10/23/2015 reading and vocabulary chang chenguang sun yat-sen university [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
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Outline
• Reading and word-building in context
• Patterns of vocabulary in text
• Lexical field
• Metadiscourse and vocabulary
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Defining vocabulary
• How much vocabulary does a second language learner need?– Although a language makes use of a large number
of words, not all of these words are equally useful. One measure of usefulness is word frequency.
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• Vocabulary size and coverage in novels for teenagers (Hirsh & Nation 1992)
Vocabulary size % coverage Density of unknown words
2000 words 90 1 in every 10
2000+proper nouns 93.7 1 in every 16
2600 words 96 1 in every 25
5000 words 98.5 1 in every 67
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• After the high frequency words of the language, the next focus for the teacher is on helping the learners develop strategies to comprehend and learn the low frequency words of the language.
• It is more efficient to spend class time on strategies:– Guessing from context
– Using word parts to remember words
– Using vocabulary cards to remember L1 – L2 word pairs
– Dictionary skills ….
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Defining vocabulary
• What is meant by “Vocabulary” ? Is it sufficient to equate “vocabulary” with single words?
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Defining vocabulary
• Is it sufficient to equate “vocabulary” with single words?– The importance and prevalence of multi-word
items• Traditionally, vocabulary has been seen as individual
words
• More recently, researchers are beginning to realize that lexemes are often made up of strings of more than one word. (chunks, multi-word units, prefabricated strings, formulae, …)
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• Language use is not only a matter of applying generative rules. Many of the things we say are formulaic.
• Native-like idiomaticity, where a speech community has a “preferred way” of saying something, seems to indicate that certain word-strings are prioritized during processing, and hence are likely to be selected as the default expression of a given idea, even though other grammatically acceptable ways are also possible.
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Vocabulary and Reading
• Learning words in isolation
• Simplified reading
• Intensive reading of unsimplified texts
• Vocabulary exercises in reading class– Dealing with unknown words in a text – context
– Semantic mapping
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• Adding to the lexicon – Borrowing
– Coinage
– Conversion
– Compounding
– Derivation
– Clipping
– Initialization and acronyms
– Blends
– Names of people and places
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The cells that line the nasal cavities have cilia, tiny hairlike extensions that can move together like whips. The whiplike motion of these cilia sweeps the mucus into the throat, where you swallow it.
Dealing with unknown words in a text
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Reading and word-building
• The cells that line the nasal cavities have cilia, tiny hairlike extensions that can move together like whips.
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The cells that line the nasal cavities have cilia, tiny hairlike extensions that can move together like whips. The whiplike motion of these cilia sweeps the mucus into the throat, where you swallow it.
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Word-formation in context
• … that can move together like whips.
• The whiplike motion of these cilia
• Nominalization
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However, 65 million years ago the age of dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible for the rise of mammals on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.
人教版 高中 3
Dealing with unknown words in a text
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However, 65 million years ago the age of dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible for the rise of mammals on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.
人教版 高中 3
Dealing with unknown words in a text
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They were in time to produce nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth atmosphere.
人教版 高中 3
Dealing with unknown words in a text
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Meaning relationships
• Synonymy 同义关系 • Antonymy 反义关系 • Hyponymy 上下义关系
• Lexis of language as a network!
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Hyponymy
They were in time to produce nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth atmosphere.
人教版 高中 3
Meaning relationships
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Americans eat a lot of fast food such as hamburgers, pizza, and fried chicken, but their diet embraces an enormous range of foods from all over the world. Staples include potatoes, pasta, breads, and rice prepared with a variety of sauces.
高中练习
Meaning relationships
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In the past years, eating habits have changed as people pay more attention to their health. However, many Americans continue to eat red meat (beef in particular as well as pork), and chicken and other foods.
高中练习
Meaning relationships
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By 1929, American factories were turning out nearly half of the world’s industrial goods. The rising productivity led to enormous profits. However, this new wealth was not evenly distributed.
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Synonymy
By 1929, American factories were turning out nearly half of the world’s industrial goods. The rising productivity led to enormous profits. However, this new wealth was not evenly distributed.
Meaning relationships
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Synonymy
People visiting the US for the first time are often amazed at the size of the steaks and other portions of food served in restaurants.
Meaning relationships
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Patterns of vocabulary in text
Packaging of information to build from sentence to sentence (through vocabulary)
Present and then repackage information Pattern of information flow (chaining)
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By 1929, American factories were turning out nearly half of the world’s industrial goods. The rising productivity led to enormous profits. However, this new wealth was not evenly distributed.
