Fiona Undri t t

Read and discover more about the wor ld!This ser ies of non-f ict ion readers providesinterest ing and educat ionaI content, wi thact iv i t ies and project work.

Ser ies Edi tor : Haze[ Geatches

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S,trtfr'urG,t-u;fe,'sFiona Undritt

Introduction1 Tunnels2 Bridges

3 Skyscrapers4 Dams

5 Olympic Structures

6 Different Shapes7 Glass and lce

8 Amazing Places

9 Structures in Space10 Animal StructuresActivitiesProjectsPicture Dictionary

34

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About Read and Discover 48

OXTORDUNIVERSITY PI{T'SS

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ACKN OWLE DCE M E NI 'SllhAtrdtioru by: Rebecca Halls['he Olganisation pp 4, 6, 7. 8,20,25,26,28, 30; Alan Rowe pp 36,47,45,46,47: Gary SwiftPP s, 15, 19

The Publishers woukl olso like to thqnk thc Jbllowing|& their kindpemissim Lo reproduce photog:raphs and othcr copyight motci|al .Alamy pp 5, 10, 74,'17,22,23 lwoiibat). 34; Corbis pp 8. 23(beaver/dam), 32 (Beijing airport); Dr David Fishcr, DynamicArchitecftue, A11 rights reseNed p 15i Getty Images p 9:NASA Inages p 20, 21; Oxfbrd University Press pp 3, 6, 13, 16,32 (Beij ing Stadium); PoseidonUndersea Resons. LLC p t8;Rcx Features p 12: TopFoto pp 4,7; Superstock p 11:ww.7-t.co.uk/British Antarctic Survey p 19,

A structure is something made with manyparts, l ike a house, a schoot, or a bridge.It can be made of different materials likebricks, concrete, glass, wood, or metal. A superstructure is very big, very [ong, or very tat[.

What structures can you see here?How many parts can you see?What are the structures made of?What other structures can you think of?

re

ffi.W.Wd Now read and discover

more about super structures!ili,

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' l unncls go underwater, underground, ortl-rrough the ground. \We use tunnels formines, trains, and road traffic, or to carrythings like gas or water. Tunnels are usuallymade of metal and concrete.

One of the longest tunnels in the worldis the Seikan Tunnel in Japan. It's nearly54 kilometers long! It goes between twoislands. It was built because it's too dangerousto travel by boat.The tunnel is for trains, butnow many people prefer to travel by plane.

One of the longest road tunnels is the

Laerdal Tunnel in Norway. The tunnel

is nearly 25 kilometers long and it goes

through a mountain. It was built because

there's too much snow on the mountain

roads in winter.

Bridges go over water or overground.

On a beam bridge, the pillars carry the deck.One of the longest beam bridges is theLake Pontchartrain Causeway in the USA.This bridge is about 38 kilometers long andit has over 91000 concrete pillars. It goesover water and carries road traffic.

0

On a suspension

l-rridge, the cables and

towers carry the deck.'l'hc anchorages hold

thc cables.

Suspension bridges move a little when it's windy.'l 'his isn't usually a problem, but in 1940 the'lbcoma Bridge in the USA collapsed in light

winds. It was onlv four months old.

Go to pages 26-27 for activities.!a .:'&,lir' ifEt{:4rire€HIEI: . -'

t

\(Ihen there isn't much ground,

we can build tall buildings.Very tall buildings are calledskyscrapers. The first skyscraperwas the Home Insurance Building.It was built in Chicago in theUSA in 1885. It was 42 meterstall. The tallest skyscrapers arenow much taller than this.

The Petronas TWin Towers inI(uala Lumpur in Malaysia arethe tallest twin buildings. Thereis a bridge between the twotowers called a skybridge.

One of the tallest skyscrapers

is the Burj Dubai.. It's in Dubai

in the United Arab Emirates.

It's 818 meters tall - that's

nearly a kilometer! It's made

of a special, strong concrete

called reinforced concrete.

The Burj Dubai has apartments'

shops, swimming pools, hotels,

restaurants, and a librarY.

It's like a very tall town!

Do you like it?

The concrete in theBurj Dubai weighs the sameas about 100,000 elephants!

Ii . r ' l i

.$* Go to pages 28-29 for activities.

Some of the biggest structures are dams.They hold back \vater and make a lakecal lcd a rcscrvoir. Dams supply watcr)stop f loods, and they also makc elcctr ici ty.

