10801939_term paper_mgt512_simulation is the imitation of some real thing

8/9/2019 10801939_Term Paper_MGT512_Simulation is the Imitation of Some Real Thing

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Term Paper of MPOB

On

Simulation Training

Submitted To:

Submitted by:

Lovely Professional University 2008-10


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Contents

Meaning of Simulation

Emergence of Simulation

Review of Simulation

How Companies are handling

Simulation Training

Critical Appraisal

Bibliography


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Meaning of Simulation

Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of

affairs, or process. The act of simulating something

generally entails representing certain key

characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or

abstract system. Simulation is used in many contexts,

including the modeling of natural systems or human

systems in order to gain insight into their functioning.

Other contexts include simulation oftechnology for

performance optimization, safety engineering, testing,

training and education. Simulation can be used to show

the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and

courses of action.

Emergence of SimulationThere is a new generation entering the workforce, onethat craves continual interaction, visual informationand multisensory stimulation in learningenvironments. Known as Generation Y, this groupgrew up with video games and came of age during thecommunications technology era. As a result, they areaccustomed to absorbing new information throughinteractive multidimensional methods. Thats why theFortune 500, military and government organizationshave turned to visually rich simulations as a way tocaptivate and train this group of multitaskers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education


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Behind these realistic training scenarios is powerfultechnology. Much like an artist needs a paintbrush tocreate a masterpiece, scenario developers needtechnology tools to create highly realistic simulations.With the emergence of more sophisticated software,2008 promises to be an eventful year on thesimulation front, particularly as different organizationsstart using more sophisticated training scenarios. Tokick off the new year, here are the top five trends from advances in artificial intelligence to new types oftraining scenarios that are shaping the simulatedlearning environments of tomorrow.

1. Highly realistic training scenarios arent justfor soldiers anymore.Until recently, training simulations were too costly fororganizations outside of the defense community toobtain. However, as the technology for developingtraining scenarios becomes more widely adopted andaffordable, simulations are becoming a popular

training tool in the domains of emergencymanagement, homeland security and border patrol.For example, developers of training scenarios can nowleverage weather data to simulate weather conditionsthat police and rescue workers will encounter whendealing with an emergency situation. Simulations caneven be used to study the potential impact thatdisbanding a local gang would have on a community,

or for determining evacuation procedures for abuilding that hasnt even been erected yet.

2. Training games are becoming more realisticthan games designed for entertainment.Serious games do more than entertain. They helpemployees, soldiers and emergency response workersdevelop the skills they need to further theirprofessional development. For example, artificial

intelligence tools, originally designed for thedevelopment of video games, also are used to create


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immersive training simulations for the military. UsingAI software, developers create more dynamic andlifelike training scenarios that enable trainees tointeract with virtual people in real-world contexts.

Traditionally, the entertainment industry was yearsahead of the serious games market when it came todeveloping realistic scenarios and special effects. Butthe need for simulations to involve intelligentcharacters who move and act like real people particularly within the military is promptingdevelopers to use highly sophisticated development

tools. This heightened reality will see more developersof serious games turn to more sophisticated AIsoftware, which will help create more complex andrealistic scenarios.

3. New types of training scenarios are drivingnew simulation technology.A new type of training that combines reality withvirtual environments is coming to the spotlight. Now

used primarily for soldier training, these scenariosinvolve a blend of live-action role-playing, simulatedenvironments and scenarios, and virtual effects.During a live flight training exercise, for example,trainers can use virtual radars to simulate enemyaircraft. This puts trainees, flying real aircraft, in thesame type of high-stress environment they are likelyto encounter in an actual combat situation. This is

particularly beneficial because flight training withmultiple aircraft can be quite expensive. By combiningvirtual information with live flight training, trainers canpush a pilots skills to the limit.

Because there will be a demand to create exercisescrafted around particular missions and environments,live training will create a need for adaptable softwarethat allows users to quickly and easily modify

synthetic environments to meet their specificrequirements.


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4. Joint missions are driving the development ofinteroperable solutions.Geographical boundaries have been lifted withadvances in computing and communications.Distributed mission operations, which enable militarypersonnel from around the globe to train together in avirtual world for combat missions, are now being usedto collaboratively train and develop procedures. Butfor these types of simulations to be successful,different computer systems have to communicatewith each other. Interoperability standards, like HLA1516, DIS and CIGI, are making it possible for all thecomponents in a simulation system to work together.

