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CHAPTER IV
MAJOR CONTRIBUTION OF Y. B. CHAVAN TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE
4.1.Introduction:
Y. B. Chavan had rightly stated that during last 40 years he had contested
many elections. At the opposite there were many big guns who were blasting their
criticism. Many a times they were using unparliamentarily abusing language. There
was bitterness but he was always, cultured, sophisticated and transparent. In all
these tempests people’s blessing at his side and he was able to come out of all the
cyclones. In the democratic politics, he was successful due to value based political
strategies. (1) Y.B.Chavan has been well accepted as founder and architect of
modern Maharashtra State by scholars, social scientists and politicians. In this
chapter contribution of Y. B. Chavan as an architect of modern Maharashtra will be
discussed. In 1957 Yeshwantrao Chavan was elected from the Karad constituency.
This time he was elected as Leader of Congress Legislative Party and became Chief
Minister of the bilingual Bombay state. From 1957 to 1960 he was elected to the All
India Congress Working Committee. He was one of the architects of the state of
Maharashtra through his support for the Sanyukta Maharashtra Movement. On 1
May 1960, Yeshwantrao Chavan became the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra. The
study of Y.B.Chavan leadership has been conducted both in the state level as well
as National level perspective.
Y.B. Chavan was able to provide a solid base for modern Maharashtra. He
thought that strengthening agriculture through cooperative movement. He thought
that strong and effective network of cooperative movement lead towards the rise of
new leadsesrship. On one side he was able to develop the cooperative movement
and on the other side he was able to launch Panchayat Raj as a nurchuring ground
for rise of political leadership. Many new rural leaders who later on led modern
Maharashtra were developed through this process. He was able to fully support them
on moral ground. He was able to provide future line of action for new leadership. His
vision was based on social and strong network of political and social workers.
Poverty and indiscrimination were major hurdles in the development of agriculture.
Here Y.B.Chavan tried to develop cooperative credit societies on village level. These
become life line of the agro-based economic development in the future. He was able
to develop wisdom and care through process of cooperative movement. His careful
planning of Panchayat Raj was thus based on upbringing a new political leadership
on micro level. Y.B.Chavan’s vision has been reflected in the basic component of
development that was developed by his fellowmen in the first decade. The early four
years of this decade was very well observed in this chapter. Thus he had improved
his charamatic personality on the every walk of national development. His vision can
be observed in every policy and action planned by him in a systematic manner.
The purpose behind the establishmednt of Marathwada Univesity in
1957 was to provide facilities of higher education to the people of Marathwada. The
educational development has been a basic contribution for the all round
development of the region. He also cared further for the development of Vidharbha
and Khandesh and Konkan. All these aspects were explained in this chapter to
provide a background to the subject in a systematic manner.
Chavan's vision for Maharashtra for the development envisaged the equal
development of both the industrial and agricultural sectors across all the regions of
the state. He sought to realize this vision through the co-operative movement. The
agro industrial revolution in the state will be examined on the basis of his ideology,
vision and actions. A totally new approach has been put forth in his chapter. The
study has been conducted on the basis of political theory and developmental political
sociology.
The success of Y.B.Chavan lies in understanding of pulse of public opinion.
He was able to undertake a clear path way for sound foundation of the state during
his early period. Being a son of the farmer he was able to understand grass root
problems and the other side he being highly educated was able to carefully study the
problems faced by the people. (2) Govind Talwalkar has rightly pointed that
Yeshwantrao was in the politics, but he had a matured understanding of literature,
music and art. He was a voracious leader and we had read many interesting books
in the contemporary period. (3) Yeshwantrao’s matured understanding of
contemporary politics, society and culture was base of his development approach.
Madhav Gadkari while analyzing Yeshwantrao’s personality has stated that
Yeshwantrao was a greater personality after Lokmaniya Tilak. Maharashtra accepted
his greatness of both the men due to their sacrifice, dedication and devotion. Tilak
was able to win hearts of people due to struggle, but Yeshwantrao was able to
march ahead on the steps of power. This was difference between the period pre and
post independence period. (4) The greatness of Yeshwantrao lies in shaping of
modern Maharashtra. Hence in this chapter contribution of Y.B.Chavan has been
properly highlighted as an architect of modern Maharashtra. The study of any leader
as a beginner of the state can be conducted on the basis of development policies,
ideological perspective and his plan of action which are very basic factors while
looking towards the futures. In this connection Prithviraj Chavan has observed that
“Y.B.Chavan was a balanced politician, genius diplomat, disciplined administrator,
applied politician of high standard . He had super quality of judgment of man as he
was able to engineer support from all castes and all classes of society. He was
appreciator of arts, culture and literature..He was a philosopher, friend and guide of
his fellowmen. He believed in integrated family life and showered love and affection
towards his kith and kin as well as his friends and foes.” (5) About his contribution to
Modern Maharashtra Mr.Prithviraj Chavan has pointed that he was an architect of
strong and untied Maharashtra. He brought together all the linguistic fragments of
divided Maharashtra in to a single line of orderly state. (6) Further it has been
observed that in 1957, Yeshwantrao was elected from Karad constituency and he
became leader of bilingual Mumbai state. Though the state was functioning well
peoples’ feelings were quite different which Yeshwantrao was able to know. Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru who was then Prime Minister of India who was strictly opposed to
linguistic state of Maharashtra. But later on slowly went on changing his policies in
favor of independent Maharashtra state. (7) In this connection it is true that
Y.B.Chavan was mainly responsible for changing these policies from negative to
positive side, which leads to the birth of Maharashtra state. Y.B.Chavan was
cladioscopic personality having distinct features of his character. Among these facets
basic aspect is that he was son of the soil and leader of the masses. His visionary
perspective lead towards progressive march of the state which has been unfolded in
this chapter. In this connection there things are very important i.e. his contribution to
agriculture , secondly solid base he provided for small scale industries, and thirdly
solid foundation of the cooperative movement in the state.
4.2. The vision and mission of Y.B.Chavan:
Bhaskar Bhole has rightly opined that Y.B.Chavan was a genius leader not
only in Maharashtra but also in India. He had achieved the position due to his steady
and honest performance. (8) This is absolutely true because Maharashtra was base
of his all value oriented politics i.e. he had emerged from Bahujan Samaj or poor
masses and he had evolved his qualities by his own efforts (9) The qualities of
leadership Y.B.Chavan had were original and had a total reflection of his talents. (10)
It has been rightly observed by S. Deshmukh that the values that Y.B.Chavan
had developed in his life have been reflected in his politics. And literature (11) The
value based politics, he always treated as a base of his life. His thought provoking
speeches on agriculture, industries, cooperative movement were revealing his
progressive ideas. (12)The content, reflections and expressions of his speeches
ensured total development and prosperity of Maharashtra State. (13) What B.L.Bhale
has analyzed his leadership seems more rational. He has pointed that his multi
faceted personality was strong base of his leadership (14) Further, he has opined
that the ideological base of his leadership was unique, it can be treated as his own
vision and mission. (15) It has been well stated by Bhale that Y.B.Chavan had
acquired and enriched different qualities of leadership in his own personality.(16)
The process occurred during his school, college and education through public life.