(iravitv clants are macic of a lot of concrcte.'l 'hey arc vcrv big and hcarl', ancl thiswcight l-rolds back rhc r,l 'arcr. Tl-rc Itaipu Damis a gravitv dam. I t 's in South Amcricabetwccn Paraguaf anc-l Brazil.It 's 196mctcrs tail and ncarlr' 8 kilorr-rcters long.

Arch dams are also madc of concrctc. ' l - l -rcv

arc usuall,v smaller than gravity dams and

they are curved. The curve holds back the

water. The Moiry Dam in Switzerland is

an arch dam. I t 's 148 meters tal l and

610 mctcrs lons.

hn-,

,#)* more than 4,000 years ago in' - ' ' : Egypt. l t never worked because

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Go to pages 30-31 for act iv

There are many super structures in Beijingin China. Some of them were built for theOlympics in 2008.

Terminal 3 of Beijing Capital InrernarionalAirport is one of the biggest airport terminalsin the world. The floor area is more than asquare kilometer. There are seven floors,and two of the floors are underground.

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The Beijing National Stadium is one of

the biggest metal buildings. It's red and

gold. It has 80,000 seats. There wcre

I 1,000 extra seats for the Olympics. It also

has underground pipes to make it warm in

winter and cool in summer.

Sometimes it 's called the Bird's Ncst - can

you see why?

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Red and gold are traditional colors for Chinesebuil.dings. Red is the Chinese color for good [uck.

Go to pages 32-33 for act iv i t ies.

$7ith new building materials, people canbuild structures in many different shapes.

The 02,in London in the United I(ingdomis a dome. It was built for the millennium,

the year 2000. The roof is made of a specialplastic and glass material. It 's 365 meterswide - one meter for every day of the year.

It has also l2 support towers - one towerfor every month of the year.

In 2008, David Fisher designed the first

rotating skyscraper. It uses energy from the

wind. People want to build these rotating

skyscrapers in Dubai and in Moscow.

ffitQJ Each ftoor can rotate a ful.t

circle. People can decide when torotate their ftoor. The skyscrapercan be a different shape every day!

, : l r , i r ,

Go to pages 34-35 for activit ies.

fi

In a village in Sweden, near the Arctic,

there is a hotel made of ice called Ice Hotel.

The hotel is open from December to April.

It has 80 rooms. There are ice sculptures in

the rooms. The beds, chairs, and tables are

also made of ice. Even the drinking glasses

are made of ice!

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Most buildings are made of concrete, bricks,metal, or wood. Some buildings usedifferent materials.

Biosphere 2 inArizona in the USA is madeof glass and metal. It 's nearly as big as rwoand a half American football fields. Inside,there's a rainforest, an ocean, a desert, afarm, and places for people to live and work.It's a research center.

Every year, lce Hotetis bui l t again wi th new ice.

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Did you know that people also build

structures under the ocean and on ice?

The Poseidon Undersea Resort in Fiji is a

hotel 12 meters under the ocean. I t 's made

of very strong metal and plastic. The

windows are made of special, clear plastic,

so people can see fish and other ocean

animals from the hotel. To get to the hotel,

you travel by submarine!

. h&s1 d.", - r

: i:: a'

Halley 6 is a research station in the

Antarctic. It 's built on ice. The ice moves

400 meters every year and the structure

moves with it. Halley 6 is on skis so people

can move it back to the right place.

Building in the Antarctic is very difficult

t:--

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speed can be 150 kitometers perhour. The temperature can be lessthan -50 degrees centigrade.

Go to pages 38*39 for act iv i t ies.

There are also structures

in space. The International

Space Stat ion (ISS) is a

research station. It 's about

350 kilometers above Earth.

It goes around Earth about 16 times every

day. I t t ravels at 27,700 ki lometers pcr hour- that 's nearly 8 ki lometers per second!

You can seethe ISS fromtetescope.

The ISS is made of metal. It uses energy

from the sun. The first part of the ISS went

into space in a rocket in 1998. No astronauts

went with it. Most other parts went with

astronauts. Sometimes, astronauts do a

spacewalk outside the ISS to attach new parts.

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Go to pages 40-41 for act iv i t ies. . . ' ; ,_.*_

Earth without a **

l ; ;

Animals can build super structures, too!

Termites build their homes with mud.

These homes are tall towers called termitemounds. The tallest termite mounds are

Wombats build undergrouncl

tunnels called burrows. Thcy

dig with their front paws and

bite through things with their

teeth. A wombat can dig

about 2 meters per hour.