In the years to come, interoperability standards willbecome more refined and U.S. Department of Defenseprojects will increasingly require specially certifiedinteroperability solutions. As a result, more developersof simulations will adopt open standards as theprimary means of communications protocols between

applications. As these standards become more widelyintegrated into technology and adopted by theindustry, we expect to see data and applications beingrepurposed and combined in innovative andrevolutionary ways. Tomorrows applications will beable to leverage all past development in newsimulation contexts. Furthermore, simulations createdwithin newer departments, such as the Department of

Homeland Security, will be interoperable with legacysystems.

5. There is a greater focus on the end-userexperience.In order to captivate todays generation of youngmilitary recruits, organizations are raising the bar forrealism and demanding scenarios that are rich infeatures and highly accurate. With improvements in

visualization technologies and the increasingsophistication of artificial intelligence tools, the end


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result is an enhanced training experience withextremely realistic scenarios. This means that traineessitting in a stationary seat actually feel like they areflying a military aircraft or are bobbing up and downat sea in a large vessel. Its common for trainee pilotsto come out of training sessions drenched in sweatbecause theyve forgotten they are not really dealingwith an emergency landing or fending off enemyforces.

Conclusion: Effective training and powerfultechnology go hand in hand

A generational shift is happening across theworkforce. The video game generation no longerconsists of kids and young adults having fun at home,but now includes first responders, office employeesand soldiers at work. Through simulations thatleverage powerful technology, CLOs can effectivelyengage and captivate this group of young people, whohave come to expect more than textbooks when it

comes to training. With advances in technology,training scenarios will continue to advance in theyears to come, creating even more effectiveopportunities and outcomes for interactive learning.

Review of SimulationSimulation has been used for many years to train

aviation and

military personnel for work in hazardousenvironments. Effectiveand safe performance in thesesettings requires both highlyskilled individuals and ahigh degree of team coordination.In addition toindividual competence, communication betweenteammembers and decision making become particularlyimportantduring the management of crisis scenarios.

The following are some of the reviews of simulation

training by some authors.


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Simulation is yet another training methodologythat can be utilized. Simulation is basically justwalking an employee through the motions of askill in a controlled environment until they masterthe skill. The benefits of this training methodologyare that they train employees to perform specificskills needed for their job, and simulations helptrain employees to respond appropriately tounexpected events in a controlled environment.

The drawbacks to simulation are again based onmoney. In certain cases where simulating

machines are needed, the cost can beextraordinarily high. Therefore simulationexercises that utilize these kinds of devises areoften times limited to larger businesses or tocompanies that are located close to companiesthat lend out simulators.

By: Alvaro Fernandez

Aviation simulators can be extremely valuable

to aviation students, potential students, and

established pilots. In addition, flight simulators

can simply be a lot of fun for anyone, even those

who have no interest in ever becoming a pilot.

Simulation programs range in complexity and

features from the basic, PC versions to full room,

360 degree, virtual reality simulators. The mostpopular and full-featured PC flight simulator is

the Microsoft Flight Simulator program. The

program is generally marketed and purchased as

a video game, but is a complete simulator that is

used by pilot instructors, students and

experienced pilots to learn and refresh skills. Full-

fledged simulators, known as Full FlightSimulators (FFS) duplicate most aspects of
http://www.articlesbase.com/authors/alvaro-fernandez/24069.htmhttp://www.articlesbase.com/authors/alvaro-fernandez/24069.htm


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being in an airborne plane. They feature a full

replica cockpit with full-size instruments and

functional yoke. They are mounted on six-cylinder

motion platforms that can simulate all six degreesof freedom three linear movements and three

rotations that a plane in flight can experience.

Those training in an FSS get in, buckle up, and

carry out procedures just as they would in a real

plane. Higher level Flight Training Devices (FTDs)

are just like mini simulators, some even featuring

visual systems. However, they dont have amoving platform like the FFS does have.

By: Chris Narfundle

Physicians, nurses and emergency responders

work quickly in emergency situations to

determine what is wrong with a patient and what

needs to be done to help them. Many times thisrequires the administration of a medication.

