martin donohoe. un declaration of human rights “everyone has the right to a standard of living...
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Martin Donohoe
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UN Declaration of Human Rights“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care”
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Food Justice: OverviewAgriculture - consequencesBiodiversity
75% decrease over 20th CenturyVulnerability to infestations (e.g., Irish potato
famine)Svalbard Seed Bank; Global Genome Initiative
DeforestationOverpopulation, unsustainable agricultural
practices
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Food Justice: OverviewSoil erosion
Water availability
Health consequences of pesticide use
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Corporate Control of AgricultureMonsanto, Novartis, Pioneer/Dupont,
Aventis CropScience, Bayer CropScience, BASF, Syngenta, Dow
Mid 1970s – 7,000 seed companies (none controls over 0.5% of market)
2011 – 10 companies control 2/3 of seeds
Control/harassment of scientists
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Food JusticeLobbying, governmental influence
(revolving door)Production and Distribution
Local vs international, greenhouse gasses/global warming
Processing, transportation, and storage materials can account for up to ½ the cost of packaged foods
Diversion of food crops to biofuels
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Poverty and FamineU.S. Poverty
15% (22% children)Racial disparities
Worldwide1.1 billion lack access to clean water
3 billion lack adequate sanitation
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Poverty and FamineWorldwide, 2 billion people suffer
from deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals
Famine: 18,000 people starve to death daily (1 Hiroshima every 8 days)
World hunger rates decreasing: 19% (1990-92) to 11% (2011-2014)
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Poverty and PrioritiesPoverty and PrioritiesAmount of money needed each year Amount of money needed each year
(in addition to current expenditures) (in addition to current expenditures) to provide water and sanitation for to provide water and sanitation for all people in developing nations = $9 all people in developing nations = $9 billionbillion
Amount of money spent annually on Amount of money spent annually on cosmetics in the U.S. = $8 billioncosmetics in the U.S. = $8 billion
One week of developed world farm One week of developed world farm subsidies = Annual cost of food aid subsidies = Annual cost of food aid required to eliminate world hungerrequired to eliminate world hunger
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Foreign AidIn total dollars: U.S. #1In total dollars: U.S. #1As a % of GDP, U.S. ranks 21As a % of GDP, U.S. ranks 21stst among among
the world’s wealthiest nationsthe world’s wealthiest nationsU.S. Aid: Over 1/3 military, 1/4 U.S. Aid: Over 1/3 military, 1/4
economic, 1/3 for food and economic, 1/3 for food and developmentdevelopment
Most U.S. aid benefits U.S. Most U.S. aid benefits U.S. corporationscorporations
GM crops and food aid (Zambian GM crops and food aid (Zambian famine, Africa - Wikileaks)famine, Africa - Wikileaks)
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Foreign AidForeign Aid0.19% of the total federal budget 0.19% of the total federal budget
(vs. UN target of 0.7%)(vs. UN target of 0.7%)1.6% of the U.S. discretionary 1.6% of the U.S. discretionary
budgetbudget
On average, Americans think On average, Americans think that 24% of the federal budget that 24% of the federal budget goes toward foreign aidgoes toward foreign aid
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Foreign AidForeign AidStructural adjustment policies Structural adjustment policies
of World Bank, IMF, WTO force of World Bank, IMF, WTO force developing nations to convert developing nations to convert from production of food crops for from production of food crops for local consumption to profitable local consumption to profitable export cropsexport crops
Land purchases by China, India, Land purchases by China, India, and Brazil in Africaand Brazil in Africa
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PesticidesPesticides5.1 billion lbs/yr pesticides 5.1 billion lbs/yr pesticides
worldwideworldwide30% in US30% in US17,000 products17,000 products
$44 billion market$44 billion market10 firms control 90% of market10 firms control 90% of market
US health and environmental costs $10-12 billion/yr
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PesticidesPesticidesEPA: U.S. farm workers suffer up to EPA: U.S. farm workers suffer up to
300,000 pesticide-related acute 300,000 pesticide-related acute illnesses and injuries per yearillnesses and injuries per year25 million cases/yr worldwide25 million cases/yr worldwide
NAS: Pesticides in food could cause NAS: Pesticides in food could cause up to 1 million cancers in the current up to 1 million cancers in the current generation of Americansgeneration of Americans
WHO: 1,000,000 people killed by WHO: 1,000,000 people killed by pesticides over the last 6 yearspesticides over the last 6 years
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PesticidesLinked to autism, Parkinson’s Disease,
Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, obesity (with prenatal exposure), depression, ADHD
Autism spectrum disorders affect 1/88 children in U.S.