The vision and mission of Y.B.Chavan as an architect of modern Maharashtra
can be stated below:
Yeshwantrao was able to transfer the spirit of modernism in Maharashtra
state because he had imbibed this spirit through his scholarship and understanding
of contemporary India.
Yeshwantrao was always searching new dimensions of industrial development. He
pointed that human factor is very basic in production process and he tried to protect
this human potential. (17)
Dr.P.B.Patil has rightly pointed that Yeshwantrao Chavan was intellectual
firmament. He was in favor of socialist democratic republic. He carved out
Maharashtra on the philosophy of Mahatma Phule and Rajarshi Shahu. He tried to
decentralize wealth, wisdom and power. (18)
Yeshwantrao Chavan was always in favor of poor and weaker section and
women. He tried to empower them. Yeshwantrao studied problems of SC/ST.
Yeshwantrao always believed in straight approach for attaining welfare of the poor
and he felt that opportunities can be transferred into golden achievements, if hard
work and dedication is planned properly,. (19)
Yeshwantrao promoted literature, art and culture. Dr. V.B.Kolte rightly
observed that Yeshwantrao was able to create new spirit in Marathi literary writers.
His approach to look at life was liberal, comprehensive and based on the process of
man making. (20)
Thus Yeshwantrao’s vision and mission was to carve a new modern
progressive agro industrial Maharashtra. He infused a new spirit in the rural people
through cooperative movement. His vision of progress was based on participatory
approach. He tried to share fruits of development with common people.
Yeshwantrao’s sole aim was empowering common man by bridging gap between
Dalit and non-Dalit. Yeshwantrao was successful in this mission. Mr. Tarktirth
Laxman Shastri Joshi, who edited Marathi Vishwakosh, was successful in implanting
spirit of knowledge, science and culture in Modern Maharashtra and Marathi was
made a language of scientific innovative ideas.(21) The publications of the Marathi
Vishwakosh volumes can be described as ample testimony of this fact. Y.B.Chavan
viewed that Marathi should be language of the transmission of scientific and
technological knowledge. He wanted to establish technology driven society, which
was progressive and forward looking for the embracing of the change. As
Y.B.Chavan was nourished under able guidance of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, like
Nehru Chavan was also believing in social change based on new technology and
human life based on advancement in the field of science. This was his progressive
vision and for the said mission he made a crusade throughout his life, as a chief
minister and also as cabinet ministers of different portfolios like defense and foreign
affairs etc.
The study of Y.B.Chavan’s role as a cabinet minister has not been conducted
properly. His entry in the center was as a Defense Minister and later on he was
shifted to Home and Foreign Affairs Ministry.
In the troubled times he had play effective role as a leader of opposition when
Janata Party Government under Morarji Desai was ruling in the center. Later on
when the “No Confidence” motion was moved by Y.B.Chavan, the Government
collapsed and Choudhari Charansingh became Prime Minister and Y.B.Chavan had
to play a crucial and important role as Deputy Prime Minister. In a very shortest
period he could imprint his personality as an able administrator. He had to undergo
many difficulties in the later period when Indira Gandhi returned to power. He was
virtually isolated for the period and later on he was given the assignment as a
Chairman of X Finance Commission, which he performed well as a responsible
leader and scholar in the field of economics. All these aspects of his political career
require a serious treatment. The present work has to high light all these neglected
aspects in a systematic manner.
The vision and mission of Y.B.Chavan was truly reflected in him as dynamic
leader. The study of his leadership can be conducted in all these angles. The history
in which he had carved out his leadership in the adverse situation, was an attempt of
socio cultural evolution which Maharashtra witnessed.
A totally new approach has been evolved here to look at different facets in a
political sociology view point. In nutshell, there is a need to evolve this view point to
look at all these neglected aspects.
Chavan was epoch making personality. His ability to turn time, and history was
based on his perfection in understanding historical processes rightly. The all round
development of Maharashtra, which he envisioned was based on his understanding
of past and future. His every decision was based on future change. He tried to
envision future plans of development in such a way that in every walks of life
Maharashtra must be a progressive state. He was able to provide new directions in
the fields of agriculture, education, commerce and industries, arts, culture and
literature. His contribution to Modern Maharashtra cannot be forgotten because he
was responsible for providing right direction and right plan of action for the future
development of the state.
4.3. Y.B.Chavan and Modern Maharashtra:
Y.B.Chavan was able to study problems of Maharashtra during bilingual
Marathi state and he was also keen about problem of Vidarbha and Marathwada. It
has been observed that the base of Chavan’s leadership was hidden in the efforts
made by Bhausaheb Hire, who was a pioneer in the development of Maharashtra.
(22) Chavan had strengthened this base by reflecting hopes of farmers and poor
masses Further it has been observed that he was responsible for turning the politics
of Maharashtra from urban to rural area. (23) In order to avoid caste bias and narrow
politics, Chavan had selected his predecessor from Nomadic Tribe, because, he
wanted to avoid caste bias in state leadership.(24) Chavan’s strategic leadership
plans thus were at the base of his progressive ideas about Maharashtra State. .
Lina Mathias has rightly observed that “Yeshwantrao Chavan played a major
role in putting the western region of the state on the political map. The cooperative
and agricultural sectors as well as the Panchayati Raj institutions were also the
beneficiaries of his attention.” (25) However, Y.B. Chavan looked beyond western
Maharashtra. Hence he was able to understand problems of Vidarbha and
Marathwada, the backward regions of the state. Chavan was a mass leader and he
was able to catch pulse of public opinion. It has been further pointed that “He
became a reluctant member of the Congress Socialist Party because he found the
leaders ‘academic’ and ‘urbanized’ and with no imprint of the grass root experience
of working in the people’s movement.” (26) Due to this plus point Chavan was able to
develop mass politics and mass following in the state. In the every area he was able
to generate his followers effectively.
Chavan was having a scholarly passion. He had read Bertrand Russell’s
Road and Freedom and English books on Gandhi and Lenin and John Reed’s ‘Ten
Days That Shook the World’. (27)
He was the fsirst Chief Minister of Maharashtra after the division of Bombay
state and the fifth Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was a strong congress leader,
cooperative leader , social activist and writer. He was popularly known as leadsesr of
common people. He advocated social democracy in his speeches and articles and
was instrumental in establishing cooperatives in Maharashtra for the betterment of the
farmers.
Y.B.Chavan’s contribution to modern Maharashtra was thus really unique to his
role as an architect of modern Maharashtra. Chavan’s vision for Maharashtra for the
development envisaged the equal development of both the industrial and agricultural
sectors. He was alaays in favor of balanced development and he had tried to set
balance in the regional development His abilities to lead the state were appreciated.
