11 11

Introduction into Introduction into

Basic Cell BiologyBasic Cell Biology

& Biotechnology Sec & Biotechnology Sec

3.3.

What is Life? What is a cell?What is Life? What is a cell?

22 22

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell Biology

-> All living organisms are made out of cells

-> Cells are the smallest living unit

Human egg cell + sperm

33 33

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell BiologySingle cell organisms – Multi cell organisms

-> Single cell organisms -> Microorganisms

Bacteria Archea Yeast - Fungi

Eeeew! Video 6:50

44 66

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell BiologyEvolutionary time line

55 44

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell Biology

Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms

-> multi cell organisms -> higher degree or organization of cells within the organism -> specialization of cells

Human red blood cells Plant cellsHuman skin cells

Specialized Human Cells Bonus Bonus Difference between Animal and Plant Cells Additional Video

66 88

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell Biology

Two cell types - The Three Domain System

ProkaryotesProkaryotes EukaryotesEukaryotes

77 99

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell BiologyCell Types

Bill Nye Cells

Virus Video

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell Biology

Viruses -> are NO living organismsNO living organisms -> -> parasitesparasites

-> Consist of DNA.-> Consist of DNA.

-> Core is surrounded by a protein -> Core is surrounded by a protein coat.coat.

-> Coat may be enclosed in a lipid -> Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelopeenvelope

-> Viruses are replicated only when -> Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cellthey are in a living host cell

-> Not cellular-> Not cellular

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell Biology

Cell growth -> cell division Cell death -> apoptosisCell growth -> cell division Cell death -> apoptosis

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell Biology

Cell MovementCell Movement -> Mobility -> Flagellum -> Mobility -> Flagellum

Pseudomonas (3,300X) Salmonella (1200X)

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell Biology

Microorganisms are important for Food production

Food Production Video

Intro into Cell BiologyIntro into Cell BiologyMicrobes at Work Microbes at Work

1. Agriculture1. Agriculture - used to control crop insects.- used to control crop insects.

2.2.BioremediationBioremediation - a field of environmental - a field of environmental biotechnology where bacteria are used to clean up biotechnology where bacteria are used to clean up toxic wastes. toxic wastes.

Ex. Oil spills and Gold MiningEx. Oil spills and Gold Mining

3. Pharmacology3. Pharmacology - developing antibiotics to destroy - developing antibiotics to destroy pathogens. (microbes)pathogens. (microbes)

4. Vaccines4. Vaccines - developing weakened strains of pathogenic - developing weakened strains of pathogenic bacteria or viruses in order to protect (immunize) bacteria or viruses in order to protect (immunize) against infection.against infection.

Microbes at work…Microbes at work…

Gold Extraction from Mining.Gold Extraction from Mining.

““Cyanide dissolves gold, just like sugar dissolves in water.”Cyanide dissolves gold, just like sugar dissolves in water.”

Cyanide attaches to anaerobic structures in the Cyanide attaches to anaerobic structures in the cells’ Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell. cells’ Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell.

Cyanide then inhibits the oxygen transfer in Cyanide then inhibits the oxygen transfer in cellular respiration causing damage to systems in cellular respiration causing damage to systems in high need of oxygen – nervous system, the heart.high need of oxygen – nervous system, the heart.

Do you want it in your water for drinking etc.Do you want it in your water for drinking etc.

Bacteria and Mining 5:20

Medical Microbiologi – Infectious Medical Microbiologi – Infectious diseasesdiseases

Nearly 2,000 Nearly 2,000 different microbes different microbes

cause diseases.cause diseases.

10 Billion new 10 Billion new infections/year infections/year

worldwideworldwide

13 Million deaths 13 Million deaths from infections/year from infections/year

worldwideworldwide

1515 3333

BACTERIAL PATHOGENSBACTERIAL PATHOGENS

Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis Borrellia -> Lyme diseaseBorrellia -> Lyme disease

Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis C. tetani -> tetanusC. tetani -> tetanusStaphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus

DiphtheriaDiphtheria

1616 3737

VIRAL PATHOGENSVIRAL PATHOGENS

EbolaEbola

HIV

SmallpoxSmallpox Rabies virusRabies virus

Medical Microbiologi – Infectious Medical Microbiologi – Infectious diseasesdiseases

What can be done What can be done to limit infectious to limit infectious diseases?diseases?

Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)(1822-1895)

Showed microbes caused Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage.fermentation and spoilage.

Developed pasteurization; Developed pasteurization; kills bacteria that may be kills bacteria that may be present in the liquid food.present in the liquid food.

Developed a rabies vaccineDeveloped a rabies vaccine

Insert figure 1.11

1. 1. History of Pasteurization Video

SynergySynergy Textbook Work: Textbook Work:

READ pgs 413 - 415. READ pgs 413 - 415.