Patterns of vocabulary in text
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• The Second World War further encouraged the restructuring of the Australian economy towards a manufacturing basis. Between 1937 and 1945 the value of industrial production almost doubled. This increase was faster than otherwise would have occurred. The momentum was maintained in the post-war years and by 1954-5 the value of manufacturing output was three times that of 1944-5. The enlargement of Australia’s steel-making capacity, and of chemicals, rubber, metal goods and motor vehicles all owed something to the demands of war. The war had acted as something of a hot-house for technological progress and economic change.
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• The Second World War further encouraged the restructuring of the Australian economy towards a manufacturing basis. Between 1937 and 1945 the value of industrial production almost doubled. This increase was faster than otherwise would have occurred. The momentum was maintained in the post-war years and by 1954-5 the value of manufacturing output was three times that of 1944-5. The enlargement of Australia’s steel-making capacity, and of chemicals, rubber, metal goods and motor vehicles all owed something to the demands of war. The war had acted as something of a hot-house for technological progress and economic change.
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Another example• For one thousand years, whales have been of commercial interest
for meat, oil, meal and whalebone. About 1000 A.D., whaling started with the Basques using sailing vessels and row boats. They concentrated on the slow-moving Right whales. As whaling spread to other countries, whaling shifted to Humpbacks, Grays, Sperms and Bowheads. By 1500, they were whaling off Greenland; by the 1700s, off Atlantic America; and by the 1800s, in the south Pacific, Antarctic and Bering Sea. Early in this century, the Norwegians introduced explosive harpoons, fired from guns on catcher boats, and whaling shifted to the larger and faster baleen whales. The introduction of factory ships by Japan and the USSR intensified whaling still further. The global picture, then, was a mining operation moving progressively with increasing efficiency to new species and new areas. Whaling reached a peak during the present century.
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04/20/23
• For one thousand years, whales have been of commercial interest for meat, oil, meal and whalebone. About 1000 A.D., whaling started with the Basques using sailing vessels and row boats. They concentrated on the slow-moving Right whales. As whaling spread to other countries, whaling shifted to Humpbacks, Grays, Sperms and Bowheads. By 1500, they were whaling off Greenland; by the 1700s, off Atlantic America; and by the 1800s, in the south Pacific, Antarctic and Bering Sea. Early in this century, the Norwegians introduced explosive harpoons, fired from guns on catcher boats, and whaling shifted to the larger and faster baleen whales. The introduction of factory ships by Japan and the USSR intensified whaling still further. The global picture, then, was a mining operation moving progressively with increasing efficiency to new species and new areas. Whaling reached a peak during the present century.
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04/20/23
• For one thousand years, whales have been of commercial interest for meat, oil, meal and whalebone. About 1000 A.D., whaling started with the Basques using sailing vessels and row boats. They concentrated on the slow-moving Right whales. As whaling spread to other countries, whaling shifted to Humpbacks, Grays, Sperms and Bowheads. By 1500, they were whaling off Greenland; by the 1700s, off Atlantic America; and by the 1800s, in the south Pacific, Antarctic and Bering Sea. Early in this century, the Norwegians introduced explosive harpoons, fired from guns on catcher boats, and whaling shifted to the larger and faster baleen whales. The introduction of factory ships by Japan and the USSR intensified whaling still further. The global picture, then, was a mining operation moving progressively with increasing efficiency to new species and new areas. Whaling reached a peak during the present century.
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04/20/23
• For one thousand years, whales have been of commercial interest for meat, oil, meal and whalebone. About 1000 A.D., whaling started with the Basques using sailing vessels and row boats. They concentrated on the slow-moving Right whales. As whaling spread to other countries, whaling shifted to Humpbacks, Grays, Sperms and Bowheads. By 1500, they were whaling off Greenland; by the 1700s, off Atlantic America; and by the 1800s, in the south Pacific, Antarctic and Bering Sea. Early in this century, the Norwegians introduced explosive harpoons, fired from guns on catcher boats, and whaling shifted to the larger and faster baleen whales. The introduction of factory ships by Japan and the USSR intensified whaling still further. The global picture, then, was a mining operation moving progressively with increasing efficiency to new species and new areas. Whaling reached a peak during the present century.
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04/20/23
• For one thousand years, whales have been of commercial interest for meat, oil, meal and whalebone. About 1000 A.D., whaling started with the Basques using sailing vessels and row boats. They concentrated on the slow-moving Right whales. As whaling spread to other countries, whaling shifted to Humpbacks, Grays, Sperms and Bowheads. By 1500, they were whaling off Greenland; by the 1700s, off Atlantic America; and by the 1800s, in the south Pacific, Antarctic and Bering Sea. Early in this century, the Norwegians introduced explosive harpoons, fired from guns on catcher boats, and whaling shifted to the larger and faster baleen whales. The introduction of factory ships by Japan and the USSR intensified whaling still further. The global picture, then, was a mining operation moving progressively with increasing efficiency to new species and new areas. Whaling reached a peak during the present century.
