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TRANSCRIPT
AP GRAMMAB,
OF T H E
HUN GA R IAN LAN GUA GE,
W I T H
AP P R O P R IAT E EXE R CISE S , A CO P I OU S
VOCABU LAR Y,
A N D
£pzcimm5 of finngarian 131mm.
S I G I S M U N D W EK E Y,
L A T E A I DE -DE -CA M P T O KOSSU T H .
L ONDON
TR E LAWN Y SA U NDE R S,6, CH AR I N G! CR OSS .
N E V'
YORK : JOH N WILEY,P A R K P L A CE .
T O T H E
LORD DUDLEY COUTTS STUART ,
E T C” E T C” E T C”
T H E ZEALOUS AN D GENE ROUS FRIEND OF
T H E QP P R E SSE D ,
TH I S WO R K I S R E S P E CT FULLY IN S C R I B E D ,
T H E AU TH OR .
P R E F A CE .
A.
N A T I ON n ay be said to live in its lan guage, which i s
at on c e the tithful expon en t of its char a c ter istic features,
and the sure safeguard'
of its in depen den c e . M isfortun e
or for eign oppression m ay weigh upon a people an d
c rush its en ergies , but so lon g as a c oun try’s lan guage
rem ain s,its n atiom d tr a c es c an n ever be obliter ated .
N o work,
I bel’eve,has yet appeared in E n glish,
tr eatin g of the l :*
g uage of m y c oun try, an d I have
gladly oc cupied a portion of m y leisure tim e dur in g
m y residen c e here in writin g this little book,hopin g
thereby to turn m isfortun e,in som e m easur e
,to a useful
a c c oun t,by in troduc in g a kn owledge of the M agya r
lan guage an d liter atur e to this favour ed an d hospitable
N ation .
P R E FA C E .
A sa tisfa c tory i n form a tion of the cha r a c ter an d or igi
n a lity ofm y n a tion m ust be sought through her lan guage .
T he M agyar ton gue is the key to the heart of the M agyar
people . I t has been m y a im,ther efor e
,to presen t to the
E n glish r eader a c lear a n d sim ple exposition of the strue
tur e a n d pr in c iples of the lan guage . I have added a few
lvr i c al piec es, which m ay serve to c on vey som e idea of
the sen tim en ts of the la ter popular poetry of Hun gary,
a n d ten d to spread a truer apprec iation of the hear t of
the people,who treasur e these son gs with en thusiastic
a tta chm en t .
S . W
L on don,
A p r il 12th. 1852 .
CON T E N T S .
INTRODUCTORY R EM AR KS
CH A P T ER I.
T H E AL P H A BE T
T H E A RT I CLENOU N S
H ard-soun din g Noun s
Soft-soun din g Noun s
Dec len sion of, Noun s
CH A P T E R II.
A DJE CT IVE SCom p ar ison of A djec tives
CH A P T E R III.
NUM BERSCardin al Num ber s
Ordi n al Num ber s
M ultiplic ative Num ber s
D istr ibutive Num ber s
I n defin itive Num ber s
CONT E NTS .
CH A P T E R IV
P RONO UNSP er son al P ron oun s
R ec ip roc al P ron oun s
P ossessive P ron oun s
E xer c ises on the P ossessive P ron oun s
R elative P ron oun s
Dem on str ative P ron oun s
In determ in ate P ron oun s
CH A P T E R V .
T H E A UXIL IARY VERBCon jugation of the verb L en n i
,to be
Con jugation of the verb L en n i in the sen se of “to
bec om e”
Con jugation of L en n i in the sen se of to have
E xer c ises on the verb L en n i in its var ious S1
tion s
CH A P T E R V I .
R E G U L A R VERE SCon jugation of A c tive Verbs
T he P a ssive Voic e
Con jugation of P a ssive Verbs
Neuter V erbs
Con jugation ofNeuter Ve rbs
E xe rc ises o n A c tive Ve rbs
CH A P T E R VI I .
IRREGULA R VERE SCon jugation ofIr regular VerbsIM P E R soN A L VERB S
CH A P T ER VIII.