Months of research later, PharmProps, LLC was

formed, offering extremely realistic simulated

medication products that provide all of the

necessary elements required for safe, effective

medication administration training. As the picture

shows, the simulated medications are quiterealistic, but easily identifiable as training

simulations due to the brightly colored labels and

the inclusion of the "Training Use Only" and "Not

For Human Use - Contains No Medication" tags.

All ofPharmProps products contain only water, for

safety purposes. Finally there is a product that

will allow educators and trainers to address the
http://www.articlesbase.com/authors/chris-narfundle/52974.htmhttp://www.pharmprops.com/http://www.pharmprops.com/http://www.articlesbase.com/authors/chris-narfundle/52974.htmhttp://www.pharmprops.com/http://www.pharmprops.com/


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medication administration training needs of

medical professionals in a safe, legal and

effective manner.

By: Barb Wilt

Someone interested in online currency trading

can learn all about the advantages of trading in

currencies. After a brief introduction, the

professionals will explain to the prospective day

trader what the foreign currency exchange is and

how it began. Having a solid background offoreign currency trading origins will

give them a starting point to build their strategies on

throughout the course.While learning online currency

trading from professionals, students in the course will

learn all about the main currency markets and learn

how to use the foreign currency markets to their best

advantage. Some people trade only in the currency of

their own country and never see the financial benefits

that others do that invest their monies in multiple

foreign currency exchanges.When they have learned

how to read currency charts and the terminology used

in phone trading, then they will be able to trade

currencies throughout the foreign currency trading

course and learn how to make a profit. These simulated

training courses are very beneficial to helping people

become successful traders on the foreign currency

exchange market.

By:Jim Brown
http://www.articlesbase.com/authors/barb-wilt/94708.htmhttp://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/learning-online-currency-trading-from-professionals-296319.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/learning-online-currency-trading-from-professionals-296319.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/learning-online-currency-trading-from-professionals-296319.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/learning-online-currency-trading-from-professionals-296319.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/authors/jim-brown/17285.htmhttp://www.articlesbase.com/authors/barb-wilt/94708.htmhttp://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/learning-online-currency-trading-from-professionals-296319.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/learning-online-currency-trading-from-professionals-296319.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/authors/jim-brown/17285.htm


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How companies are handling

simulation training

INCORPORATION OF SIMULATION-BASED trainingprovides numerous benefits to corporations.This article

explores how companies are using simulation-based

training today to achieve these benefits. From the

avation industry to medical field simulation-based

training is increasing employee performance,skill level,

and saftey.

Simulation in Aviation Industry

Technical companies that are required to train

employees on dangerous or expensive equipment are

most likely to benefit from simulation-based training.

Simulations allow the user to observe the impact of

their choices without the outcomes having any impact

on the real operation. Trainees can learn how to

respond to emergencies, how individual actions and

decisions effect entire processes, and how to operate

complex pieces of equipment.


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Figure 1. Simulated Airplane cockpit.

The airplane cockpit simulation takes on a new

approach to simulation training. The user has the

opportunity to observe how all the components of the

cockpit work together. This approach allows the user to

gain a persepctive of the interactions and correlations

between the numerous components contained in an

airplane cockpit.

This type of system development can support a great

variety of training needs. The simulation gears the user

to focus on the integration, interaction, and correlation

of all the components in the cockpit and provides them

with a learning environemnt that is equalivent to the

actual system itself.

Medical Respirator Pump

The medical respirator pump provides medical

personnel with the benefit of interactive training on a

simulation. Through the use of simulations, valuable

operating equipment is not tied up and the risk of

injurying patients is decreased..

Users can train off-line and at another location out of

the hospital facility any time. Hopitals can test and

certify personnel for competency in through the task-

based courses. In addition, records on each user can

electronicaly be maintained through an LMS.

Anesthesia Machine

The Anesthesia Machine simulation offers the following

benefits of interactivity:


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Show Me: users are shown how to perform

functions on the machine

Try Me: users try performing the functions on their

own

Freeplay: users can interact create their own

senarios while operating the machine.

PGM Tester

The PGM Tester simulation is designed with cause and

effect senarios. Mechanics can trigger vehicle faults

and instantly observe the result in the simulation.