His study on the regional development was always rational and it was based on the
cordial understanding of the problem. All these aspects must be carefully examined in
a systematic manner. In three aspects we have to examine them in a proper
background.
Offices held in the State Government of Bombay :
In 1946, he was first elected as Member of Legislative Assembly of the Bombay
State from the South Satara constituency. In the same year he was appointed as
parliamentary secretary to the Home Minister of Bombay State. In the next
government of Morarji Desai he was appointed as Minister of Civil Supplies, Social
Welfare and Forests. In 1953 he was a signatory to the Nagpur Pact that assured
equitable development of all regions of what is now the state of Maharashtra. In 1957
Yashwantrao Chavan was elected from the Karad constituency. This time he was
elected as Leader of Congress Legislative Party and became Chief Minister of the
bilingual Bombay state. From 1957 to 1960 he also served on the All India Congress
Working Committee. He was one of the architects in the formation of Marathi speaking
state of Maharashtra, although he never joined the Samyukta Maharashtra
Samiti(United Maharashtra Movement). On 1 May 1960, Yashwantrao Chavan became
the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra.L11
Thus all these aspects were carefully planned and examined to develop
expertise of Y.B.Chavan in a systematic manner. Y.B.Chavan was able to get rich
experience in the Bombay state and he was able to ride ahead in a systematic
manner. We have to understand these shades of his career whichhave enriched him
to work as CM of Maharashtra State. His vision and actions can be well illustrated
through these exhibits.
Thus due to his scholarship and waste understanding of political and social
processes, Chavan was able to grasp currents in post Gandhian modern politics in
the period Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, which he witnessed through
his political actions. M.R.Patil in one of his research paper on Y.B.Chavan’s
contribution in India’s socio political development has observed that “He lived a long
period in the politics but he did not make his own ‘ism’. He preserved true thoughts
of nationalist, social welfare in his life.“(28) The approach of Yeshwantrao was equal
to all and he had developed a balanced approach It has been pointed that
“Yeshwantrao Chavan’s vision for Maharashtra for the development envied the equal
development of both the industrial and agriculture sector across all the regions of the
state. He sought to realize this vision through the cooperation movement.
Legislation regarding democratic decentralized bodies and the agriculture Land
Ceiling Act were passed during his regime as the CM of Maharashtra.” (29) His
contribution to modern Maharashtra can be examined on these grounds. About his
social vision M.R.Patil has rightly pointed that “Maharashtra was the only state which
awarded concessions and right to Neo Buddhists. It was the first step to take right
decision to change the community of Maharashtra by Yeshwantrao Chavan. He
wanted to change the caste system from the society in village and to set up a new
society which was established on the idea of equality, liberty and fraternity.” (30) He
aimed to implement constitutional culture of India of setting democratic values in an
effective manner.
Yeshwantrao Chavan was a son of a soil and leader of masses. Prof.
B.L.Bhole has pointed that He was able to break elite conservative traditional
leadership of middle classes. He had no political tradition in his house, neither he
had any social and economic footage. He had no hereditary background of
leadership. (31) This was a real base of political vision. It has been noted that He
never followed a populist ways, he was not following short cuts, but he had
developed technique of putting one step ahead in minimum struggle by making
adjustments and correlations. (32)
Y.B.Chavan often described his politics as “Politics of ahinsa”. He was having
constructive approach and not a destructive approach. His positivism in politics was
always in line with main line politics. He believed in the betterment of congress party.
He used to call himself as “Volunteer” of party and he remained in the same position
till his end. To him power politics was not important, but these positions were meant
to serve people.
As a CM and as a Cabinet Minister he use to provide time for party
organization and networking. He believed in the last worker of the party as a
backbone of the political system. He rightly felt that strong and united party system
alone can support people’s well being as reflected in party’s manifesto. During
Y.B.Chavan’s period Congress Party in Maharashtra received a strong , united party
because “Saheb” was contributing it in a systematic manner. The party training
camps, and orientation programs for workers were regularly conducted and this was
all possible due to Y.B.Chavan’s vision and initiation. Being a mature politician
Y.B.Chavan was able to streamline the party as per his policies and programs. After
his entry in New Delhi, as a Defense Minister, he used to guide V.P.Naik for good
governance and sound administration. He was always alert about any mishap in the
state, because when he was in a key position in the center, the state must function
well and nothing must happen which can damage his image and the image of the
party, Government in the state together.
He had followed well developed concept of leadership, which was evolved by
him. He noted that “leadership must be wide and comprehensive. It should be based
on clear cut objectives, if such aims and objectives are not there, leadership become
useless and redundant. (33) On this background Yeshwantrao’s contribution to
various fields can be studied, Mr. Sharad Pawar who is treated as political heir of
Yeshwantrao has rightly described that Yeshwantrao always wanted to keep
Maharashtra on forefront of development. He was above self interest and self gains.
He always preferred to gain for Maharashtra on the forefront of national politics. (34)
This can be amply testified on the basis of strategies which Yeshwantrao planned in
his career.
The vision of Y.B.Chavan can be reflected in various fields of agriculture, industries
and education as well. The most significant area of his developmental vision was
cooperative movement and Y.B.Chavan had rightly planned different area of
development supporting to each other.
He has rightly opined that agriculture in Maharashtra was in difficulties due to
lack of financial credit support. Hence he rightly developed cooperative movement in
western Maharashtra. His able guidance was responsible for the evolution of basic
influence in the field of cooperative movement in Maharashtra.
His sole aim was to strengthen the economy of rural Maharashtra by supporting
agriculture, industries and cooperative movement together. This approach was
fruitful to benefit the poor and marginalized farmers in Maharashtra. All these fields
can be studied here one after another.
4.4: Contribution in various fields,
The fair character of Y.B.Chavan was essence of his success. Tark Teerth
Laxman Shastri Joshi has rightly pointed that friendship, cohesion and fair character
were essential qualities of Y.B.Chavan. He was equally having practical wisdom. He
led solid foundation of the all round development of the state. He kept interest in
common man on the high platform.“ (35) Thus Yeshwantrao had imprinted his vision
on every aspect of life of modern Maharashtra which has been discussed in the
foregoing pages. His contribution to various fields can be explained on the basis of
following grounds. In each field his vision and action has been explained the
foregoing pages:
(a) Agriculture,
(b) Industries
(c) Cooperation and
(d) Education
Agricultural development:
Yeshwantrao was architect of Modern Maharashtra. He aimed to develop
agro industrial Maharashtra. About agricultural development he opined irrigation was
required for flourishing agriculture and cooperative movement. (36) Hence he tried to
develop major and minor projects of irrigation for the betterment dry land farming. He
further provided economic support to farmers by developing primary credit
cooperative societies as well as district central cooperative bank. His ideas were to
strengthened farmers by meeting out his credit needs and he tried to emancipate the
farmers from jaws of indigenous bankers and money lenders. He aimed to bring
changes in the traditional farming based on new science and technology. He was in
favor of green revolution to meet the needs of food grains as well as needs of poor.
