (No TAB for SA-4;acquisition radars are in the
batteries)
127
.k 1
.. . . . -- . .... --
Table 11-5CSS UNITS
TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES
29 MTCE CO. (of Light repairs, clear damagedmaneuver RGT's) vehicles from roads, report to
Div. MTCE BN repairs beyondcapabilities
34 Div. MTCE BN Division level repair, recovery,clearing routes of damagedvehicles
30 Medical Co. (of Emergency medical treatment,RGT's) evacuation to Regimental
S-. Medical Points from BNMedical Points, notify Div.Med BN to pick upcasualties
35 Div. Med. BN Collection from RegimentalMedical Points to Divisional.. Reception Stations, triage,treatment (including surgery)evacuation to Army-Fronthospitals
31 Motor Transp. Co. Transport supplies to maneuvermaneuver RG's BN'S (all classes of supply)
32 Supply & Service Food and water supplyPltn (of ManeuverRGT'S)
36 *Motor Transp. BN Transport supplies to(Div or Army) maneuver regiments (or.-. S.
divisionsX"all classes,but apparently not POL atArmy since there is an ArmyPOL BN)
128. "
*o*, 5
-S.. ... ....
TABLE il-5(Concluded)
*TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES
54 Army Motor Transp 2 of Army Motor Transp. BNKRGT CP Army POL BN
55 Army POL Transp. POL transp. down to DivBN CP
4f
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
129.
4.0 FORCE STRUCTURE
Because of the equipment first used, the scope of the force
representation was initially restricted to one first-echelon tank division at
company-level resolution. The data has since been expanded to include a
second-echelon motorized rifle division as well as tank Army-level units. 'W'Only ground forces are considered.
Figure 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3 show the current scope of the force structure.This force structure, while representative of the major capabilities of the
Soviet force at this level,(9fl0,11) is not an exact replica of it. Since the
research was conducted over a three-year period, it is likely that forcestructure changes have occurred which have not been incorporated yet; the
known omissions are discussed below.
The Soviet Army now includes a motorized rifle battalion in the tankregiment; this unit should be added. The signal companies of thea tank and
motorized rifle regiments were not included since our main concern was theexistence of communications traffic for Blue sensors to pick up, not the
p establishment and maintenance of communications facilities; however, whenthe simulation becomes two-sided these units should be modeled as significant
actors. The same is true of the reconnaissance companies and chemical
defense companies. The anti-aircraft artillery and missile batteries of the 'C0
motorized rifle regiments are not explicitly modeled, their weapons and
radars being included in their respective regimental command posts. Theantitank missile battery of the motorized rifle regiment should be included inthe future; however, a division-level antitank capability is represented now by ~
the antitank missile battalion of the motorized rifle division. The mortarplatoon of the motorized rifle regiment was not included because at the time ~.
the research was conducted, no Blue counter-mortar radars were modeled; tM
this platoon should be included.Il
130
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. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . C* *- C CILA
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5.0 GENERIC UNIT DATA
This section will describe the data gathered on each generic unit type.
(5,7,9,12)
5.1 Equipment
For eac h unit type, data was gathered on its vehicles, weapons, and
radars.
The vehicles were divided into the categories of tread, with four
subtypes; artillery, with five subtypes; air defense artillery, with four
subtypes, wheelec.. w.ith seven subtypes; and engineer, with five subtypes. A
file is kept which contains performance characteristics for each of thesevehicles. As new units were added to the scenario, any vehicle not listed in
the file was included in the category which most closely approximated its
characteristics; this was done both to avoid a large file of very similar vehicle
characteristics and because performance characteristics were unavailable for
some vehicles.
Weapons of a unit type were put into the categories of artillery, tank, or w
small arms. For purposes of the simulation, the significance of the weapons
lies in the rate of ammunition expenditure for the unit and the resulting
requirement for resupply, not in the actual weapon count. The ammunition
we= ~~-q.b'%
expenditure is expressed as tons per hour per fighting vehicle, and was derivedin this way: the weight of an ammunition type's unit of fire (a standard
4 ." .". t"
quantity established for measuring amounts of each ammunition type) wasmultiplied by the standard number of units of fire used per day by a
particular type of weapon; this produced the tons per day expenditure,which
was divided by 24 to produce the ton-per-hour expenditure for each weapon
type; this was expressed as tons-per-hour per fighting vehicle, given the
number of weapons of that type on each vehicle.
Radars were categorized as fire control, with two subtypes; surveillance 7Zand acquisition, with seven type; or meteorological, with two subtypes.
134
7 ,.'m67..
*= " . . A-. . . . . . . . . .
