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Arthrology

• Where a bone joins …

Synchondrosis

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Range of motion (ROM)

Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthroses (synovial)

No movement (synostosis) Slightly movable Freely movable

Without a cavity (2 types)Bones joined by solid masses of connective tissue (CT)

With a cavity (1 type)Bones joined by a CT capsule surrounding a

synovial cavity

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

2 basic types of joint structure classification

Fibrous joints

• Syn

• Gomphosis

• Suture

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desmo

Gomphosis

Suture

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Types of Sutures

• According to the form of the united margins:

Cartilaginous joints

• Synchondrosis (primary) -- hyaline cartilage union

• Symphysis (secondary)

Cartilaginous: Synchondrosis

ostoses

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Cartilaginous: (symphysis)

Synovial = Diarthrodial

joints6 types

Essential structures

1. Articular capsule:

- Fibrous layer

- Synovial membrane:

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Articular cartilage:

Articular (Synovial) cavity and Synovial Fluid

Accessory structures• Ligamensts

• Intra-articular fibrocartilage

• Marginal cartilage (labra)

• Fat pads

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Ligaments

• Extracapsular

• Intracapsular

- Capsular

Fat Pads

• Between fibrous and synovial layers

• may protrude into joint cavity (pushing the synovial membrane

into folds inside the synovial cavity)

• e.g., parapatellar fat pads of the stifle joint

Articular Discs

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Meniscus

Labrum

Classification of synovial joints

• According to # of bones forming the joint

• According to shape of articular surface

• According to axis of movement

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According to # of bones forming the joint

According to shape of articular surface1- Plane

e.g., carpal, tarsal joints, and vertebrae (dorsal articulation)

Equine cervical vertebra

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Spheroidal (ball and socket)

Ellipsoidal

Saddle

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Condylar

Pivot

According to axis of movement Uniaxial

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Biaxial

According to axis of movementMultiaxial

Movements of synovial joint