He had correlated agriculture and irrigation. He wanted to suggest new cropping
pattern for strengthening of rural resources.
Yeshwatrao have developed future roads for the development of Maharashtra
state. He provided vision of agricultural revolution to Vasantrao Naik, who later on
completed the dream of agricultural development of Y.B.Chavan. (37) Y.B.Chavan
agricultural development ideas were very concrete and well developed Yeshwantrao
had ably evolved his agrarian thoughts by close observations and bitter experiences.
His views on Panchayat Raj and cooperative were resourceful for strengthening
agriculture in rural Maharashtra. (38) It is true that founding of ZP in Maharashtra
was his contribution. He was very clear that these ZPs would be schools political
leadership. (39)
Shri Annasaheb Shinde former Agriculture Minister of India described
Yeshwantrao as pioneer in agro industrial resolution in Maharashtra. Shinde in his
article has pointed that the foundation of cooperative sugar factories was laid down
by Y.B.Chavan. The rural leadership which has flourished from this agro industrial
change is on the forefront of the state. (40) Thus Chavan heralded a new age of
modernization in the state.
Agriculture in Maharashtra required irrigation facilities as well as credit
support. Especially the drought prone areas in Marathwada and Vidarbha required a
thorough support in these two areas. Hence Y.B. Chavan implemented all these
ideal schemes to support agriculture, and SSI units. Y.B.Chavan had very well built
party and Government by getting support from small and medium farmers which
were clearly limited by him through the network of cooperative movement in the
state.
Strengthening agriculture was supporting irrigation system. Small and medium
irrigation projects were built in the state to support small farmers.
Agriculture universities were established to conduct research in the region. The
agriculture Universities at Akola and Parbhani were established for the same
purpose.
The cooperative movement was strengthened by establishing through primary
cooperative credit societies at the grass root levels. All these cooperative societies
became strong units due to positive policies undertaken by Government.
The peasants were supported to establish cooperative units at various tahsil
levels in the backward regions.
Credit facilities were extended on large scale.
The farmers were involved in the green revolution the state.
New innovations and extension schemes were properly implemented.
Thus, all these efforts made by Y.B.Chavan were responsible for the healthy
development of agriculture in the Maharashtra state.
Industrial development:
Yeshwantrao was architect of modern Maharashtra. Like agricultural
development he also equally gave importance to the industrial development. On 1st
may 1960 when Maharashtra was established number of industries were very less.
Yeshwantrao designed industrial estates in the backward regions of Vidarbha and
Marathwada. Industries were earlier concentrated in Bombay-Pune-Nasik belt. He
aimed to expand them in the rural and regional areas. He knew that alone agriculture
cannot feed population. Hence he was stressing on development of agro based
industries. Like India Maharashtra is a land of villages and total change in the life of
villages can be possible through agro industrial development. Hence he treated
village as an epi-center of development. (41) He wanted to transform traditional
society into industrial society. His dream as agro industrial society was unique. He
inspired many industrious people for laid down the foundation of small and medium
industries. (42) In western Maharashtra many entrepreneurs founded and
established their own industries and the cooperative movement was base of his agro
industrial vision. Many small scale industries in Sangli Satara and Kolhapur region
were established by seeking inspiration from Y.B. Chavan. Dr. M.P. Mangulkar in
his critical analysis on Y.B.Chavan’s industrial policy has rightly pointed that “In the
net work of socio economic development evolved by Y.B.Chavan, there was
prominence given to agro industries, sugar factories and industrial estates. (43) Thus
Maharashtra owes a great deal to him for the flourishing of industries in the state.
The following three efforts were made by Y.B.Chavan for strengthening small
scale industries in the state:
Y.B.Chavan tried to support SSI units by financing them
SICOM and MSFC were established to support these units in the state.
Experiments to support agro-based industries were supported by
Government.
Due to these liberal policies, Aurangabad, Nagpur and Kolhapur were planned
as industrial cities for the long run period. All these cities were supported to establish
industrial units to start new industries beyond Bombay-Pune belt. The policies
planned by Y.B.Chavan were later on continued by V.P. Naik and later Chief
Ministers in the state. Y.B.Chavan’s every effort was responsible for promoting
establishment of small scale units in the state at rural levels.
Impetus to Cooperative movement:
Y. B. Chavan had carefully studied the problems of rural society and he felt
that cooperative credit societies can be a best tool to strengthen the development
activities of the rural people. He described cooperative movement as movement of
the people, by people and for the people. He wanted to develop model cooperative
economy in Maharashtra. (44) Yeshwantrao noted that Maharashtra had rich
guidance from D.R.Gadgil, Vaikunthbai Mehta, Vithalrao Vikhe Patil. Tatyasaheb
Kore, Mohite etc. (45) Cooperative movement provides a net work of development
and brought quality in it. His constant persuasion was responsible for this change.
He noted that the workers in the field of cooperation must be working in the
missionary spirit, not as a bureaucratic style. (46) Maharashtra emerged as sugar
belt due to Yeshwantrao’s promotion of cooperative leadership. The first cooperative
sugar factory in Pravaranagar had been established with the auspicious hands of
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Y.B.Chavan further strengthened this trend. (47) The
cooperative sugar factories changed the profile of the villages and they have brought
a revolution in agro industrial life. Pravaranagar, Warnanagar , Panchaganga,
Rahuri, etc. have emerged on the map of India as an effective agro industrial centers
(48) Yeshwantrao’s policies were responsible for the development of small ‘tirthas’
which were responsible for inspiring the development of other centers. Yeshwantrao
had created a system of cooperative movement, which has remained even in the
new millennium. (49) ) He transformed the poor and poverty stricken Marathi man
into Indian village as a sound and well developed leader and social worker. .
Yeshwantrao’s micro and deep study of agro industrial development is reflected in
his speeches in Sahydrinche Ware and Bhumika etc.
He always made an appeal for strengthening of rural industries and called
people to develop not only quantitative but qualitative growth. (50) He opposed and
set aside exaggerate criticism launched against rural development schemes. Thus
Yeshwantrao wanted to establish prosperous Maharashtra based on agrarian
development. He was able to gear up the public opinion in favor of rural agro
industrial development. He was in favor just and equitable cooperative movement.
He wanted to strengthen cooperative movement by providing a solid base to rural
areas. (51) He felt that cooperative movement can stabilized life of the rural poor
because that is backbone of rural economy. (52) S. R. Sohoni has rightly pointed
that “Yeshwantrao wanted to strengthen credit societies for supporting petty financial
needs of farmers in the rural areas. The coop./ movement has helped the poor
farmers and elevated their standard of living. (53) Thus cooperative movement
was rooted by Y.B.Chavan in rural Maharashtra which has developed sugar belt in
Maharashtra state.