P C S T P C SI T I CN S
Separ ate P ostposition s
CH A P T E R IX .
CH A P TER X .
CoN JU N CT I oNs
CH A P TER XI.
INTERJECTION S
F AMIL IAR D IALOGUE SSYNTAXREM ARK S ON T H E ORTH OGRAPH YE XPLANAT ION OF GRAM M ATI CAL T ERM S or L AT INORI GIN
CONT E NTS .
P R O G R E S S IvE R EADING E XERC I SESA N E CDC T E S A N D F A E L E S
L ETTERSVOCA E U L A R I
’
M ili tary E xp ression s
Chr istian Nam es
Nam es of Coun tr ies
P OEM S .
A n A pp eal, by Vorosm arty
M y Death,
”by P eto
'fi
A r ise,H un gar ian s !
”by P eto
'fi
M y Son gs,”by P eto
'fi
Kossuth”
A potheosis,by Baj za
F arewell,
”by Baron E otvos
T H E
HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE .
J \ f\ ‘x fl f\ “ f‘fl l
IN TRODUCTORY RE M A RKS .
M I SFORTUNE is the m ean s by whi ch the Hun gar iann ation
,so lon g m isrepr esen ted, begin s at last to be un
der stood . T he M agyar lan guage has hitherto had buta kin d of m ystic al existen c e in
'
the eyes of the Wester n
n ation s . T he vaguest ideas are en tertain ed even by
well-educ ated people,both with respec t to its or igin an d
to its pr esen t state .
L an guage is the m irror of every n ation,the history of
its past an d pr esen t days . T he M agyar lan guage, the
on ly eastern idi om in E ur ope (ifwe exc ept the Turkish),has been un justly n eglec ted by the lin guists of the m ore
c ivili z ed litera ry n ation s . Who will be in differen t to thefate of a people
,whose lan guage un i tes the bold figur ative
char ac ter of the E ast with the sobr iety an d exa c t
n ess of theWest ? Who c an thin k the M agyar s un fit for
liberty , when en abled to form a just estim ate of the r apidprogr ess the Hun gar ian liter ature h as m ade
,in spite of
A ustr ian c en sor ship ?
T H F. H UN G L U l " ‘
O H .
We have on ly to c om p'ux
’he s the Turkish a n d
Hun gari a n litera tur e, to we st ruc k,
ny the in ten se in tellec tual power a n d progressive ten den c y of the m in d of
the M ag yars .
T he Hun ga r ia n la n gu a g e c a n n ot boast of dram atic an depic works to be c om pared with the gr eat produc tion s ofShakspeare a nd M ilton ; but in the poetry ofKisfaludy,
a s well as in the m ore r ec en t produc tion s ofVCrCsm arty,
P eté'
fi,an d Gar ay, there a re lyr ic s n ot mfer ior to the
n oble effusion s of Bur n s,Cam pbell
,an d M oore .
We n eed n ot rem ark how str ipped of all its vigour an dbeauty Hun garian poetry m ust bec om e in the dress of
wester n lan guages . We have on ly to read a Byron in a
Fr en ch,or a Ber an ger in an E n glish tr an slation ,
to be
struck with the differen c e between the or igin al an d a
c opy . H ow m uch gr eater m ust be the c on tr ast an d the
in ferior ity, when the lan guage of the poet an d that of thetr an slator have n ot on ly n o c om m on origin ,
but a r adi c al
differen c e of str uc tur e .
Besides the peculiarity of un i tin g in itself the softn essof the Italia n
,with a m an ly stren gth, an d som ethin g of
a war like a c c en t,the Hun garian lan guage, in respec t to
the der iva tion of wor ds, offer s to the philologist a m ost
in ter estin g field of study an d in quiry . A s a proof of
its logic al an d c on c ise m ode of der iva tion,the followin g
exam ples m ay be given a d sign ifies to give ; ado’
,
that which is to be given ,i . e .