Although not all these subtypes are represented in the scenario, a file of
characteristics was kept on all of them in case they are needed as the
simulation is expanded. In some cases, some of the date were unavailable; in
those cases, a unit's radars were recorded as belonging to the next most
appropriate subtype.
5.2 Radio Nets
A representative radio net structure has been recorded for the two
divisions in the scenario. Included are the internal and alternate internal
command net, the external command net, and the artillery net, where
appropriate for each unit.
5.3 Other Data
Other data for each unit type include the average convoy length by dayand night, derived by adding the lengths of the vehicles in a unit and the usual
distance between them; the average march speed by day and night when all
unit's vehicles are traveling together, derived by determining the average
speed of the unit's slowest vehicle; and the average time to clear and close to
. a new position. This last item was an estimate in many cases, since the data
were unavailable for many units.
135.
• ~.- ,
6.0 FUTURE EFFORTS
Future efforts connected with threat data involve three tasks: 1) the
existing data will be incorporated into the Battlefield Environment Module
(BEM), which involves conversion from a Pascal-based version of the
simulation to a Lisp-based one; 2) the threat representation will continue to
evolve through refinements and updates; 3) sources above the SECRET
classification should be consulted; and 4) the scope of the data will be
extended to the echelons-above-corps level.
136,.,-, S
S..-
. . . . . . S * * . * . . , * * . S .. - .
. ...,... ... . ,,-. -....... .*S* .. .... .. . ...... , .. •,... . . ., 5 5• -.'-.'-.'-..-.-- -'.--'-: -?. ..".:--?.... .- .'? -? -". : -i--".-" .'- ' ..? -'.-: i ? ..'- .-,- .- "-- ' .'- '-. ---'.- i " i '-' .-
REFERENCES
1. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Unit Locations and TargetArrays for Soviet Air Defense Weapons (U), WP 12588, R. Darron and D.Giles, 1977,(SECRET).
2. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Unit Locations and TargetArrays for Soviet Combat Service Support Units (U), WP 12843, R.Darron and D. Giles, 1977, (SECRET).
3. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Unit Locations and TargetArrays for Soviet Artillery Battalions and Maneuver Battalions (U), WP , --12724, 1977, R. Darron and D. Giles, , (SECRET).
4. U. S. Army Combined Arms Combat Developments Activity, StandardScenario for Combat Developments, Europe I, Sequence 2A (U).(SECRET).
5. The MITRE Corporation, C3 Countermeasures: Initial Analysis of ArmyCapabilities for the 1980's (U)p MTR 80W00278-08, D. Giles and R.Preston, 1983, (SECRET).
6. The MITRE Corporation, Soviet Division Dynamics: Forward Movementof a Second-Echelon Division (U), MTR 07854, R. Darron and D. Giles, 41978, (SECRET).
7. Intelligence and Security Command, and Intelligence and ThreatAnalysis Center, Soviet Army Operations, 1978.
8. Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center, Functional Area Repre-sentation Objectives for the Corps/Division Evaluation Model(CORDIVEM)-RED Side (U), 1982, (SECRET).
9. Defense Intelligence Agency, Soviet Ground Force Organizational Guide(U), 1978, (SECRET).
10. Combined Arms Combat Development Activity, Handbook of Orani-
zation and Equipment of the Soviet Army (U) 1980, (SECRET).
11. BDM, Soviet Front and Army Operations (U), 1982, (SECRET).
12. Defense Intelligence Agency, Soviet Ground Force Logistic Guide (U), .-
1975, (SECRET).
137
. . 4. .- "
4.,-
APPENDEX II I
DATA LIMT (F rd~ff 1H WKFAIO RR 7MI BEN
(Published Separately)
139
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APPENDIX V
DEVELOPMENT/DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES
205
46 -P
TABLE OF CONTENT'S 0
1.0 DEVELOP MENT/DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES 208
1.1 SPL, Facility 2081.2 CAMIS Facility 208
207
1.0 DEVELOPMENT/DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES
Development of the BEM has taken place in the MITRE Washington
Secure Processing Laboratory (SPL). Formal demonstration of a BEM
simulation usually takes place in MITRE's Command and Management
Information System (CAMIS) Laboratory.
1.1 SPL Facility
The SPL is located within a special compartmented information
facility. Included in this facility are a VAX 11/780 with 8 megabytes of
memory, one 67 megabyte disk drive, two 300 megabyte disk drives, and .
several graphics and text terminals. Also located in the SPL is an LMI LISP
machine. Figure V-I shows the configuration of the SPL. The BEM runs on
the VAX 11/780. The ANALYST can run on both the VAX and the LISP
machine.
