11

The Most Underfulfilled HRThe Most Underfulfilled HR

““Everyone has the right to a standard of living Everyone has the right to a standard of living

adequate for the health and well-being of himself adequate for the health and well-being of himself

and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and of his family, including food, clothing, housing

and medical care and necessary social services, and medical care and necessary social services,

and the right to security in the event of and the right to security in the event of

unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood,

old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances

beyond his control” (beyond his control” (Article 25(1)Article 25(1)).).

Universal Declaration of Human RightsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights

2

Human Cost of Poverty TodayHuman Cost of Poverty TodayAmong ca. 6800 million human beings, aboutAmong ca. 6800 million human beings, about

800 million are undernourished (800 million are undernourished (UNDP 2007, p. 90UNDP 2007, p. 90), ), 1 bn now 1 bn now ((FAOFAO))

2000 million lack access to essential drugs 2000 million lack access to essential drugs ((www.fic.nih.gov/about/plan/exec_summary.htmwww.fic.nih.gov/about/plan/exec_summary.htm), ),

1085 million lack access to safe drinking water (1085 million lack access to safe drinking water (UNDP 2007, p. 254UNDP 2007, p. 254), ),

1000 million lack adequate shelter (1000 million lack adequate shelter (UNDP 1998, p. 49UNDP 1998, p. 49),),

2000 million have no electricity (2000 million have no electricity (UNDP 2007, p. 305UNDP 2007, p. 305),),

2600 million lack adequate sanitation (2600 million lack adequate sanitation (UNDP 2007, p. 254UNDP 2007, p. 254),),

774 million adults are illiterate (774 million adults are illiterate (www.uis.unesco.orgwww.uis.unesco.org),),

211 million children (aged 5 to 17) d211 million children (aged 5 to 17) do wage work outside their household — often o wage work outside their household — often under slavery-like and hazardous conditions: as soldiers, prostitutes or domestic under slavery-like and hazardous conditions: as soldiers, prostitutes or domestic servants, or in agriculture, construction, textile or carpet productionservants, or in agriculture, construction, textile or carpet production ( (ILO: ILO: The End The End of Child Labour, Within Reachof Child Labour, Within Reach,, 2006, pp. 9, 11, 17-182006, pp. 9, 11, 17-18).).

   

3

30+ Percent of all Human Deaths30+ Percent of all Human Deaths— — some 18 (out of 57) million per year or 50 000 daily — are some 18 (out of 57) million per year or 50 000 daily — are due to poverty-related causes, cheaply preventable through safe due to poverty-related causes, cheaply preventable through safe drinking water, better sanitation, more adequate nutrition, drinking water, better sanitation, more adequate nutrition, rehydration packs, vaccines or other medicines. In thousands:rehydration packs, vaccines or other medicines. In thousands:

diarrhea (1798) and malnutrition (485),diarrhea (1798) and malnutrition (485),

perinatal (2462) and maternal conditions (510), perinatal (2462) and maternal conditions (510),

childhood diseases (1124 — mainly measles),childhood diseases (1124 — mainly measles),

tuberculosis (1566), meningitis (173), hepatitis (157),tuberculosis (1566), meningitis (173), hepatitis (157),

malaria (1272) and tropical diseases (129),malaria (1272) and tropical diseases (129),

respiratory infections (3963 — mainly pneumonia),respiratory infections (3963 — mainly pneumonia),

HIV/AIDS (2777), sexually transmitted diseases (180)HIV/AIDS (2777), sexually transmitted diseases (180)

((WHO: WHO: World Health Report 2004World Health Report 2004, 120-5, 120-5).).