,a tax ; a do
’
s,he who is to
give , i . a,a debtor ; ha t den otes a c apa c ity, thus adha t
to be able to give . A gain ,61 sign ifies away ; elad there
fore m ean s to sell ela d/za t,to be able to give away, i . a ,
to sell Ia n,as a pa rtic le
,im plies a n egative Sen se ; thus
ela dha l/a n,tha t wh ich c an n ot be g iven away, i . e.
,in
I N T R ODU CT C R Y REM ARK S . 3
alien able. V ar ious ideas are expressed by on e root,
whi ch in m odern lan guages are represen ted by half-adoz en qui te di fferen t words .
A s an addition al proof ofthe r ichn ess ofits der ivation s,
it m ay be m en tion ed,t hat even techn ic al expression s are
foun d in ac tual n ative term s .
Should the presen t work (as a fir st experim en t) c on
tr ibute to c on vey to those in terested in Hun gary a
c lear er idea of the real char a c ter of its oppressed people,
the wi shes of the author be c rown ed am plesuc c ess .
CHAPTER I .
T H E A L P HA BE T .
T H E Hun garian alphabet c on sists of thirty-eight letter s,fourteen of whi ch a re vowels . T he vowels ar e dividedin to short an d lon g on es
,the latter bein g always
a c c en ted .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cor r esp on ding sown ds in E ng lish .
like 0 in n ot .
like a in fa r .
like I) in bad.
like c h in r i c h .
like ts,or the Germ an z in zeit .
like d in do .
like 6 in debt,m et .
like a in dare .
likef in fi r e .
like g in gift .
li ke d’
ge, or the F r en ch di in dieu .
like h in have,harm .
like i in h it,bit .
like ee in deep .
like ge in g es, g et .
like 16 in kirk .
THE ALPHABET . 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N ote — There are n o m ute letter s in the Hun garianlan guage . The chief char a c ter istic of the pron un c iationis its di stin c tn ess. Words c on sistin g of m an y syllables
m ust be articulated as c learly an d di stin c tly as if ea chsyllable wer e a separ ate word . I t m ay be likewiser em arked
,that In very few pur e Hun g
ar ian words are to
be found two differen t c on son an ts in on e syllable, thatbein g c on trary to the easy soun d of the lan guage .
like I in lan d.
like the Italian g l in eg li .
like on in my .
like n in n ow.
like n o in n ew,or the F ren ch gn in
like 0 in or
like ow in low.
"
like the F r en ch en in pm ,but
som ewhat Shorter .
like the F ren ch en in heureuse .
like p in p en .
like r in r an k.
like sh in sheet,shall.
like s m sister .
like t in table .
like t’
ye.
like a in fa ll.like 00 in room .
like the F r en ch a,som ewhat shorter .
like the F ren ch n in on .
like 1) in n ow.
like z in z eal.
like s in c on fusion,or like the
F ren ch j.
7 ‘
(5 T H E A R T I C LE .
E xer c is es in ! he p ron un c ia tion of shor t a n d long
vowels .
A the ; ai r, p r iz e ; kar , ar m ; ktir , dam age ; m zir a hreadg ;
m a r ,he. she , or if bites edes, sweet ; sz er
,tool
,m ean s ; rem ,
sp ec /r e ser . beer itt her e ; iv, how ; sz iv,hear t ; or r , n ose ;
Gra .
‘
ll'a fc ll , or how r om
,wr eck ; fir
,m aster
,si r ; ugar ,
fa llow.
T H E A RTICL E .
I n H m iga rian there is on e in dec lin able artic le for all
gen der s an d n um ber s,which is a defin i te on e . T he in
defin ite ar tic le is c on tr ary to the idiom ,but is in c erta in
c a ses suppli ed by the word egg , on e .
T he defin ite ar tic le is a,before a n oun begin n i n g with
a c on son an t,an d a z
,before a n oun begin n in g with a
vowel .
T H E N OUN S .
T he dec len sion of the Hun gar ian n oun s takes pla c e,
as in other E astern la n guages, by m ean s of suffixes .
T he a rtic le rem a in s in a ll c ases un chan geable .
N ole .