Children living on or near farms score 5 points lower on IQ tests and other mental and verbal testsMay be due to pesticide exposureOver 260,000 child farm laborers in US
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FertilizerSince 1960s, use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers has increased 9-fold globally
Phosphorus use has tripledOver ½ of fertilizer used is wasted/not needed
Runoff damages coral reefs, creates aquatic dead zones
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Agricultural FeedPounds of feed needed to produce one pound
of body mass (feed conversion ratio):Cattle – 6.8Pigs – 2.9Broiler chickens – 1.7Fish 1.1 (salmon, slightly higher for other fish)
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Soil/WaterSoil erosion has increased 60-fold over the past centurySoil erosion exceeds soil formation
Global warming decreasing water tables
Water-intensive crops worsening drought situations
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NanomaterialsUsed in food preservation, packaging, and for
antimicrobial effects (nanosilver)Monsanto, Syngenta, BASF, others produceNanoparticles can cross blood-brain barrier
and enter cell nucleiNot well-studied or regulated, but significant
potential health risks
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Indoor combustion of coal and biomassIndoor combustion of coal and biomassFor cooking, heating and food For cooking, heating and food
preservationpreservationUsed by 3 billion people worldwideUsed by 3 billion people worldwideCauses close to 2 million deaths/yrCauses close to 2 million deaths/yrAssociated with multiple Associated with multiple
pulmonary conditionspulmonary conditionsWomen and children Women and children
predominantly affectedpredominantly affected
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Air PollutionBlack carbon and ground level ozone cutting crop yields by almost ½ in IndiaCould be significant contributor to increasing famine
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Agricultural Antibiotic UseAgricultural Antibiotic Use
Agriculture accounts for 80% of Agriculture accounts for 80% of U.S. antibiotic useU.S. antibiotic use
Use up 50% over the last 15 Use up 50% over the last 15 yearsyears
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Antibiotic Resistant PathogensAntibiotic Resistant PathogensCDC: “Antibiotic use in food CDC: “Antibiotic use in food
animals is the dominant source of animals is the dominant source of antibiotic resistance among food-antibiotic resistance among food-borne pathogens.”borne pathogens.”
$4billion/yr to treat antibiotic-$4billion/yr to treat antibiotic-resistant infections in humansresistant infections in humans
US Preservation of Antibiotics for US Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act, 2007 – Medical Treatment Act, 2007 – awaiting voteawaiting vote
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Genetically-Modified Crops29 countries, 250 million acres (10% of
global farmland), commercialized 1994Most soybeans, cotton, corn; other crops80% herbicide-resistant (e.g., Roundup
Ready soybeans); 20% produce their own pesticide (e.g., Bt corn)
No commercially available GE crop that is more drought-resistant, salt- or flood-tolerant, or which increases yields more than conventional crops
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Genetically-Modified Crops: RisksContamination
Financial consequencesAllergiesSuperweedsChanges in soil, soil bacteriaAltered nutritional value, potential adverse
health effectsIncreased herbicide/pesticide use
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BiopharmingThe engineering of plants to produce
pharmaceuticals (enzymes, antibiotics, contraceptives, abortifacients, antibodies, chemotherapeutic agents, vaccines) and industrial chemicals)
Secrecy, violations, poorly regulatedRisks – similar to GM crop risks, and moreWidespread opposition (NAS, UCS, BMA,
Consumers Union, others)
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Other IssuesCOOL (Country of Origin Labeling)
16% of U.S. food supply imported (including 60% of fresh produce and 85% of seafood)
Only 1.5% of imported food is inspected
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Other IssuesCOOL (Country of Origin Labeling)
2012: WTO ruled against COOL2013: U.S. strengthened COOL policies
2015: WTO issues final ruling against COOL; Congressional bill introduced to repeal COOL
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Problems with the Integrity of the Food SystemInadequate funding of food inspection enterprise in
U.S.FDA has 1,000 food inspectors responsible for
421,000 production facilitiesFDA inspects fewer than 8,000 facilities per year
(down from 35,000/yr in 1970s)Conflicts of interest, revolving door with industryMelamine in Chinese milk, cadmium in Chinese
rice, horsemeat in burgers in Europe, etc.1/3 of U.S. food products (including 39% of fish)
mislabeled
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Other IssuesCounterfeit Food (Europe, involves organized crime syndicates)
Genetic modification of vertebratesCloned meatsArtificial meatPatenting life formsSynthetic biology (Synbio)
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Obesity Epidemic1/3 of adults overweight, 1/3 obese
Health consequences
Economic and health care costs