4

Human Rights as Moral Claims on (Global) Human Rights as Moral Claims on (Global)

Institutional ArrangementsInstitutional Arrangements

““Everyone is entitled to a social and Everyone is entitled to a social and

international order in which the rights and international order in which the rights and

freedoms set forth in this Declaration can freedoms set forth in this Declaration can

be fully realized” (be fully realized” (ArticleArticle 28 28))

Universal Declaration of Human RightsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights

Access to healthAccess to health

A global responsibilityA global responsibility A develpment opportunityA develpment opportunity A distributional possibilityA distributional possibility A question of political willA question of political will

Share of Global Wealth, 2000Share of Global Wealth, 2000

15%

8.8%

39.9%

30.7%

4.2%

1.9%Up to 60th Percentile($645 average)

60th-80th Percentile($4,277 average)

80th-90th Percentile($17,924 average)

90th-95th Percentile($59,068 average)

95th-99th Percentile($156,326 average)

Top One Percent($812,693 average)

Calculated in terms of market exchange rates so as to reflect the avoidability of poverty. Decile Ineq. 2837:1. Quintile Ineq. 85:1.Year 2000, $125 trillion total. (James B Davies et al.: WIDER 2006)

7

Shares of Global IncomeShares of Global Income2005; poorest households versus richest countries2005; poorest households versus richest countries

79%

20%1%

The poorest households(40% of humankind)

The richest countries(16% of humankind)

Others (44% ofhumankind)

Calculated in terms of market exchange rates so as to reflect the

avoidability of poverty. Per capita: Pie chart rich/poor ratio over

200:1. (Decile inequality ratio 320:1, Milanovic 2005, pp. 111-12.)

Global inequalityGlobal inequality

The vicious cycle The vicious cycle

Poverty make sickPoverty make sick Illness makes poorIllness makes poor Bad health reduces employabilityBad health reduces employability The Poor have to cover health expeniture The Poor have to cover health expeniture

through out off pocket payments through out off pocket payments Often the first step to poverty trapOften the first step to poverty trap

Employment- Employment intensive growth- Active Labour Market Policies- Public investment - Skills development- Pro-employment fiscal, tax and monetar policy

Social protection- Social Security- Health and Safety- Working time- Wages

Rights at work- Human Rights Declaration- Core labour standards- Up to date Conventions and Recommendations

Social dialogue- Democracy- Tripartite cooperation - Collective Bargaining- Workers Representation

Decent Work

Income securityIncome security

Work is the key income source for the Work is the key income source for the overwhelming majority of peopleoverwhelming majority of people

Stable and decent employment protects Stable and decent employment protects against poverty and poverty related illnessagainst poverty and poverty related illness

Social Security needs to provide income for Social Security needs to provide income for those who can or should not work those who can or should not work

The ILO social floor initiativeThe ILO social floor initiative

80% of the world population doesn’t have 80% of the world population doesn’t have adequate social securityadequate social security

The basic floor packageThe basic floor package A global campaign for an affordable A global campaign for an affordable

investmentinvestment Strengthening the global commintment Strengthening the global commintment

through International Labour Standardsthrough International Labour Standards Making a human right a positive rightMaking a human right a positive right

Inequality correlates with low growthInequality correlates with low growth

Albania

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Belarus

Bolivia

Canada

Switzerland

Chile

Côte d’Ivoire

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Germany

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Spain

Estonia

Finland

France

United Kingdom

Georgia

Greece

Croatia

Hungary

Ireland

Iran, Islamic Republic of

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

KazakhstanLithuania

Luxembourg

Latvia

Moldova,

Madagascar

Mongolia

Mauritius

Nicaragua

Netherlands

Norway

Panama

PolandPortugal

Paraguay

Romania

Russian Federation

El Salvador

Slovakia

Slovenia

Sweden

Swaziland

Thailand

Tajikistan

Tunisia

Ukraine

Uruguay

United StatesVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic of

South Africa

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Switzerland

Czech Republic

Germany

Denmark

Spain

Finland

France

United Kingdom

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

PolandPortugal

SlovakiaSweden

United States

20

30

40

50

60

Gin

i (%

)

0 5 10 15 20 25Spending on social transfers (% GDP)

Note: OECD countries are shown in red

Basic Social Security is Basic Social Security is affordableaffordable

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

in p

er

ce

nt

of

GD

P

Old-age pensions Child benefitsHealth care Soc ial assistance/employment sc hemeAdministrative costs