1.2 CAMIS Facility
The CAMIS Lab is located next door to the SPL. It contains a VAX
11/780 configuration similar to that in the SPL. The CAMIS lab contains a
briefing room where a graphics terminal display may be projected onto a large
screen. A demonstration may be shown here by transferring the BEM
simulation code by tape from the SPL to the CAMIS computer or by direct
cable hookup to the SPL VAX. Figure V-2 shows the CAMIS Lab
Configuration.
.. ...-. . . . 208
,. . ..-:. -'..
CConsole LINE 0LA 120 PRINTER
Tape driveTU-77
67MBCoo
8 MB Memory
300 _jMB
Medium AED 512 Monitor MonitorResolutionGraphicsTerminals
AED 512.1L
TextTAB Terminals
FIGURE V-1SPI CONFIGURATION
- 209
0
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00 0
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210
GLOSSARY
ACQ Acquisition
ANALYST An expert system for processing intelligence returns
from the battlefield
ARTY Artillery
ATGM Anti-Tank Guided Missile
Bde Brigade "
BEM Battlefield Environment Model
BN Battalion
BSCS Blue Sensor Control Station
BTRY Battery
CAMIS Command and Management Information System(Laboratory)
CMCB Counter Mortar/Counter Battery Sensor
CO Company
COMINT Communications Intelligence Sensor
CP Command Post
C 2 Command & Control
ELINT Electronic Intelligence Sensor -
FROG Free Rocket Over Ground
FWD Forward (CP)
GUN-HOW Gun-Howitzer
IMINT Imagery (Photo) Intelligence Sensor
LISP List Processing computer language
,_1 -
. . ... .
2:-.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GLOSSARY(Cone luded)
MAIN Main (CP)
MR Motorized Rifle
MRL Multiple Rocket Launcher
MTCE Maintenance
MTEG MITRE Threat Event Generator
MTI Moving Target Indicator Sensor
Pltn Platoon
POL Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants
RGT Regiment
ROSS Rule Oriented Simulation System
SA Surface-to-Air (Missile)
SCORES Scenario Oriented Recurring Evaluation System
SCUD Surfac e-to-Surface Missile
SPL Secure Processing Laboratory
*S&S Supply and Service
TGT Target
* TK Tank
VAX VAX 11/780 Computer
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*. . . . .. *
D-Ai43 753 THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT MODEL (BEM)(U) MITRE CORP 3/3MCLEAN VA MITRE C3I DIV R S CONWER ET AL. SEP 83MTR-83W@0~245 F19b28 84 L 40881
UNCLASSIFIED F/G 15/7 NL
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REFERENCES
1. The MITRE Corporation, The MITRE Threat Event Generator - ForceMovement MTR-80W00266, Russell P. Bonasso, and Emanuel P.Oiiff;iiOMarch 1981.
2. The MITRE Corporation, The MITRE Threat Event Generator (MTEG) -Force Communications. MTR 81W00295, R. P. Bonasso, December 1981.
3. The MITRE Corporation, ANALYST: An Expert System for ProcessingSensor Returns, MTP-83W00002, R. P. Bonasso, 1983.
4. The MITRE Corporation, A Preliminary Evaluation of Object-OrientedProgframmin for Ground Combat Modeling, WP-83W00407, R. 0.Nugent, September 1983.
5. The RAND Corporation, The ROSS Language Manual, N-1884-AF, DavidMcArthur and Philip Klahr, September 1982.
6. The RAND Corporation, SWIRL: Simulating Warfare in the ROSSLagug N-1885-AF, Philip 'Klahr, David McArthur, Sanjai NarainEricBest, September 1982. t%
7. U. S. Army Combined Developments Activity, Standard Scenario forCombat Developments, Europe 1, Sequence 2A (U), SECRET.
8. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Unit Locations and TargfetArraryE o Soviet Artillery Battalions and Maneuver Battalions. WP-12724, H. R. Darron and D. T. Giles, r., 15 November 1977, SECRET. .-
9. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Combat Service SupportUnits. WP-12843, R. R. Darron and D. T. Giles, Jr., 10 February 1978, .
SECRET.