Beavers build dams on the

water to protect themselves

from other wild animals like

bears. They build the dams

with small trees) stones, and

mud. Their dams can be a

kilometer long.

about 13 meters high. They are termite

skyscrapers!

ffieJfJ "d\{}/ Termites are insects.The tatlest termite moundsare thousands of termites ta[[!

ir **As&u

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pages 42-43 for activit ies.

r-

Read pages 4-5.

Match.

It was buitt because there'stoo much snow on themountain roads in winter.

It was buitt because it 's toodangerous to travel" by boat.

3 lt's for road traffic.

4 lt 's for trains.

Write true or false.

1 Tunnels can carry water.

2 The Seikan Tunnel is longer thanthe LaerdaI Tunnel.

3 The Laerdal Tunnel is shorter thanthe Seikan Tunnel.

The Seikan Tunnel goes through water.

I t 's quicker to use the Seikan Tunnelthan to traveI by p[ane.

Circle the correct words.

t Tunnels goiund/eri/ over water or ground.

2 Tunnels are made of metal and gtass / concrete.

3 The Seikan Tunnel is in China / Japan.

4 The LaerdaI Tunnel is in Spain / Norway.

Complete the sentences.

through longest metat 25 kitometers underSeikan Tunnel

LaerdaI Tunnel 1

2

3

4

5

i i 'q , j i ; . 5 Write A or B.

Tunnets are usua[ ly made of , ' , " c l f ldconcrete.

tunne[s.The Seikan Tunnel is one of the

The LaerdalTunnel is nearty

The Seikan Tunnel goes the water.

The Laerdal Tunnel goes a mountain.

long.

4

5

ffi*,r* rg," ffib ^o*e

1 Which is the [ongest tunnel?

2 Which tunnel goes underground? -3 Which tunnel is for t rains? -4 Which is the shortest tunnet? -5 Which tunnel goes underwater? -6 Which tunneI is for cars? -

V-'c''

h*

d Bridses( Read pages 6-7.

1 Circle the correct words.

1 Bridges go underground / overground.2 The longest / shortest beam bridge is in the USA.3 Beam bridges and suspension bridges both have a

tower / deck.

4 The Tacoma Bridge is a beam / suspension bridge.

t Write the words. s

cable deck piltar deck anchoragetower suspension bridge fmm#i+ge

6

7

8

I Find and write the words.

dg't

a

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

B

bridoe-7-

t r l____

b___{.

Answer the questions.

1 What carries the deck on a beam bridge?

Ths plltnre carr1 ths dscK.

2 What carries the deck on a suspension bridge?

3 What is a problem for suspension bridges?

4 Which bridge collapsed when it was windy?

g h b 6 r d q-a)

wa n c h o r a g e t

!b

z b e j c e w g oa e d o a r a m w

e 5 a e t b t t h ea n t c W t b e q rm e t k a e r r u i

o f e I h r i o a cp a V s n g d m t ep t t a I c n o a

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5 Write about a bridge in your country.

ffiGffi s;kw-sffiffi'ffiffi*ffiffis

'r Read pages 8-9.

", Match.

'wm' I

" lWil

t

1l*r

F Write the numbers.

10mm 900m 1,000m 92cm 100cm Smm

1 about a centimeter fu::r*:2 about a meter

Sears TowerPetronas Twin Towers ftatl / taller / ta[[est)

Taipei 101

Shanghai WortdFinanciaI Center

Burj Dubai

3 Complete the sentences.

I The Taipei 101 is eirorter than the Sears Tower.(short / shorter / shortest)

2 The Shanghai Financial Center is _ thanthe Petronas Twin Towers. ftatl / tatter / tattest)

3 The Burj Dubai is the skyscraper.

4 The Sears Tower is than than the Taipei 101.f tal l / ta[ [er l tal test)

5 The Sears Tower is - than the Burj Dubai.(short / shorter / shortest)

4 Answer the questions.

1 Where was the wortd's first skyscraper buitt?

2 How ta[[ is the Burj Dubai?

3 What are the taltest twin buildings called?

4 What is your favorite skyscraper? Why? '3 about a kitometer

4 the same as a centimeter5 the same as a meter6 the same as a kitometer

E

DarnsC Read pages 10-11.

I Write the words. reservoir curue arch damconcrete gravity dam reservoir

ffi

4

5

6

1

2

3

2 Write true or false.1 Dams make water.

2 A reservoir is like a [ake.3 Dams supply food.

4 Dams stop floods.

5 The ltaipu Dam is ta[[er thanthe Moiry Dam.

R\s%

Complete the puzzle.