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A sandwich structure• For one thousand years, whales have been of commercial
interest for meat, oil, meal and whalebone. – About 1000 A.D., whaling started with the Basques using sailing
vessels and row boats. They concentrated on the slow-moving Right whales. As whaling spread to other countries, whaling shifted to Humpbacks, Grays, Sperms and Bowheads. By 1500, they were whaling off Greenland; by the 1700s, off Atlantic America; and by the 1800s, in the south Pacific, Antarctic and Bering Sea. Early in this century, the Norwegians introduced explosive harpoons, fired from guns on catcher boats, and whaling shifted to the larger and faster baleen whales. The introduction of factory ships by Japan and the USSR intensified whaling still further.
• The global picture, then, was a mining operation moving progressively with increasing efficiency to new species and new areas. Whaling reached a peak during the present century.
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• The Second World War further encouraged the
restructuring of the Australian economy towards a manufacturing basis. – Between 1937 and 1945 the value of industrial
production almost doubled. This increase was faster than otherwise would have occurred. The momentum was maintained in the post-war years and by 1954-5 the value of manufacturing output was three times that of 1944-5. The enlargement of Australia’s steel-making capacity, and of chemicals, rubber, metal goods and motor vehicles all owed something to the demands of war.
• The war had acted as something of a hot-house for technological progress and economic change.
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• Field of discourse: particular activity, cultural feature, social institution or topic for which a particular set of ideationally related lexical items is often evolved or adapted.
• Each field usually has a specialized, topic-related vocabulary
– The field of air transport
– flight, take-off, runway, check in, baggage claim, boarding, security check …
Lexical set
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• An example: the field of cookery (Carter 1998: 54-55)– Artefacts, etc
– Processes, etc
– Properties, etc
– Phrases, collocations, etc
– Figurative extensions
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• An example: the field of cookery (Carter 1998: 54-55)– Artefacts, etc
• pot, kettle, pan, dish, jug, bowl, ladle, knife, spoon, cooker…
– Processes, etc• boil, roast, bake, brew, braise, simmer, poach, grill, cut, dice, chop,
peel, skin, mix, stir, pour, strain…
– Properties, etc• tender, tough, fresh, rancid, sour, off, light, crisp, underdone, rare,
hard-boiled…
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• An example: the field of cookery (Carter 1998: 54-55)– Phrases, collocations, etc
• boil over, on the boil, bake bread, fry fish, boil eggs, dice carrots, slice meat, skin onions, shell nuts, ladle out, spoon out, leave to simmer…
– Figurative extensions• Proverbs, common sayings, idioms
• Metaphor and slang
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• An example: the field of cookery (Carter 1998: 54-
55)– Figurative extensions
• Proverbs, common sayings, idioms: out of the frying pan into the fire, what’s sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander, the pot calling the kettle black, to stew in one’s own juice, too many cooks spoil the broth…
• Metaphor and slang: “I was boiling”, “she told me to simmer down”, Jack likes to stir things up”, “there’s trouble brewing”, “My boss gave a roasting”, “I went through a gruelling time in hospital”…
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Lexical set
Astronomy
Solar system, Uranus, Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn
Sun, planet, globe, atmosphere, universe, stars, body
Land, ocean, mountain, lake, river…Animals ….
人教版 高中 3
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Dictionary skillsOxford Learner’s Thesaurus
分类查询 conflict, describing people/things/places/event, education, habits and customs, health, the media, money, movement, politics, travel, the weather…
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Dictionary skills
Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus
分类查询 Health
attack, bandage, diet, disability, disease, drug, fatal, illness, injure, obsession, pain, recover, shiver, suffer from, surgery, treatment, tumour, vomit, worsen…
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Metadiscourse and vocabulary
Stainton (1997): Stainton (1997): MetadiscourseMetadiscourse involves use involves use by a writer of words and phrases such as by a writer of words and phrases such as to to summarize, as we have seen, as a result, summarize, as we have seen, as a result, however, therefore, the main point is, in the however, therefore, the main point is, in the next section, etc next section, etc which establish a which establish a relationship with the reader by previewing, relationship with the reader by previewing, highlighting, evaluating, and summarizing highlighting, evaluating, and summarizing the rhetorical and organizational planes of the the rhetorical and organizational planes of the text.text.
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Francis (1985): anaphoric nounsBy virtue of their meaning they can be used metadiscursively; they are nouns which can be used to talk about the ongoing discourse.
Two further criteria • First, it must be functioning as a proform and as such be an anaphorically cohesive device, referring to metadiscursively to a stretch of discourse preceding it … • Second, it must also face forward: it must be presented as the given information in terms of of which the new propositional content of the clause or sentence in which it occurs is formulated.