Y.B.Chavan being a champion of democratic socialism was able to nurchure
cooperative movement at grass root level. He was discussing these issues with
Vaikuntbhai Mehta, P.R.Gadgil and V.C.Shrimal. These scholars had a tremendous
impact on the development of cooperative movement.
* Rural level cooperative societies were established in a systematic manner.
* Coperative lift irrigation projects were provided on large scale.
* Many farmers were provided to establish cooperative sugar factories.
* The new leadership was to strengthen the cooperative movement.
All these efforts were responsible for strengthening of cooperative movement
in the state. The grass root efforts made by Y.B.Chavan were responsible for linking
rural works with state level network which not only strengthened the cooperative
movement, but also the Congress Party as a whole. The speeches delivered by
Y.B.Chavan and extracts published in different books and journals amply testify the
same. In the entire country cooperative moment in the state has been leading and
redbait of the same goes to the visionary leadership of Y.B.Chavan.
Educational development :
Yeshwantrao thought that Maharashtra cannot flourish without strong and well
built education system. Wherever centers of cooperative development were
established there he suggested to have epicenter of educational development.
Hence Pravaranagar, Warnanagar and Rahuri have become strong educational
centers. The sugar factories were advised by him to support educational
organizations, based on quality education. Now the earlier established colleges
have been stabilized and sugar factories have been established.. Even Medical and
Engineering colleges have been established in the sugar factory belt. Y.B.Chavan
had a strong power to inspire his fellow workers to develop potential centers of
education. (54) The industrious cooperative leadership had understood the
importance of education only due to Y.B.Chavan. (55) The rural leadership; if it is
well educated can have new line of action, which he felt that can bring a change in
the life of rural people. D.A. Mane in the book Shilpkar Chavan has observed that
cooperative movement laid to the growth of educational institutes and social centers
of development. Y.B.Chavan had given free education to the farmers’ dependents,
who had less than Rs. 1200 annual income. Maharashtra was first state in country.
(56) While establishing Marathwada University, Pandit Nehru had praised
Y.B.Chavan for smooth and efficient administration in the state. (57) He had
established Bhosla Military School in Satara with long ranging vision. (58)
Y.B.Chavan tried to understand agro based rural Maharashtra and made it not only
educated but also progressive. Due to his educational policies poor students from
rural areas were able to get education free and compulsory. They not only became
graduates, and Postgraduates, but also they became technocrats. M. P Mangulkar
has rightly pointed that the foundation of Marathwada University was possible due to
Y.B.Chavan’s sincere efforts. There were no colleges in the region, yet he promoted
to establish Marathwada University, because he felt that without University education
cannot flours hint he backward region. (59)
Like Marathwada University in the backward region, Y.B.Chavan also
established Shivaji University for the region of South Maharashtra. His efforts were
to strengthen the rural strata by setting the educational centers. He had a sound
philosophy behind all these efforts. He felt that education must be the change
against in the developing societies. All his efforts were fair enough to support
backward regions. He not only established these organizations, but also supported
them in the initial period for their healthy growth and development.
All the steps undertaken by Y.B.Chavan were responsible for the further
healthy growth of the educational infrastructure in the state. He also cared for the
systematic development of primary, secondary and college education in the state. All
these efforts were responsible for future development of quality education in the
state. Y.B.Chavan had tried to keep Maharashtra on the top in the field of education
in a planned manner. His efforts were mostly based on imparting quality education in
the state. By coordinating secondary and college education he was able to make
them perform well in the future.
4.5. Yeshwantrao’s contribution to Cooperative and Panchayat Raj
Chavan was in favor of village centric decentralization as cherished in the
Directive Principles of state policy. Vasantdada Patil opined that “Yeshwatrao was
always conducting dialogue with grass root workers and that was the reason of his
success.” (60) He felt that there were many times differences but we believed his
sincere guidance and long ranging vision. That was always providing a new line for
cooperative movement Sharad Pawar pointed that ideals of Yeshwantrao which
fostered developmental values has laid to conduct dialogue with the future.( 61)
Mane in Shilpkar has pointed that cooperative movement brought a collective
goodwill in the society. Cooperative movement development and agricultural
development and educational development were related to each other. Y.B.Chavan
developed them and thought that development will be suitable and strong if
Panchayat Raj and cooperation is developed along with educational institutions. (62)
To Yeshwantrao cooperation was a man making process. He tried to develop net
work of cooperative movement and movement for the development of new
leadership. For that purpose Y.B.Chavan travelled throughout the state and
developed new leadership through cooperative movement, which could not route
congress even in 1977 wave. (63)
In 1960 soon after establishment of linguistic state of Maharashtra
Y.B.Chavan had initiated the establishment of ZPs in the state. This experiment was
not only novel, but also it was unique in the country. Block level Panchayat Raj
having ZP at the top became a unique model in the democratic decentralization
process in the country. Panchayat Raj based on cooperative movement was really a
significant contribution of Y.B.Chavan in the state. Maharashtra became a leading
state in Panchayat Raj and as a leading progressive state in the country follow the
footsteps of Maharashtra state. P.B.Patil Chairman on Panchayat Raj has
appreciated the efforts made by Y.B.Chavan at the grass root level in the
establishment of Panchayat Raj in the states in the early first decade of the forming
of Maharashtra State.
4.6. Yeshwantrao and development of backward region s:
On 1st May 1960 United Maharashtra State came into existence by merging
various regions who were mainly Marathi speaking. The five districts of Marathwada
were part of Hyderabad State under Nizam. Vidarbha was part of Central Province,
whose headquarters was Bhopal and remaining Maharashtra was part of Bombay
State. The emergence of single language formula Marathi speaking people had
raised hopes and aspirations of people. G.T.Madkholkar Editor of Nagpur based
Taruan Bharat daily had written one editorial with a title “whose would be state of
Marathas or Marathi speaking people” (64) Y.B. Chavan replied in a public meeting
of Gul Market in Sangli that the newly emerged Maharashtra state would be owned
by all Marathi speaking people. (65) This can be amply testified by the policies and
actions undertaken by Y.B.Chavan during a span of 3 to 4 years.
The following important decisions he had taken to bridge gap between
developed and developing regions in the Maharashtra state:-
In 1957 Marathwada University was established to cater needs of the
backward region of Maharashtra State. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had appreciated
this decision taken by Y.B.Chavan. (66)
Y.B.Chavan had assured Vidarbha and Marathwada region for establishing
SSI units in the backward regions to promote SS industries in these regions.
The agriculture in these backward regions was mainly of dry land farming. It
required irrigation support. Hence Y.B.Chavan had requested leaders in these
regions to promote small and medium irrigation projects.
Y.B.Chavan tried to support young and emerging leaders from the backward
regions to participate in cooperative movement as well as local self government. A
band of new leaders came on the forefront of cooperative movements and after a
decade new cooperative sugar factories were established in the era of 1970s.