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ObesityPublic Health ApproachesEducationExerciseRemove sodas (and HFCS-laden
juices [and bottled water]) from schools/vending machines
Obesity report cardsImprove National School Lunch
Program
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ObesityPublic Health ApproachesRestrictions on Food Stamp use
Insurance discounts/surcharges
Menu labelling
Trans fat bans
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ObesityPublic Health ApproachesSoda tax
Advertising restrictions/halting predatory marketing to children
Zoning laws for fast food outlets
Lawsuits
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Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH)
aka recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rBST), brand name Posilac©
Monsanto → Elanco (Eli Lilly)10-15% of U.S. dairy cows injected with rBGH
Used to increase milk production by cattle
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rBGHMarketed primarily to large dairy
farms (LDFs), which are supplanting small dairy farms
LDFs haveWorse environmental impact records
Higher rates of workplace injuriesContribute to decreasing agricultural diversity
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Effects of rBGH on HumansIncreases IGF-1
suspected contributor to breast, prostate and GI cancers
may be partly responsible for earlier onset of puberty
•Causes 16 different harmful conditions in cattle
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rBGH WorldwideCanada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and the European Union have banned rBGH
The Codex Alimentarius, the UN’s main food safety body, has refused to certify rBGH as safe
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rBGH TodayAll fluid milk products in Oregon now
rBGH-freeAll hospital systems in Oregon rBGH-
free (over 160 hospitals nationwide)Dairies increasingly abandoning
rBGH in response to consumer demand
Starbucks (company-owned stores), Chipotle, others rBGH-free
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Oregon Measure 27GM Food Labeling (2002)Required labeling of wholesale and retail
GM foodstuffsDefeated 70% to 30%
Despite widespread public support for labeling
Opponents outspent proponents $5.5 million to $200,000Out of state ag biotech moneyDisinformation campaign
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GM Food Labeling TodayMany countries ban or limit GM
crop production and importationState ballot measures and
legislation (some passed) – see slide show on GMOs and biopharming on phsj website)
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Representative Kucinich’s House BillsThe Genetically Engineered Food
Right to Know Act, or H.R. 6636The Genetically Engineered Food
Safety Act, or H.R. 6635The Genetically Engineered
Technology Farmer Protection Act, or H.R. 6637
Failed in US Senate (2013)
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Representative Kucinich’s House BillsMandate GMO labelingRequire proper GMO safety testingEliminate seed patentingIncrease rights and protections for
farmersHigh suicide rates among farmers in US
and worldwideProhibit sterile seedsAllow farmers to save seeds
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Representative Kucinich’s House BillsAdminister full liability to
biotechnology companies for damage caused by GMOs
Expand FDA oversight and increase regulations re biopharming
Prohibit open-air biopharmingExpand research to help developing
nations feed themselves
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Biopharming in OregonBill passed OR Senate; no vote in House
(2005)Opposition: agricultural biotech,
Oregonians for Food and ShelterLed to task force, which led to MOU
(completed 2010)ODA and Public Health Dept. must
approve permits before field trialsFDA preliminary safety opinion required
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Biopharming in OregonPublic comment period, public
meetingPreference for non-food crops,
secured indoor greenhouses$10,000 fee to companyCompany responsible for required
remedial action
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Eliminating HungerUN FAO: enough food produced daily to
provide every living person with over 2700 calories/dayEven so, 1/3 to ½ of the world’s food is
wasted (40% in U.S.)1/3 animal feed5% used to produce biofuels
47 million Americans dependent upon SNAP (Supplementary Nutrition Assistance Program)
Hunger: solution requires political will
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Suggestions for ActivismSupport traditional/organic farmingconverts carbon from a greenhouse gas into a food-producing asset
Education (self, patients)Op-edsVote
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Suggestions for ActivismLobbyingWork with groups (see phsj website “food safety issues” page)Oregon Physicians for Social Responsibility’s Campaign for Safe Food
Run for office
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Speak Up
“The first job of a citizen is to keep your mouth open.”
- Günter Grass
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Have Faith in Your Ability to Affect Change
"If you think you are too small to have an impact, try going to bed with a mosquito in your tent“
- African Proverb
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Public Health and Social Justice Website and Book
http://www.publichealthandsocialjustice.org
http://[email protected]