After completing an on-line course, users need to

practice what they just learned on a simulated PGM

Tester. First users are provided with senario based

exercises. On screen text provides the user with step-

by-step instructions and feedback to complete the

execise correctly.

Next, the user has the opportunity to try the exercise

on their own. In this situation users receive feedback

for incorrect steps, but must perform the procedure

without guideance. The user can practice performing

procedures as if they were operating the real device.

Simulation in US Army PEO Stri

Every Soldier who deploys uses some type of

simulation to train critical Warfighting skills.

Simulations help our Soldiers hone their skills, rehearsetheir missions and return to their families safely when


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their missions are complete. PEO STRI responds quickly

to critical, emerging requirements with innovative

acquisition and technology solutions and puts the

power ofsimulation into the hands of America'sWarfighters!

Simulation Training and Resident

Performance of Singleton Vaginal

Breech Delivery

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether simulation trainingimprovesresident competency in the management of asimulated vaginalbreech delivery.

METHODS: Without advance notice or training,residents from2 obstetrics and gynecology residencyprograms participatedin a standardized simulation

scenario of management of an imminentterm vaginalbreech delivery. The scenario used an obstetricbirthsimulator and human actors, with the encountersdigitallyrecorded. Residents then received a trainingsession with thesimulator on the proper techniques forvaginal breech delivery.Two weeks later they wereretested using a similar simulationscenario. Aphysician, blinded to training status, graded the

residents' performance using a standardized evaluationsheet.Statistical analysis included the Wilcoxon signed

rank test,McNemar 2, regression analysis, andpaired ttest as appropriatewith a P value of less than .05 considered significant.

RESULTS:Twenty residents from 2 institutionscompleted allparts of the study protocol. Trainedresidents had significantlyhigher scores in 8 of 12


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critical delivery components (P


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- Create a readiness to change

- Support change agents

- Understand several established models of change.

- Distinguish between those traditional skills necessaryto manage and those needed to manage change

- Identify why change efforts often fail and the means

to avoid these obstacles

- Execute an actual change management simulation in

a risk-free environment

ARS project & communicationARS Projects & Communication is a pioneer ofProject

Management Simulation trainings in Europe. It was

created in 1985 in Sophia Antipolis to service European

Companies.Our training programs objective is to

enhance or develop further capabilities ofProject

Management professionals to handle their jobs be

those technical or personal development modules.

Through its EPM PublicTrainings Workshops, ARS is

truly creating a China and European Contact Point of

Project Management Professionals with different levels,

bringing them together in a unique interactive learning

environment. You'll find there leading edge thinking on

project management issues, benchmark information,

and on top added value, but also invaluable networking

opportunities. More than 1500 participants have joined

our EPM Project Management activities from 100

different companies. We offer differet trainings include

all factors of project management. ARS project &

communication is based in Beijing.
http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/m/a/n/management/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/e/u/r/europe/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/s/o/p/sophia/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/e/u/r/european/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/p/r/o/project/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/t/r/a/trainings/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/a/r/s/ars/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/m/a/n/management/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/e/u/r/europe/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/s/o/p/sophia/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/e/u/r/european/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/p/r/o/project/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/t/r/a/trainings/http://www.training-classes.com/learn/_k/a/r/s/ars/


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Simulation-Based Training Facility Opens,

Focusing on Power Generation Industry

As utility company executives make plans to meet the

growing electricity needs of the Southeast, theyre also

watching their most experienced personnel approach

retirement age. Finding enough skilled personnel to

operate complex power-generation facilities poses one

of the most critical challenges facing the industry

today. Collaboration between Baltimore-based GSE

Systems and the Georgia Institute of Technology offers

one solution: a new way of learning that combines

traditional classroom training with hands-on experience

using advanced computer simulations of complex

industrial facilities. Simulations have long been used to

train pilots, but are relatively new to other types of

Industrial training.

To provide that innovative learning environment, GSE

has built a multi-million-dollar simulation and education

center at Georgia Techs Global Learning Center in

Technology Square. The company officially opened the

facility the first of its kind in the United States with a

ceremony September 13
http://www.gses.com/http://www.gses.com/http://www.gatechcenter.com/http://www.gses.com/http://www.gses.com/http://www.gatechcenter.com/


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The center includes more

than a dozen LCD panels

driven by a powerful

computer to simulate themany key systems

operated from the

control room of an

electric generating plant.