Do Qs 1 - 3 Pg. 431Do Qs 1 - 3 Pg. 431

2020

BiotechnologyBiotechnology BiotechnologyBiotechnology is the use of living systems and is the use of living systems and

organisms to develop useful products, or applications, organisms to develop useful products, or applications, for specific use by humans.for specific use by humans.

For thousands of years, humankind has used For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and medicine. medicine.

G.M.O.G.M.O. Tissue Culture Tissue Culture Cloning Cloning

Antibiotics Antibiotics Food Preservation Food Preservation VaccinesVaccines

Vaccines Intro

Penn and Teller Vaccinations LANGUAGE!!

2121

VaccinesVaccinesSynergy:Synergy: Textbook Work: Textbook Work:READ pgs 415 - 420 Do Qs. #s 4 - 7 Pg. 431READ pgs 415 - 420 Do Qs. #s 4 - 7 Pg. 431

Vaccines Pt. 2

Main Points for Vaccines:Main Points for Vaccines:

- TThey work by introducing an organism to the body where hey work by introducing an organism to the body where the Immune System manufactures specific antibodies the Immune System manufactures specific antibodies (WBCs) to immunize against the disease.(WBCs) to immunize against the disease.

- TThey protect the health of people who receive them, and hey protect the health of people who receive them, and prevent them from developing diseases with sometimes prevent them from developing diseases with sometimes dangerous consequences.dangerous consequences.

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VaccinesVaccines Vaccines Pt. 2Vaccines Pt. 2

Main Points for Vaccines Continued:Main Points for Vaccines Continued:

- TThe basic principle is the same for manufacturing he basic principle is the same for manufacturing vaccines: They contain antigens that are incapable of vaccines: They contain antigens that are incapable of transmitting disease, but do create an immune response.transmitting disease, but do create an immune response.

TThree main manufacturing processes for vaccines:hree main manufacturing processes for vaccines:

- - Attenuated VaccinesAttenuated Vaccines: bacteria / virus strains that have : bacteria / virus strains that have lost their power to cause disease. (measles, polio)lost their power to cause disease. (measles, polio)

- - Inactivated VaccinesInactivated Vaccines: harmful bacteria / viruses that : harmful bacteria / viruses that have been killed or inactivated (chem. Products, UV have been killed or inactivated (chem. Products, UV rays) for the immune response.rays) for the immune response.

- - Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering: DNA manipulation where the : DNA manipulation where the dangerous genes are removed from the pathogen.dangerous genes are removed from the pathogen.

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Assisted ReproductionAssisted Reproduction

Assisted Reproduction VideoAssisted Reproduction Video

Synergy:Synergy: Textbook Work: Textbook Work:READ pgs 420 - 424 Do Qs. #s 8 - 10 Pg. 431READ pgs 420 - 424 Do Qs. #s 8 - 10 Pg. 431

Assisted Reproduction is a medical procedure that facilitates the union of Ovum and Spermatozoon for the purposes of achieving fertilization.

These processes generally serve to help infertile and sterile couples conceive a child.

Several procedures are possible: hormonal treatments, artificial insemination, in vetro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Assisted Reproduction Assisted Reproduction Key PointsKey Points

• MMedical reproduction is all medical procedures that edical reproduction is all medical procedures that help engage the union of an ovum and a sperm cell help engage the union of an ovum and a sperm cell for achieving fertilization; for achieving fertilization; they generally serve to they generally serve to help infertile or sterile couples.help infertile or sterile couples.

• SSeveral procedures are possible, know them:everal procedures are possible, know them:

- hormonal treatments- hormonal treatments

- artificial insemination- artificial insemination

- - in vetro in vetro fertilizationfertilization

- intracytoplasmic sperm injections- intracytoplasmic sperm injections

2525

Assisted Reproduction DebateAssisted Reproduction Debate Topics:Topics:

Who should be allowed to have A.R.?Who should be allowed to have A.R.?Age limit of patients?Age limit of patients? Too young and too old… Too young and too old…Number of attempts? How many is too Few and Many?Number of attempts? How many is too Few and Many?Income Level?Income Level? Can they afford to have a child? Can they afford to have a child?Life Style of Parents?Life Style of Parents? Smokers, drug habits, mental illness… Smokers, drug habits, mental illness…

Who pays for the procedure?Who pays for the procedure? Cost Chart McGillCost Chart McGill

Only the “parents”.Only the “parents”.GovernmentGovernmentGovernment Subsidy How Much? Limitations? Government Subsidy How Much? Limitations?

Discriminations?Discriminations?

Should A.R. be Public (government) or Private?Should A.R. be Public (government) or Private?Standards for safety? Regulations? Who watches?Standards for safety? Regulations? Who watches?

