11 million people were 11 million people were exterminatedexterminated

6 million Jews &6 million Jews &5 million other people 5 million other people

1933 - 19451933 - 1945

They were shot, They were shot, starved, gassed starved, gassed and burned…and burned…

Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust HOLOCAUST HOLOCAUST (Heb., (Heb.,

sho'ah) sho'ah) which which originally meant a originally meant a sacrifice totally sacrifice totally burned by fire burned by fire

the annihilation of the the annihilation of the Jews and other groups Jews and other groups of people of Europe of people of Europe under the Nazi regime under the Nazi regime during World War IIduring World War II

GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the : the systematic systematic extermination of a extermination of a nationality or groupnationality or group

How did the Holocaust How did the Holocaust Happen?Happen?

The Power of WordsThe Power of Words The Stages of The Stages of

IsolationIsolation The Bystander The Bystander

versusversusthe Collaboratorthe Collaborator

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

The Power of Words…The Power of Words… ““The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small

one”one”

““How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”

The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”

The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”the Jew”

What do all these quotes have in common?What do all these quotes have in common?

All Quotes of Adolf All Quotes of Adolf Hitler…Hitler…

European Jewish Population European Jewish Population in 1933 was in 1933 was 9,508,3409,508,340

Estimated Jewish Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: Survivors of Holocaust:

3,546,2113,546,211

The Stages of IsolationThe Stages of IsolationThe Holocaust was a progression The Holocaust was a progression

of actionsof actions

leading to the annihilation of leading to the annihilation of millions by:millions by:

1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights

2: Segregation2: Segregation

3: Concentration3: Concentration

4: Extermination4: Extermination

Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all

JEWS were :JEWS were :

stripped of German citizenship stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses fired from jobs & businesses

boycotted boycotted banned from German schools and banned from German schools and

universitiesuniversities Marriages between Jews and Aryans Marriages between Jews and Aryans

forbiddenforbidden Forced to carry ID cards Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J”Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the forced to wear the arm band of the

Yellow “Star of David”Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyedJewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a forced to pay reparations and a

special income taxspecial income tax

Stage 2: Segregation Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS Jews were forced to live in Jews were forced to live in

designated areas called “ghettos” designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of to isolate them from the rest of societysociety

Nazis established 356 ghettos in Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWIIHungary during WWII

Ghettos were filthy, with poor Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme sanitation and extreme overcrowdingovercrowding

Disease was rampant and food Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death many slowly starved to death

Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in sizesquare miles in size

Evacuation of a ghettoEvacuation of a ghetto

Nazi ghettosNazi ghettos were a preliminary were a preliminary step in the step in the

annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos became annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for transition areas, used as collection points for

deportation to concentration & death campsdeportation to concentration & death camps

Stage 3: Concentration Stage 3: Concentration CampsCamps

essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)Communists, homosexuals, opponents)

Slave labor “annihilation by work”Slave labor “annihilation by work” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient

transportation transportation

Life in the Life in the CampsCamps

possessions were possessions were confiscatedconfiscated

heads were shavedheads were shaved arms tattooedarms tattooed Prison uniformsPrison uniforms Men, women and Men, women and

children were children were separated separated

Survival based on Survival based on trade skills / trade skills / physical strength physical strength

Unsanitary, Unsanitary, disease ridden and disease ridden and lice infested lice infested barracks barracks

inhumane medical inhumane medical experimentsexperiments

Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination

Einsatzgruppen (mobile (mobile killing units) had began killing units) had began killing operations aimed killing operations aimed at entire Jewish at entire Jewish communities in the communities in the 1930s1930s

DEATH FACTORIESDEATH FACTORIES: : Nazi extermination Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the camps fulfilled the singular function of singular function of mass murder mass murder

EuthanasiaEuthanasia program: program: Nazi policy to eliminate Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically (mentally or physically challenged) to promote challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”Aryan “racial integrity”

“ “FINAL FINAL SOLUTION”SOLUTION”

Wannsee Wannsee

Conference Conference (Berlin -1942 ) (Berlin -1942 ) established the established the “complete “complete solution of the solution of the Jewish Jewish question”question”

called for the called for the complete and complete and mass mass annihilation and annihilation and exterminationextermination of of the Jews as well the Jews as well as other groups as other groups

Zyklon B gas Zyklon B gas became the became the agent in the agent in the mass mass exterminationextermination

Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums

Prisoners were sent to gas Prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as chambers disguised as showersshowers

Zyklon B gas used to gas Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutespeople in 3 – 15 minutes

Up to 8000 people were Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with 4 largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambersoperating gas chambers

Gold fillings from victims Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to teeth were melted down to make gold barsmake gold bars

Prisoners moved dead Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive bodies to massive crematoriums crematoriums

Cold Hard FactsCold Hard Facts

Casualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed63% of Jewish population in Europe killed

91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed

Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only 000 pounds of human hair. But only

7, 6507, 650 live prisoners live prisoners

Holocaust Holocaust

ArtArt

AftermathAftermath Yom ha-ShoahYom ha-Shoah: :

Holocaust Remembrance Holocaust Remembrance Day established in 1951Day established in 1951

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials: : 1945-1949 were trials 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders officials (24 Nazi leaders tried)tried)

Survivors left homelessSurvivors left homeless

Many Jews later Many Jews later emigrated to Palestine emigrated to Palestine (Israel)(Israel)

Think About ItThink About It

In the remaining lines, answer the In the remaining lines, answer the following question:following question:

Do you think another Holocaust Do you think another Holocaust could happen today? Why or why could happen today? Why or why not?not?