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BacteriaToday’s Agenda:

-Journal Question: What are the main differences between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle?

*1. Lecture: Bacteria (slide 105)

2. Video: Viruses

Homework: Read Chapter 24

(pp. 466 – 480)

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Bacteria Classifications:Monera Classification (old term) for Bacteria

(1) Archaebacteria “Ancient bacteria”a. Life's Extremists! -hydrothermal vent (680 degrees Fahrenheit)b. Archaea are found in the harshest environments on Earthc. Unicellular Prokaryotes; waste products Methane gas

(2) Eubacteria “True Bacteria”a. These bacteria are mostly associated with disease. b. Bacteria that cause tooth decay.

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Following the Path of an Outbreak

A. April 24, 2009: Swine Flu Outbreak begins

B. World Health Organization spokesman told the Canadian news agency CBC that there have been some 800 cases in Mexico City, where schools are closed due to the outbreak

C. Alarmingly, the flu outbreak in Mexico is striking healthy young people -- a pattern that would be expected if a flu virus new to humans emerged.

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Outbreak1. U.S. Human Cases of Swine Flu Infection

State# of laboratory confirmed cases:(1) California 7 cases(2) Kansas 2 cases(3) New York City 8 cases(4) Ohio1 case(5) Texas 2 cases

TOTAL COUNT 20 cases

International Human Cases of Swine Flu InfectionAs of April 26, 2009 9:00 AM ET

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Outbreak1. U.S. Human Cases of Swine

Flu Infection State# of laboratory confirmed cases:(1) California: 10 cases(2) Kansas: 2 cases(3) New York City: 45 cases(4) Ohio: 1 case(5) Texas: 6 cases

Total Count = 64 Cases

As of April 28, 2009:

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Outbreak: Monday (April 27, 2009)

- A New York City school where eight cases were confirmed will be closed Monday and Tuesday, and 14 schools in Texas, including a high school where two cases were confirmed, will be closed for at least the next week.

- Some schools in California and Ohio also were closing after students were found or suspected to have the flu.

- 40 Confirmed Cases in the United States (4/27/09)

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OutbreakD. U.S. health officials expressed

concern Friday that a swine flu virus that has infected eight people in the United States matches samples of a virus that has killed at least 68 people in Mexico.

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Outbreak E. The new swine virus is unlike

any researchers have seen before.

(1) It seems to be a combination of segments from four viruses, from three continents, with a human segment, an avian (bird) segment, and pig segments.

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Outbreak

F. Like humans, pigs get the flu. Four different type A swine flu strains commonly circulate among pigs. Most recent swine flu viruses have belonged to the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. Pigs typically get sick but usually don't die from swine flu.

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OutbreakG. Swine Flue Symptoms:

(1) High Fever, Persistent Cough, Sore Throat, Severe Headache, Fatigue, Nausea. Symptoms include fever and respiratory symptoms, such as cough and runny nose, and possibly other symptoms, such as body aches, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.

(2) A health care provider will determine whether influenza testing is needed.

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OutbreakH. What to do….(1). Here's what you can do right

now: Wash your hands often and well.

(2) Avoid people who are sick!(3) Antiviral medications:

(1) Tami-flu(2) Relenza

(4) Get Vaccinated

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OutbreakI. How is this flu spread?

(1) Influenza is thought to spread mainly person-to-person through coughing or sneezing of infected people.

(2) If you get sick, CDC recommends that you stay home from work or school and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them

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World Health Organization Raises Threat Level of Swine Flu Virus Strain

A. The move from level three to level four on the WHO's six-level threat scale means the world body has determined the virus is capable of significant human-to-human transmission -- a major step toward a flu pandemic

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Flu Virus Outbreak 2009 Influenza (flu) virus

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Kingdom: MoneraDomain: Eubacteria

All Monerans are bacteria.

1. They are everywhere you look:

a. In the air, soil, water, on the surface of your desk, even inside your body.

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Bacteria: Did you know?Spotlight: Grocery Carts

1. The threat: The handles of almost two-thirds of shopping carts tested in a 2007 University of Arizona study were contaminated with fecal bacteria.

-The carts had even more of these bacteria than the average public bathroom has.

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Kingdom: Eubacteriab. There are 182 different types of

bacteria located on your skin.

c. Sweat glands excrete lysozyme, which lyse (break open) certain types of bacteria.

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Eubacteria):1. Prokaryotes

a. No true nucleus and no membrane bound organelles.

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Recall:

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Eubacteria):

2. Cell Walls

a. Outer capsule surrounds cell wall for extra protection.

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Eubacteria):

3. A single chromosome is present.

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Eubacteria):

4. Too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope.

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Eubacteria):

5. Some bacteria have flagella and are able to move around.

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Eubacteria):

6. Common bacteria shapes:

a. Rod-shaped (bacillus)

b. Round (coccus)

c. Spiral-shaped (spirillum)

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Coccus Shaped Bacteria

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Spirillium Shaped Bacteria

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Monerans):

7. When living conditions become unfavorable for some of these bacteria, a tough, protective coat forms around its DNA; producing a highly resistant, dormant structure called an endospore.

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Monerans):7 a. When conditions become

favorable again, the endospore develops into an active cell.

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Monerans):8. Reproduction

a. A bacterium reproduces by simply dividing into two cells.

b. This method of reproduction is called binary fission.

c. This is a form of asexual reproduction.

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Characteristics of Bacteria (Monerans):8. d. Asexual reproduction is

the production of one or more genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

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Nutrition in True Bacteria

1. Heterotrophs: Require complex organic molecules as their energy source.

I. Parasites

II. Saprophytes

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Nutrition in True Bacteria1. I. Parasites are organisms

that live in or on other organisms.

(1) They always cause harm to their host in some way.

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Nutrition in True Bacteria1. II. Saprophytes are

organisms that feed on dead organisms or other organic wastes.

(1) They recycle the nutrients contained in decomposing organisms.

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Nutrition in True Bacteria2. Photosynthetic Autotrophs use

inorganic molecules or light to obtain energy.

(1) They have no chloroplasts

(2) Chlorophyll is located in membranes

Examples: Blue-green bacteria are common in ponds, lakes, puddles, streams, and moist places.

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Nutrition in True Bacteria

3. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs convert inorganic materials such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds into usable forms for plants.

(Nitrogen Fixation)

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Nitrogen Fixation

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The Importance of Bacteria1. Recycle nutrients

contained in decomposing organisms.

2. Decomposers

3. Yogurt & Buttermilk are made by adding certain bacteria to milk.

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The Importance of Bacteria4. The holes in Swiss Cheese

are caused by bubbles of carbon dioxide produced by the bacteria that give cheese its flavor.

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The Importance of Bacteria

5. Many antibiotics are produced by bacteria.

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Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Next Topic:Your Immune System

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