Thus all these efforts made by Y.B.Chavan as a leader of the state provided
scope for development. M.S.Kannamwar and V.P.Naik were promoted as state
leaders. Vasantrao Naik ruled for a decade and had a period of stability. Y.B.Chavan
provided a strong impetus to newly emerging leadership in the state, which was
responsible for promoting balanced development of the state.
Yeshwantrao in his book “Runanubandha” has narrated a story of
Maharashtra’s unity and setting of linguistic state in which he has pointed that
Maharashtra accepted to provide money for bui9lding of capital of Gujarat state and
he also assured to give Dang region to Gujarat (67) Further Yeshwantrao also
assured to maintain the unity of Maharashtra based on socio economic equality.
According to Sharad Pawar Yeshwantrao was a pain pillar in the unification of
Maharashtra because he was able to persuade central leadership in that direction.
(68) After setting Maharashtra Chavan in his early years prior to going to Delhi had
always cared to understand problems of Vidarbha and Marathwada and also
prompted later leaders like Vasantrao Naik to care about development issues of
backward region.
The aim of Y.B.Chavan was to establish a strong and untied Maharashtra as
a linguistic state. His sole efforts were responsible for balanced regional
development. He allowed Vidarbha to lead the state for a decade under the
leadership of V.P.Naik. Later on he also permitted state leadership to provide
opportunity to Marathwada region for the satisfaction of the people in the backward
region. He supported to establish various Development Boards for the backward
regions. He was always appreciating any kind of liberty or cultural activities made by
writers and poets like N.P Mahanor. He used to respond quickly to many writers’
letters. Being a voracious reader he use to appreciated many creative efforts made
by the writers in the region.
4.7. Perspective in the development of literature, art and culture.
Y.B. Chavan was a man of talents. He was a voracious reader and scholar. In
his young age, Yeshwantrao had met V.D.Savarkar at Ratnagiri and he was
catalyzed. In Krishnakath he has noted that “When I described the way Savarkar
looked and spoke, they listened to me with rapt attention.” (69) He further stated that
“This was one of the memorable happenings of the year 1930 that taught him
something and left an indelible impression.” (70) As a young leader Y.B.Chavan was
highly impressed by M.N.Roy’s radical humanism. Roy had toured India in 1931 and
he also visited Maharashtra. In Karachi Congress M.N. Roy and Pandit Nehru had
discussed about the resolution of fundamental rights. Then Roy was underground.
Chavan in Krishnakath says that “Roy started his own weekly called Independent
India and in that just as he campaigned for setting up the constituent assembly, he
also advocated the thought of an alternative leadership replacing the current
leadership of the Congress.”(71) At Tasgaon M.N.Roy was invited to deliver a
speech. In Pune also Y.B.Chavan had listened his three progressive speeches. He
was knowing his ideological stands from Laxman Shastri Joshi, who later became
the close associate of Y.B.Chavan. Chavan was shaped by Roy’s ideology, but he
had his own perspective to look at it.
Chavan was thus intellectually a very sound leader who had ability to
discriminate between good and bad. He was developed in the study circle activities.
While commenting on Krishnakath, Lina Mathias has opined that “Studying law in
Pune, Chavan notes wryly that it was almost a fashion in Pune to have a study
circle.” (72) These discussions had helped Chavan to update his ideology and to
revolve the triangle. Lina further pointed that “His connections with Royist politics
began weakening and he notes with relief my ideological triangle was over.” (73)
Chavan had suffered a great deal in Quit India movement. It has been pointed that
“Dodging the police and bounty hunters, shifting base every couple of days and
travelling by whatever mode of transport was available, Chavan met S.M.Joshi and
Ram Manohar Lohia during those days.” (74) Chavan was thus impressed by
socialist doctrine like Roy’s radical humanism.
He was a vibrant speaker and champion of socialism. Uttam Kamble has
observed that “History of modern Maharashtra cannot be complete without
Y.B.Chavan’s role.” (75) He further pointed that “to shape new state, new society,
and new man is a difficult process, and Yeshwantrao had a bold step to each and
every field of the state. (76) It has further observed that the progression of the state
cannot be calculated on the basis of profit and losses but it can be examined on the
basis of cultural, intellectual and philosophical traditions. (77) By establishing
Maharashtra Board of Culture and Literature, Y.B.Chavan led solid foundation of
cultural awakening. In the making of Marathi Vishwa Kosh campaign for
documenting the folk literature, extension of education, Y.B. Chavan was conscious
in the development of each and every aspect of the states. Y.B.Chavan had
promoted literary and cultural activities. His close association and Royalist
intellectual Tarkatirth Laxman Shastri Joshi was further provided a base for Marathi
literature and culture. He was also promoted the activities of Marathi Vishwa Kosha.
As an editor of Navbharat Journal of Wai Joshi have full influence on Y.B.Chavan.
Joshi had also edited Mahatma Phule Samagra Literature. In the said volumes Joshi
had noted that Phule had an adequate grasp of human values and universal
brotherhood. (78) In the introduction to Dattaji Salunke’s book Y.B.Chavan has
pointed that the establishing rural agricultural University is a part of glorious tradition
of knowledge seeking. He praised efforts made by agricultural universities in the
rural socio economic change and pointed that by understanding the needs of
;farmers, and cherishing them agricultural universities are toiling hard to fulfill the
dreams of Jyotiba Phule. Education is a process of value inculcation and it can be
possible if these Universities work as mission to fulfill this vow in a systematic
manner. (79) Joshi appears in his selected articles in the volume pointed that .Phule
was progressive and pragmatic. His writings were relevant to modern Maharashtra.
As a Chief Minister of Maharashtra and later as a cabinet Minister of different
portfolios in Union Government, he had set good and cordial relationship with writers
and literary figures in Maharashtra.
Krishnakath his literary biography is unique contribution made by him. The
literary style, all his flair has been well appreciated by majority of Marathi critics. His
speeches have been published in the form of books such as “Sahydrinche Ware”,
“Bhumika” and another two volumes contained his speeches in Legislative assembly,
which were published by the Government.
Sarojani Babar in the edited book on Y.B.Chavan had rightly pointed that
Chavan was always promoting scholarly and literary works contributed by Marathi
writers. (80) Babar further pointed that Yeshwantrao was a critic and appreciator of
literature, arts and music and he used to participate in such consorts with great
interest. (81) His keen interest in these fields laid to the foundation of Maharashtra
Literature and Cultural Board.
Bhaskar Laxman Bhole who has written a book on Politics and Literature of
Y.B.Chavan has rightly pointed that “Yeshwantrao’s role in the field of literature as
remained neglected due to prejudiced and bias.” (82) It has been further pointed that
he was a creative writer, balanced critic and immense lover of his language Marathi.