2+

1 The first dam buitt fettdown in heavy -.

4 ->

2 The Moiry Dam is in _.3 Gravity dams are very _.4 Gravity dams are made of

5 Arch dams are -. 6 >6 Dams hotd back _.

Answer the questions.

1 What type of dam is the ltaipu Dam?

2 Where is the Moiry Dam?

3 With an arch dam, what holds back the water?

4 With a gravity dam, what holds back the wate??

5 Write about a dam in your country.

JComplete the sentences.

super metal airport termina[s Otympics colorRead pages L2-L3.

Match.

It's made of metal.

The floor area is morethan a squarekilometer.

It has 80,000 seats.

Sometimes it 's calledthe Bird's Nest.

5 lt 's one of the biggestairport termina[s.

Circte the correct words.

1 Termina[ 3, Bei j ing Capital Internat ionalAirport :

lt's in Russia / China / the USA.

f t's for cars / trains ,/ planes.

2 The Bei j ing Nat ionaI Stadium:

lt 's l ike a bird's bus / nest / schoot.

lt 's made of metat / wood / glass.

It has underground pil lars / pipes ,/ seats.

Red is the Chinese _ for good [uck.

Many bui ldings were buit t for the in 2008.

Bei j ing has many structures.

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

Termina[ 3 of the Bei j ing CapitaI Internat ionalAirport is one of the biggest

5 The Bei j ing Nat ional Stadium is one of the biggestbui td ings.

Answer the questions.

1 When were the Bei j ing Olympics?

2 Bei j ing is the capital of what country?

What is the Chinese cotor for good [uck?

4 What is the Bei j ing Nat ional Stadium made of?

NationaI Stadium

Terminal 3

5 Write about a sports stadium in your country.

'rt -

Read pages t4-t5.

Circle the correct words.The 02:1 l t was buit t for the Olympics / mi l lennium.

2 There are 365 months / days in a year.

3 There areL2 months / days in a year.

The rotating skyscraper:4 lt can rotate a fu[[ square ,/ circle.

5 lt uses energy from the sun / wind.

6 lt can be a different floor ,/ shape every day.

Write the months.

September June November February Aprit Ju[y.lanu=art' December August May March October

Complete the sentences.

materia[s skyscraper domeLondon day shapes

1 With new buitdingstructures in different

2 The 02 is in

3 The rotating

, people can bui[d

I t 's a

i Match. Then write sentences.

The O2 \,There are 72 months ,,

Every floor can rotate :There are 365 days

1"..,,.

The rotatingskyscraper uses

. .

can change shape every

In a year.

energy from the wind.

in a year.

.."" is a dome.

a futt circ[e.

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

9

10

11

t2

1

2

3

4

5

6

Gla$$ annd lce* Read pages t6-L7.

Write the words.

bricks glass ice woodconcrete metal

A Write true or false.

1 lce Hotel is open in January.

2 lce Hotel is not open in March.

3 Biosphere 2 is a smatl town.

4 Biosphere 2 is made of glass and wood.

5 There is an ocean in Biosphere2.

6 There is an ice hotel in Biosphere 2.

Match.

1 lt's made of glass and metal.

2 lt's made of ice. ,

3 lt',s in sweden.

4 lt's in the USA.

5 lt's a research center.

6 | want to go there.

Order the words.

1 lce / Hotel / made / is / ice. / of

lr"s ilnt*"l iq nnads *rf k"s,

2 again. / year / Hotel / ts / Every / lce / buiLt

3 open / lt / from / is / Aprit.,/ December / to

4 drinking / glasses / ice. / The / made / of / are .

5 glass / made / Biosphere2 / of / is / metat. / and

lce Hotel

Biosphere 2

ffiffiv&

r \*W

st

6 a / is / rainforest / There / in / Biosph ere 2.

r,.,,, I I ;,, ,

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Read pages 18-19.

Match.

1 lt 's buitt on ice.

2 lt 's under the ocean.

3 lt moves.

4 lt 's on skis.

PoseidonUndersea Resort

Halley 6

#

S Haltey 6

Complete the chart.

weter cold skis submarine windice fish hotel research ocean

3 Comptete the sentences.

weather under on Plastic moves

1 The Poseidon Undersea Resort is - the ocean.

2 The windows are made of a speciat - .

3 Hal ley 6 is bui l t - ice.

4 The ice 400 meters every Year.

5 Buil,ding in the Antarctic is very diff icutt because of

the - .

4 Answer the questions.

1 Where is the Poseidon Undersea Resort?

2 Where is Halley 6?

How do you get to the Poseidon Undersea Resort?