Combating hazardous working Combating hazardous working conditionsconditions

2.38 2.38 million work-related deaths annuallymillion work-related deaths annually

Trend of estimated number of work-related diseases, occupational accidents and deaths

caused by hazardous substances in the world

YearYearFatal Fatal

accidentsaccidents 3 days’ 3 days’ (( 4 days’ 4 days’ in 2003) in 2003) absenceabsence

Fatal work-Fatal work-related related

diseasesdiseases

Deaths Deaths caused by caused by hazardous hazardous substancessubstances

19981998 345 719345 719 263 838 111263 838 111 1 646 9651 646 965

20012001 353 204353 204 268 023 272268 023 272 1 697 0611 697 061 438 489438 489

20032003 357 948357 948 336 532 471336 532 471 2 025 7542 025 754 651 279651 279

International Labour Standards as global International Labour Standards as global policy instrumentspolicy instruments

CONVENTIONSCONVENTIONS International TreatiesInternational Treaties Open to ratificationOpen to ratification Ratification involves dual Ratification involves dual

obligation: commitment obligation: commitment to apply + willingness to to apply + willingness to accept ILO supervisionaccept ILO supervision

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

Not international treaties Not international treaties ((not bindingnot binding))

Technical guidelinesTechnical guidelines NotNot subject to ratification subject to ratification May supplement May supplement

provisions contained in a provisions contained in a Convention (but can also Convention (but can also stand on their own)stand on their own)

ILO 8 CORE CONVENTIONSILO 8 CORE CONVENTIONS

Elimination of forced labour: C.29 / C.105Elimination of forced labour: C.29 / C.105 Freedom of Association and Right to Freedom of Association and Right to

Collective Bargaining: C.87 / C.98Collective Bargaining: C.87 / C.98 Abolition of Child Labour: C.138 / C.182Abolition of Child Labour: C.138 / C.182 Elimination of Discrimination in employment: Elimination of Discrimination in employment:

C.100 / C.111C.100 / C.111

Relevant ILO Social Security Relevant ILO Social Security instrumentinstrument

Social SecuritySocial Security the extension of social security measures to provide a basic income to

all in need of such protection and comprehensive medical care; Declaration of PhiladelphiaDeclaration of Philadelphia

Each Member for which this Part of this Convention is in force shall Each Member for which this Part of this Convention is in force shall secure to the persons protected the provision of benefit in respect of a secure to the persons protected the provision of benefit in respect of a condition requiring medical care of a preventive or curative nature condition requiring medical care of a preventive or curative nature C. C. 102,102,

Each Member shall, after consulting the representative organizations Each Member shall, after consulting the representative organizations of employers and workers, adopt appropriate measures to ensure that of employers and workers, adopt appropriate measures to ensure that pregnant or breastfeeding women are not obliged to perform work pregnant or breastfeeding women are not obliged to perform work which has been determined by the competent authority to be which has been determined by the competent authority to be prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child, or where an prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child, or where an assessment has established a significant risk to the mother's health or assessment has established a significant risk to the mother's health or that of her child. that of her child. C, 183C, 183

Relevant ILO Health & Safety Relevant ILO Health & Safety StandardsStandards

Each Member of the International Labour Each Member of the International Labour Organisation for which this Convention is in force Organisation for which this Convention is in force shall maintain a system of labour inspection in shall maintain a system of labour inspection in industrial workplaces.industrial workplaces.

Each Member shall take active steps towards Each Member shall take active steps towards achieving progressively a safe and healthy achieving progressively a safe and healthy working environment through a national system working environment through a national system and national programmes on occupational safety and national programmes on occupational safety and health by taking into account the principles set and health by taking into account the principles set out in instruments of the International Labour out in instruments of the International Labour Organization (ILO) relevant to the promotional Organization (ILO) relevant to the promotional framework for occupational safety and health. framework for occupational safety and health.

List of soeciifc Health and Safety List of soeciifc Health and Safety regulationregulation