(83) Bhole further pointed that he was highly influenced by writing of N.S.Phadke
and V.S.Khandekar which were prominent writers of his age. (84) After listening V.D.
Sarkar’s poem “Kamla” recited by Acharya Bhagwat, Yeshwantrao pledged to right
for rural youth. This amply testifies Y.B.Chavan’s creative talents.
Rambhau Joshi had edited a book “Saydriwaril Suryasth”. This book
contained various chapters beginning from sunset, highly cultural diamond, all
comprehensive man, architect of values, the unique personality, fair character, his
memories. Joshi has pointed that “He was son of the soil, his tree was rooted on the
banks of Krishna. He was embodiment of his village Devrashtre’s small river
Sonhira. He was creative like ever flowing Krishna river. (85) Videsh Darshan is a
another book edited by Rambhau Joshi which is a collection of articles written by
Y.B.Chavan, based on his foreign visits as central minister. This is a collection of
letters written by Y.B.Chavan when he was visiting various countries in the capacity
of Defense Minister, Finance Minister, Foreign Affairs Minister etc. These letters
describe Yeshwantrao’s glorious tradition of creative talents which were reflected
through his writings. These letters mainly described various phases from November
1963 to 1977. (86) Shri Yeshada Publications, Pune, 1988, Joshi Rambhau) This
book contained 97 letters with graphic description. These letters are thought
provoking raised several issues. Y.B.Chavan has pointed that many issues are
complex but I have tried to think over them. However, consistent answers to these
problems have not yet evolved. (87) Rambhau Joshi in his preface to these letters
has pointed that minute observations of the changing world and studious and
scholarly thinking are basic characters of his writings.(88) He has further observed
that “these letters are not merely communication between husband and wife but they
can be treated as evidence of changing India based on observations made by a
diplomat and active politician. (89)
Y.B.Chavan had his respect about literary figures. N.S.Phadke was his
teacher in Rajaram College. Kolhapur. Chavan was to read all currently available
literature constantly. Chavan was always come into contact with writers, poets and
novelists who were on the forefront at the prevalent time. He used to write letters to
these writers and appreciate their talent. Mahanor N.D. a famous poet in Palaskeda
of Soyegaon taluka of Aurangabad district was appreciated by him and he came to
lime light as a poet and signer. In the forward written to the book Great men of
Kolhapur, edited by Bhikset Dyandeo Patil Y.B.Chavan has observed that In one of
the books written by S.S.Bhale on Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu, Y.B.Chavan had
written that there are many genius persons in the society, to make society dynamic
their work, reveals the personality of these cities, (90) Y.B.Chavan has suggested to
bring books on these lines about constructive men of such live cities in Maharashtra.
It has been rightly pointed that Yeshwantrao was having immense interest in
literature. He had qualities of creative writer, if he would not have been in the storm
of politics, he would have been a literary figure. His writings clearly illustrate that that
was not the traditional distraction of political diplomats but he was genius who
continued his writing throughout his life, which is an example of his keen interest in
the field of literature and culture. (91) According to Ashikar, Yeshwantrao had
developed his own science of literary criticism which was always searching quality
literature (92)
Thus Y.B.Chavan sufficiently used to promote and enrich Marathi literature
and culture. He appreciated Marathi folk theatre, classical music and Marathi Lawani
too. The way in which he use to appreciate Marathi culture, was really unique
because he used to involve in learning activities, provide quality writings and tried to
transform the 20th century Marathi literature and culture leading it towards
excellence and quality. The highest contribution of Y.B.Chavan to Modern
Maharashtra can be thus his rich contribution in the field of cultural life which he tried
to make it more mature and more rich like Bengali art, culture and literature. He was
voracious reader and use to read and appreciate literary works created by young
writers like Ravindranath Tagore. He too also believed that everybody cannot
become artiest but he can be an appreciator of art. Chavan was able to develop new
insight regarding thrust of quality and excellence in the minds of every Marathi
speaking man. His book Krishnakath has been described as best via media between
politics and literature. He knew that effective words is backbone of both politics and
literature. In this connection both of them can be described as brothers of each
other. (93) He had contributed many befitting articles in Diwali issues which is a
cultural tradition of Maharashtra. In his busy schedule Yeshwantrao used to attend
Marathi literary meets and used to Liston proceedings there with keen interest. He
used to attend presentations in Marathi theatre, consorts of Music and folk art meets.
He never expressed his ego but he was attending these cultural activities as a
sophisticated patron and lover of these arts. He used to respect Marathi writers,
journalists, as well as creative genius poets like N.D.Mahanor, because he knew that
status of the peoples’ life depends on how matured they produced and appreciated
it. Like Saints and prophets modern writers have also to seek inspiration from mass
culture and mass test of audience will be evolved through the dynamics of such
worthy literature. He believed that entertainment is not the mere objective of the
literature, but it is a vehicle of good taste, decent public life and matured cultural life.
Thus the contribution of Y.B.Chavan in the development of arts, culture and
literature in Maharashtra state was extremely significant. He was always ahead of
his times and he used to think in a progressive manner to resolve any crisis. He was
highly impressed by rationalism propagated by M.N.Roy and V.D.Savarkar through
their writings. He promoted scientific temper for the better future of the state. Like
Nehru he also believed that youth based on scientific thinking is the vanguard of
change. His contributions in the field of education and literature makes us to believe
that he was able to develop young generation in Maharashtra based on progressive
educational philosophy and the quality literature produced by genius reformist
writers. He believed that logic and evidence were based of scientific writings and
such clear scientific values must be inculcated through the media of literature. He
believed in socio economic change based on scientific and technological ideas. He
tried to expose modern Maharashtra through the literature of new world produced by
local people in the form of Vishwakosh series of volumes. He focused on fostering of
scientific values through quality literature. He tried to emancipate Marathi youth from
the clutches of the conservative ideas and tried to put them ahead on the new path
way of rational scientific thinking.
By establishing the Board of Marathi Literature and Culture, Y.B.Chavan was
able to establish Marathi Vishwa Kosh, i.e. Encyclopedia in Marathi languages. His
aim was to transform Marathi as language of knowledge transmission. His efforts led
to develop science and technology literature in the Marathi language. His guidance
led to the all-round development of Marathi language in every walk of life. The new
outlook provided by him was possible to inject new ideas in the Marathi speaking
and learning. Due to his creative efforts in this phase, many Marathi speaking
generations could enter in the US.
The NRIs were the Marathi speaking people have become significant segment and
credit goes to Y.B.Chavan for providing technology based education through the new
leaders of Maharashtra. Thus his policies were responsible for changing the profile
of the state.
4.8. Summary
Thus in this chapter contribution of Y.B.Chavan to the making of modern
Maharashtra was discussed. It is true that Y.B.Chavan was really architect of
modern Maharashtra. He had very well directed the newly emerging state from its
beginning. He felt that agriculture is the backbone of Maharashtra’s development. He
strengthened it by promoting strong base of cooperative movement.