4 How cold can it be in the Antarctic?

5 What is your favori{e structure? Why?

i l l , , '11

- rL' \:/ ' {>^ \,'Poseidbn Undersea Resort

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: i i l t r t , f r l i '1, , i i , ,1,r1 rr l t l , l l . 3 Write the words.

Earth astronaut ISSRead pages 20-2L

Find and write the words.

a s t rf r r la o f ,ee c 'u sa k w,€reoat, t o Ihexcb d.s h

otV

hsu,tnt

utpstps. , aoccekccdLe

;&

G*:

B-

I

fr

1

2

3

4

5

6

naibrshtdaWti ibotn

Write the numbers.

27,700 B 19gg 350 16

The ISS is - kitometers above Earth.It goes around Earth about times every day.It travets at _ kitometers per hour.It travets at _ kilometers per second.The first part of the ISS went into space

Answer the questions.

1 Where is the lss?

2 What is the ISS?

3 When did the first part of the ISS go into space?

How many astronauts went into space with thefirst part of the ISS?

5 Where do astronauts do spacewalks?

1

2

3

4

5In

6 Can you see the ISS from Earth?

+

1

Anirnal StructuresRead paEes 22-23.

Write true or false.

1 Termites buitd their homes with concrete.

2 Wombats buitd burrows underground.

3 Wombats bite through things withtheir teeth.

4 Beavers buitd dams under the water.

5 Beaver dams can be a kilometer [ong.

6 There is a termite mound in my home.

Order the words.

1 too. / Animals / buiLd / can,/ structures / super

2 mounds / Termite / skyscrapers. / are / termite

3 Wombats / about / meters / dig / hour. / per / 2

4 buitd / Termites / with / their / mud. / homes

5 dams / Beaver / bel tong. / a / can / kilometer

3 Complete the Puzzle.?Y

34vv

1 lt 's the name of this book.2 Yery tatt buitdings are called -.3 An arch dam has a -.4 A tunnel goes here.5 Beam and suspension are types of -.6 lt 's a strong buitding material.7 Laerdat and Seikan are -.8 In Norway, there is a - through a mountain.9 The Bei j ing Nat ional Stadium is made of - .

10 lt hotds back water.11 Bridges go - Water.12. The Pontchartrain Causeway is very -.13 Biosphere 2 is made of metal and -.

Super Structuresin My Country

Complete the chart about super structures inyour country.

Make a poster. Use pictures and i,i;tfrlr-f1i..-'write about the super structures. \rf, .... mersrs ralf

Disptay your poster. \lLY*l!l-:

What's itcalled?

What type ofstructure is it? Matsrials:

Nams of structure: thapa and sirs:

Design a SuPerStructure

Think of a super structure.

Write notes and comptete the diagram.

3 Draw your super structure. write sentences todescribe it.

4 Display your design.

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For younger students, Dolphin Readers Levets Startet l, and2 are available.

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches . CLIL Adviser: John C[egg

Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four [eve[s, from3 to 6, suitab[e for students from age 8 and otder. They cover manytopics within three subject areas, and can support Engtish across thecurriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL).

Availabte for each reader:Audio CD Pack (book & audio CD)Activity Book

For Teacher's Notes & CLIL Guidance go towww.oup.c om / elt/ teacher,/reada ndd iscover

1 Subject

XreaLevel \

The World of Science& Technotogy

The NaturalWortd

The Wortd of Arts& Sociat Studies

ffi600

headwordss

s

How We Make Products

Sound and Music

Super StructuresYour Five Senses

o Amazing Minibeasts. Animals in the Air

" Life in Rainforests

' Wonderful Water

* Festivals Aroundthe World

- Free Time Aroundthe Wortd

@750

headwords

' A[[ About Plants. How to Stay Heatthy. Machines Then and Now. Why We Recycte

All. About Desert LifeAtl. About Ocean LifeAnimals at NightIncredible Earth

a

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" Animats in Art. Wonders of the Past

@900

headwordsa

Materials to ProductsMedicine Then and NowTransportation Thenand NowWild Weather

r Al[ About lslandsn Animal Life Cycles* Exploring Our World6 Great Migrations

' Homes Aroundthe Wortd

" Our World in Art

@1,050

headwords

r Cells and Microbes. Ctothes Then and Nowo Incredible Energyr YourAmazing Body

r Al[ About Space. Caring for Our Ptaneto Earth Then and Nowr Wonderful Ecosystems

. Helping Aroundthe Wortd

r Food Aroundthe Wortd