Student operators can

adjust controls and

immediately see theeffects of their actions

not only on the system

they are controlling, but

also on the rest of the

plant. Realistic warnings

indicate potentially dangerous conditions to which the

students must respond. Three-dimensional modelsshow the systems and exact components being

controlled.

The simulation allows plant systems to be integrated

so the student operators really see the issue and

understand the problems, added Johnson. We can

show them how to operate everything from the

simplest system to the whole interrelationship of the

systems.GSE sees a major market for its education

through simulation training, and plans to add

simulations for nuclear power generating stations,

petroleum refineries, desalinization plants, oil and gas

platforms, distribution facilities and perhaps more.

GSE operates a similar simulation training facility at

Strathclyde University in Scotland. It serves companies

GSE Systems and Georgia

Tech have created a new

simulation and education

center in Technology

Square on the GeorgiaTech campus.


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all around the world, including the Middle East, where it

is building another center in the United Arab Emirates.

Thales Training & Simulation

Thales Training & Simulation lets pilots fly high while

their feet are firmly on the ground. The company, a

subsidiary of French aviation company Thales, makes

and sells simulation equipment and provides training

services for operators of civil and military airplanes and

helicopters; it also provides services for heavy trucks

and military vehicles and power plant operationcenters. Thales estimates that more than 40 airlines

and most of the world's major militaries have been

customers; sales are about equally split between civil

and military markets. Europe accounts for about 70% of

sales.

Products

Thales have build numerous types of aircraft (fixed

wing and helicopter) simulators, including:

Fixed Based - No motion platform, normally housed

in a dome, commonly military application. Full

flight simulators can also be fixed based, these are

generally basic training devices that have no

visual and are control trainers only.

Full flight Simulators - A fully immersed

simulation that has a motion platform, can be

either hydraulic or electric (newer simulators)

Military simulators - These can simulator parts of

aircraft (fuselage), water based vehicles or ground


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systems, they are designed to simulate the look

and/or feel of the environment.

They also manufacture driver simulators for trucks

(heavy goods vehicles) and military vehicles

including tanks.

The range of simulators includes nuclear power

plant simulators (for operator training) and small

arms simulators for training army, police, etc

Critical AppraisalLooking ahead we can criticize Simulation on thefollowing grounds:

Model building requires special training: It is an artthat is learned over time and through experience.Furthermore, if two models of the same system areconstructed by two competent individuals, they

may have similarities, but it is highly unlikely thatthey will be the same

Simulation results may be difficult to interpret:Since most simulation outputs are essentiallyrandom variables, it may be hard to determinewhether an observation is a result of sysyeminterrelationships or randomness.

Simulation modeling and analysis can be timeconsuming and expensive: Skimping on resourcesfor modeling and analysis may result in asimulation model and analysis that is not sufficientto the task.

Simulation may be used inappropriately:Simulation is used in some cases when ananalytical solution is possible, or even preferable.

This is particularly true in the simulation of some


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waiting lines where closed-form queueing modelsare available, at least for long-run evaluation.

. Althoughnumerous simulators are available fortraining technical skillsin surgery and endoscopy,we need to integrate these into thetrainingcurriculum in a structured manner. weneed tointegrate mannequin based simulations into thenursingand medical curriculums and understandhow and when it may makeits most effectivecontribution.

By a process of task analysiswe need to

understand much more about what makes asimulationrealistic and effective. Costly andcomplicated mannequins andsimulators may notalways be necessary for effective training

We need to develop reliable and valid measures ofindividualand team performance to underpin bothtraining and evaluationof training.

Finally, we need better evidence of the efficacy

andcost effectiveness of simulation if it is to advancebeyondits current niche to occupy a central placein medical and nursingtraining.


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hales-training-

simulation+simulation+training+in+companies&hl

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dvantages+of+simulation+training&source=web&

ots=opGFipUs7k&sig=L2ghVRs07zGyvvZ3ob4CkDJ

VQM8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&

ct=result#PPA12,M1

http://www.citehr.com/50815-steps-design-training-programme.html

http://www.articlesbase.com/find-articles.php?

q=simulation+training

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articles/simulated-medication-provides-effective-

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86

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