Y.B.Chavan’s approach to industrial development and development of SSI
units was based on his rich experience. He tried to establish the industrial belt from
Bombay Pune to Sangli Satara and Nasik Aurangabad as well as Nagpur. A network
of cooperative movement was well built and efforts were made to strengthen the
cooperative movement.
Y.B.Chavan’s unique experiment lies in developing Panchayat Raj and ZPs in
the state, which led to the rise of new leadership. .
The cooperative sugar belt in Kolhapur, Ahmednagar, and Sangli was able to flourish
due to able guidance of Y.B.Chavan. He came in contact with giants like D.R.Gadgil,
Laxman Shastri Joshi to support his ideas. The Marathi field of literature and culture
was creation of Y.B.Chavan.
The sole efforts of Y.B.Chavan was to develop a modern, well organized and
highly sophisticated as well as cultural Maharashtra state. The beginning was made
by Chavan and later on the same path was continued by Sharad Pawar through his
political career. Y.B.Chavan led a solid and strong foundation of the modern
Maharashtra. He had a mature literary and cultural harmony which he flourished
during his period systematically.
In the next chapter Chavan’s contribution on national level has been discussed.
References :
1. Chavan Y.B. “Krishnakath” Rohan Publishers, Mumbai, 2012, p-318
2. Sarda Shankar (ed) “Abilities and Leadership of Y.B.Chavan” article by Karnik
D.B. p-33
3. Ibid., p-42
4. Ibid., p-53
5. Lokrajya March 2012, p-5
6. Ibid., p-5
7. Ibid., p-7
8. Bhale B.L. “Yeshwantrao Chavan’s Political Literature” Saket Publications,
Aurangabad, 1985, p-1
9. Ibid., p-1
10. Ibid., p-1
11. Deshmukh Shyamrao “Y.B.Chavan Literature and Speeches” K Publishers,
Solapur, 2009, p-28
12. Ibid., p-120
13. Ibid., p-169
14. Bhale B.L., op cit., p-18
15. Ibid., p-15
16. Ibid., mp-7
17. Kamble Uttam (ed) “Y.B.Chavan an architect of Maharashtra” Sakal
Publications, Pune, 2012. P-135
18. Ibid., article by Patil, p-22
19. Ibid., p-29
20. Sarda Shankar (ed) op cit., p-96
21. Kamble Uttam, op cit., p-79
22. Bhale B.L., op cit., p-43,
23. Ibid., p-62
24. Ibid., p-61
25. Lina Mathias’s article in “Economic and Political Weekly” Marc h 9, 2013, Vol.
XLVIII No. 10, p-35
26. Ibid., p-37
27. Ibid., p-37
28. www.oiiri.org.abstract of paper read by M.R.Patil on “Y.B.Chavan’s
contribution in India’s socio political development” p-119
29. Ibid., p-119
30. Ibid., pp-119-20
31. Bhole B.L. op cit., p-2
32. Ibid., p-3
33. Ibid., p-5
34. Lokrajya 1st March, 1985, article by Sharad Pawar “Ideal personality of
Y.B.Chavan”, p-5
35. Ibid., article by Laxman Shastri Joshi, “Fair character and politics of
Yeshwantrao”, p-27
36. Bhale Madhukar, “Yeshwantrao to Vilasrao”, Manovikas Publications, Pune,
2008,p-4
37. Patil V.V. (Ed) “Yeshwantrao Chavan’s Prastavana” Ameya Publications,
Pune, p-23 also see “Maharashtrachiya wata” selected speeches of
Vasantrao Naik, I and Pr Directorate, 1975, p-1
38. Lokrajya special number, March 1,1985, article by Patil Vasantrao on
“Y.B.Chavan a leader who have faith in democratic socialism” , p-5
39. Ibid., p-5
40. Lokrajya special issue March 1, 1985, article by Shinde Annasaheb
“Y.B.Chavan and agro industrial revolution in modern Maharashtra”, p-55
41. Mane D.A.. “Architect Y.B.Chavan”, Kirloskar Wadi Sangli, p-26
42. Ibid., p-27
43. Lokrajya March 1, 1985, article by Mangulkar M.P “Y.B.Chavan a new face in
the history of modern Maharashtra,” p-66
44. Patil S.R. “Sahakar Sugandha” SR Publications, Kolhapur,1988, p-5
45. Ibid., p-6
46. Ibid., p-12
47. Mane D.A., op cit., p-27
48. Ibid., p-27
49. Ibid., p-28
50. Patil S.R., op cit., p-22
51. Ibid., -17
52. Ibid., p-32
53. Lokrajya, March 1, 1985, article by Sohoni S.R.”Yeshwantrao’s important
decisions as Chief Minister”, p-92
54. Patil S.R.op. cit., p-325
55. Ibid., p-327
56. Mane D.A. op cit., p-33
57. Ibid., p-34
58. Ibid., p-38
59. Lokrajya March 1, 1985, article by Mangulkar M.P., op cit., p-64
60. Shevte Arun “Krishnakathcha Manus” Ruturang Publications, Mumbai, 1993,
p-27
61. Ibid., p-93
62. Mane D.A. op cit.,p-34
63. Ibid., p-32
64. Madgulkar G.T. Editor of Tarun Bharat, Nagpur, April 1960
65. Chavan Y.B. “Sahyadriche Ware” op cit.p 77
66. Mane D.A. op cit., p-35
67. Lokrajya 1st March, 1985, quoted from “Runanubandh”, p-174
68. Lokrajya 1st March, 1985, article by Sharad Pawar, p-7
69. Chavan Y.B. “Krishnakath” op cit., p-87
70. Ibid., p-88
71. Ibid., p-186
72. Lina Mathias op cit., p-37
73. Ibid., p-37
74. Ibid., p-38
75. Kamble Uttam refer introduction op cit., p-6
76. Ibid., p-6
77. Ibid., p-6
78. Joshi Laxman Shastri “Phule Samagra Literature”Bombay, p-1
79. Patil V.V. op cit., p-104
80. Babar Sarojani “”Yeshwantrao as I saw” Sahitya Sanskriti Mandal, Mumbai,
1988, p-460
81. Ibid., p-463
82. Bhole B.L. op cit., p-117
83. Ibid., p-117
84. Ibid., p-118
85. Joshi Rambhau “Sahyadrivaril Suryasth”, Samarth Publications, Camp
Satara, 1993, p-107
86. Joshi Rambhau “Videsh Darshan” foreword by Laxman Shastri, Yashda
Publications, Pune, 1988, p-1
87. Ibid., p-12
88. Ibid., p-16
89. Ibid., p-20
90. Patil V.V. “Yeshwantraonchiya Prastawana” p-108
91. Lokrajya March 1, 1985,
92. Ibid., article by Ashikar Madhukar “The literary Science of Y.B.Chavan”, p-142
93. Lokrajya March 2012, p-6