Heated DebateHeated Debate

Cell CultureCell Culture is a process where cells are reproduced is a process where cells are reproduced

outside of their natural environment; outside of their natural environment; outside the organism they came from.outside the organism they came from.

MeatMeat

Which Cells Can Be Cultured?Which Cells Can Be Cultured?

Unicellular micro-organisms Unicellular micro-organisms Prokaryotic Cells (ie. Bacteria & Yeast)Prokaryotic Cells (ie. Bacteria & Yeast) Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Multicellular Eukaryotic Cells Multicellular Eukaryotic Cells (Whole Plants and Animals)(Whole Plants and Animals) Skin Cell Cultures IntroSkin Cell Cultures Intro

Conditions Needed for Conditions Needed for Cell Culture Cell Culture

In order for cells to grow, the conditions In order for cells to grow, the conditions must be just right for each cell type.must be just right for each cell type.

• Growth Medium Growth Medium - - (environment for which the cell can optimally grow)(environment for which the cell can optimally grow)

• Type of growth container or fermenter Type of growth container or fermenter - - (petri dish, incubator, etc.)(petri dish, incubator, etc.)

• TemperatureTemperature -- (proper temperature to maximize growth) (proper temperature to maximize growth)

• pHpH - (Proper acidity, basicity or neutral environment) - (Proper acidity, basicity or neutral environment)

• Gas exchange Gas exchange • -- (Oxygen for Energy, elimination of wastes) (Oxygen for Energy, elimination of wastes)

• Method for monitoring cell growthMethod for monitoring cell growth

- - (ensuring culture is free of malformations)(ensuring culture is free of malformations)

Sterilization and personal Sterilization and personal organizationorganization

Synergy Text Questions and further Synergy Text Questions and further knowledge: Pg432; Qs 11 – 14. knowledge: Pg432; Qs 11 – 14.

Conditions Needed for Conditions Needed for Cell Culture con`tCell Culture con`t

extra video cell culture techniquesextra video cell culture techniques

heLa Cells Video

Cell Culture Main PointsCell Culture Main Points

To make cell cultures, specialists must first To make cell cultures, specialists must first obtain cells (either isolated cells or cells obtain cells (either isolated cells or cells obtained through separation). These cells obtained through separation). These cells must then be provided with an appropriate must then be provided with an appropriate support and an adequate culture medium support and an adequate culture medium (source of nutrients for growth). (source of nutrients for growth).

Conditions normally present in the organism Conditions normally present in the organism the cells come form are recreated (temp, the cells come form are recreated (temp, pressure, acidity). This encourages growth pressure, acidity). This encourages growth and reproduction of cells.and reproduction of cells.

TransgenesisTransgenesis

Transgenesis IntroTransgenesis Intro

Genetic TransformationGenetic Transformation Genetic modification of a cell`s DNA; Genetic modification of a cell`s DNA;

changing its specific “Blue Print”.changing its specific “Blue Print”. Involves the uptake of foreign DNA and placing it into the Involves the uptake of foreign DNA and placing it into the

chain of another organism’s DNA.chain of another organism’s DNA. Therefore, it is a replication of a trait within another Therefore, it is a replication of a trait within another

organism that didn’t have it before. altering the cells organism that didn’t have it before. altering the cells production of specific Proteins.production of specific Proteins.

RuleRule: GMOs manipulate a cell’s DNA code.: GMOs manipulate a cell’s DNA code.

- change the code, you change the proteins.- change the code, you change the proteins.

DNA ProteinDNA Protein

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APPLICATIONS OF GMOsAPPLICATIONS OF GMOs

KG

TransgenesisTransgenesis

TransgenesisTransgenesis is a procedure that consists in inserting a is a procedure that consists in inserting a

foreign gene into an organism.foreign gene into an organism.

Different techniques are used, but the steps Different techniques are used, but the steps involved are similar:involved are similar:

Simplified Transgenic ProcessSimplified Transgenic Process

Some ExamplesSome Examples

Debate: Debate: Are GMOs Good or Bad?Are GMOs Good or Bad?

For VideoFor Video Against VideoAgainst Video

Genetic Transformation, Genetic Transformation, Transgenesis and EthicsTransgenesis and Ethics

SynergySynergy Questions: Questions:

Pg. 432, Qs. 15 - 19Pg. 432, Qs. 15 - 19Important Points:Important Points:

- - AAn organism’s genes are modified to endow it n organism’s genes are modified to endow it with new and improved characteristics that might with new and improved characteristics that might profit humans.profit humans.

- - TTransgenesis is a procedure that consists of ransgenesis is a procedure that consists of inserting into an organism a gene that is foreign to inserting into an organism a gene that is foreign to it.it.

- - KKnow the 4 stages of Transgenesis.now the 4 stages of Transgenesis.