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Francis’ examplesFrancis’ examples
accusation, admission, allegation, answer, argument, accusation, admission, allegation, answer, argument, assumption, belief, challenge, complaint, conclusion, assumption, belief, challenge, complaint, conclusion, confession, consideration, criticism, declaration, definition, confession, consideration, criticism, declaration, definition, denial, description, diagnosis, estimate, evidence, denial, description, diagnosis, estimate, evidence, examination, hypothesis, interpretation, judgment, examination, hypothesis, interpretation, judgment, observation, point, prediction, proposal, proposition, reading, observation, point, prediction, proposal, proposition, reading, reasoning, reference, refusal, report, repudiation, retort, reasoning, reference, refusal, report, repudiation, retort, revelation, statement, suggestion, threat, theory, viewpointrevelation, statement, suggestion, threat, theory, viewpoint
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• J.R. Lucas …argued that the most important J.R. Lucas …argued that the most important consequence of Godel’s work was that the human consequence of Godel’s work was that the human brain cannot…be modeled by a computer brain cannot…be modeled by a computer program… For although computers can be program… For although computers can be programmed to generate formal systems, they programmed to generate formal systems, they can never be programmed to …. This latter can never be programmed to …. This latter ability, Lucas argued, remains the sole ability, Lucas argued, remains the sole prerogative of the human brain.prerogative of the human brain. Surprisingly, perhaps, Hofstadter disagrees Surprisingly, perhaps, Hofstadter disagrees with this with this anthropocentric anthropocentric positionposition……
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Summary
• Building vocabulary in reading
• Awareness of patterns of vocabulary in text
• Lexical relations in text
• The use of vocabulary as metadiscursive device
课题：中山大学文科横向科研项目 背景： 2010年开始开展至今已经是第五期了。
• 第一期：终身学习视野下的英语自主学习能力培养：电子词典促进英语学习的实证研究（课题号： 1110001-15000-4223001）
• 第二期：电子辞典与词汇习得（课题号： 1208031-15000-7121003）
• 第三期：电子辞典与词语搭配学习（课题号： 1308035-15000-7121007）
• 第四期：电子辞典对学生写作能力建构的作用研究（课题号：1408065-15000-7121009）
• 第五期：中学英语“策略指导促自主”教学模式的研究与实践（电子辞典为资源策略）（课题号：暂未出）
04/20/23
课题参与校承接单位：中山大学外国语学院 （课题负责人：常晨光院长、黄丽燕博士）委托单位：卡西欧（中国）贸易有限公司
1.第一期参与学校：广州市铁一中学、广州市第十六中学、广州市某培训机构
2.第二期参与学校：广州市执信中学、广州市培正中学、西关外国语实验学校（初中）
3.第三期参与学校：广州市第四中学、广州市美术中学、广州市第二中学（初中）
4.第四期参与学校：广州市第十三中学、广东番禺中学、广州市天河外国语学校（初中）
5.第五期参与学校：广州市第七中学、广州市越秀外国语学校、广州市江南外国语学校（初中）
研究设备：卡西欧公司提供电子辞典 E-A99/B99/D99/E99
04/20/23
参与时间 学校 年级 人数
研究主题
2010 年 9月至 2011 年7月
广铁一中 高三 38 写作技能 ; 学习兴趣；自主学习能力
2010 年 9月至 2011 年7月
广州市第 16中 高一 49 词汇运用能力；学习兴趣；自主学习能力
2010 年 9月至 2011 年7月
广州市培训机构 高一及高二 45 学习兴趣；听说、阅读技能；自主学习能力
2011 年 9月至 2012 年7月
广州市执信中学 高一 58 学习兴趣；阅读技能；自主学习能力
2011 年 9月至 2012 年7月
广州市培正中学 高二 47 学习兴趣；写作技能；自主学习能力
2011 年 9月至 2012 年7月
广州市西关外国语学校
初二 49 学习兴趣；词汇；自主学习能力
2012 年 9月至 2013 年7月
广州市第 2中学 初二 49 学习兴趣；分层教学；自主学习能力
2012 年 9月至 2013 年7月
广州市美术中学 高二 54 学习兴趣；写作教学；自主学习能力
2012 年 9月至 2013 年7月
广州市第 4中学 高一 40 学习兴趣；文化意识；自主学习能力
2013 年 9 月至 2014 年7 月
广州市第 13 中学 高一 47 写作能力建构；自主学习能力
2013 年 9 月至 2014 年7 月
广东番禺中学 高二 54 写作能力建构；自主学习能力
2013 年 9 月至 2014 年7 月
广州市天河外国语学校
初二 30 写作能力建构；自主学习能力
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