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-DTBUTJON UT jN I
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
A-10 C. A. Zraket HQ, Department of the ArmySAUS-OR (Mr. Holis,)
D-11 A. J. Roberts DAMO-ZD (Mr. Vandiver) 0DAMA-ZD (Mr. Woodall)
D-14 E. C. Brady DAMI-FRT (Mr. Beuch)DACS-DMO (Ms. Langston)
W-32 P. K. Groveston (3) ASA (IL&FM) (Mr. Rosenblum)Washington D.C. 20310
W-70 P. G. FreokR. P. Granato CommanderR. A. Joy U.S. Army Electronics Research andF. W. Niedenfuhr Development Command
2800 Powder Mill RoadW-72 C. W. Sanders Adelphi, MD 20783
W-73 T. H. Nyman Director Electronic Warfare LabV. Omeally PM-SOTAS
Fort Monmouth, NJ 07703W-74 H. J. Antonisse
T. T. Bean Director Signals Warfare LabR. P. Bonasso PM-JTFSM. Gale Vint Hill Farms StationC. R. Holt Warrenton, VA 22186S. J. LaskowskiA. M. Lidy Jet Propulsion LaboratoriesR. 0. Nugent (10) Mr. S. FriesmaT. F. Turner 4800 Oak Grove
Pasadena, CA 91109W-76 R.G. Gados
L J. Kirk Institute for Defense Analysis. P. Maimone 1801 North Beauregard Street
W. . Zeiner Alexandria, VA 22311
W-93 R. S. Conker (3) The Army Model Management OfficeJ. W. Benoit U.S. Army Combined Arms CenterJ. R. Davidson (3) ATTN: ATZL-CAN-DO
COL Kenneth E. WiersemaW-70 Information Center Ft. Leavenworth, KS 66027 (2)
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DWRIBUTION Mr j(Cannae
EXTERNAL
Army LibraryComneATTN- AMR-L-RSU.S. Army Infantry Center
*(Army Studies) ATTN.- ATSH-CD-CSO-ORRoom IA518 Ft. Benning, GA 31905Pentagon
7Washington D."%. 20310 CommanderU.S. Army Aviation Center
C.ommander ATTN.- ATZQ-D-CSDefense Technical Information Center Ft. Rucker, AL 36362ATTN-. DDA
Y-.Cameron Station CommanderAlexandria, VA 22314 (2) U.S. Army Air Defense School
ATTN: ATSA-CDS-FCommandant Ft. Bliss, TX 79916U.S. Army Command and General Staff
, .. College CommanderFt. Leavenworth, KS 66027 U.S. Army Logistics Center
ATTN.- ATCL-OCommandantFtLeV 230U.S. Army War CollegeFtLeV 230Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013 Commander
HQDAROM AenueU.S. Army Field Artillery School
5001 IFt Sil, OK 73503Alexandria, VA 22333 Commander
U.S. Army Armor CenterCommander ATTN: ATZK-CD-SDU.S. Army Combined Arms Center Ft. Knox, KY 40121ATZL-CSC-IATZL-CAS-W CommanderATZL-TAC-LO U.S. Army Intelligence CenterFt. Leavenworth, KS 66027 ATTN: ATSI-CD-CS
(LTC Aikens, Dr. Verhey)Commander Ft. Huachuca, AZ 85613U.S. Army Nuclear and Chemical AgencyATTN: MONA-OPS CommanderFt. Belvoir, VA 22060 Soldier Support Center
ATTNt ATSG-DCD-ADFt. Benjmin Harrison, IN 46216
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DMFIDSUlION LUTr
EXTERNAL(Clae
Director, U.S. Amyj Cocet CommanderAnalysis Agency U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat
ATTN: CSCA-AZ Analysis CenterCSCA-MC ATrN:. IAX-I
8120 Woodmont Avenue lAX-I-ORBethesda, MD 20014 *Arlington Hall Station, VA 22022
Director, U.S. Army Materiel Systems CommanderAnalysis Activity U.S. Army Training and Doctrine
ATTIN: DRXSY-C (Mr. Myers) CommandDRXSY-GR (Mr. Cliff"r ATTN: ATCG-S (Mr. Christman)
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 Ft. Monroe, VA 23651 .
Commander Lawrence Livermore LaboratoryDirector, U.S. Army TRADOC Systems Attm Stan Erickson, L-7
Analysis Activity P.O. BOX B0gATTN: ATAA-D (Mr. Goode) Livermore, CA 94550
ATAA-TG (Mr. Carrillo) .ATAA-TC (Mr. Matheson) Ray KirkcwoodATAA-TC (Mr. Payan) TRADOC Combined Arms Test Activity
White Sands, NM 88002 Ft. Hood, Texas 76544
Director, U.S. Army Research Institute Major Kevin DolanATTN: PERI-SZ (Dr. Johnson) JFAAD5001 Eisenhower Avenue Ft. Bliss, TX 79916Alexandria, VA 22333
The Rand Corporation ~Dr. Wilbur Payne Dr. Philip KlahrDirector TRADOC Operations Research 1700 Main Street
Activi~ Santa Monica, VAWhite Sands, NM 88002
RADCIIRDTDeputy Commander, Combined Arms Andrew Kozak
Systems Analysis Activity Griffiss AFB, NY 13441ATTN: ATOR-CAA-DC
ATOR-CAA-DR Dr. Northrop FowlerFt. Leavenworth, KS 66027 RADO/COES
Griffins APO, NY 13441
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