—Befo re we proc eed to the dec len sion of the
n oun s,we m ust direc t the a tten tion of the lea rn er to
the n a ture of the vowels . T he vowels a,o,u,are
8 N OUN S .
Obs .
—T he a c c usative c ase,a s we have Seen
,is
fo rm ed by addin g to the n oun s,a c c ordin g to their
spec ies,a t or si . N oun s en din g in a vowel, or in on e
of the followin g c on son an ts, I, n , r , s, sz , take on ly the
letter I ; a s,erdo
,forest
,a c e . erddt ; asz ta l
,table
,aec .
a sz ta lt ; em ber,m an
,a c e . em ber t ; has
,m eat
,a c e .
M ist,etc .
Obs . 2 .
—N oun s en din g in the short a,8,bec om e
,
in the dec len sion,a c c en ted
,an d therefore lon g ; as
, fa,tree
,wood will be in the gen itive fan ah, a c e . fdt teve
,
c am el,teven eh
,etc .
Som e n oun s take,in the a c c usative
,v ; as
,lo'
,horse
,
a c e . lova t ho,ston e
,a c c . hovet ; the v bein g added for
the sake of euphon y .
T he P lur a l is form ed by addin g h, ah, or oh to the
root of the ha rd -soun di n g , an d h, eh, or oh to the r oot of
the soft- soun din g n oun s .
T he c ases of the plur al ar e like those of the sin gul
E XAMPLE .
H ARD-SC U N D I N G . SOFT-SOUND ING .
N . a hé z ak,the houses . N . a kertek
,the gar den s .
G . a haz akn ak ,of the houses . G . a kertekn ek
,of the g ar den s .
D . a haz akn ak,to the houses . D . a kertekn ek, to the garden s .
A . a hé z akat , the houses . A . a kerteket,theg a rden s .
Som e n oun s , as virdg , flower ; ha rd, sword ; take oh
in the plural ; a s,virdg o/c , ka r doh .
Obs . l .
-T here a re n oun s takin g , in the a c cusatives i n gula r , oi
,a n d n om in ative plur al
,oh ; as
,iist
,kettle
,
a c e . iisliit,n om . plural iisto
'
k,kettles .
Obs . 2 .
—I n som e n oun s the vowel o is om itted in the
ADJE CTIVE S . 9
plur al ; as,dolog , the m atter
,plur al
,dolgoh, an d n ot
dolog oh.
Obs . 3 .—I n the m odern lan guage, the gen i tive n ah
,
n eh,i s om itted
,bein g un der stood by the possessive
suffix as,as em ber se iee
,the hear t of m an
, an d not
as em ber n eh sz ive.
CHAPTER II .
T H E A DJE CT IVE .
T H E studen t will n ote a sim ilar ity of the Hun gar ianA djec tive to the E nglish, the sam e word bein g used
for all gen ders, n um ber s, an d c ases
The Hun gar ian adjec tive,when it prec edes a n oun ,
is un altered in all c ases,but if it is used in stead of a
n oun it is dec lin ed in the usual m an n er .
E XAMPLE S .
jo, good ; szabad, free ; beteg , sieh .
a joem ber,the good m an
a jolean y, the good g ir l.
a joembern ek,of the good m am .
a jolean yn ak, of the good g i r l.
a szabad n ep , thefr ee p eop le.
a szabad n épn ek, to thefr ee p eop le .
a szabad n épek ,thefr ee p eop les .
a szabad n épekn ek, of thefr ee p eop les .
a beteg em ber,the si ck mm .
a beteg ember ekn ek, of or to the si ck ruin .
10 A DJE CT IV E S .
T he c om par a tive degr ee is gen erally form ed by addin gbb if the positive en ds i n a vowel
,a n d by addin g abb or
ebb if the last letter of the positive is a c on son an t .
N ote — T he lear n er m ust always observe the differen c ebetwc cfi hard a n d soft soun di n g words in r egard to thesuffixes .
E XAM PLE S .
POSIT IVE .
olc so,cheap .
tisz ta,clean .
fekete,black.
g a z dag , r ich .
szabad,free .
eles,sharp .
tudOs,lear n ed .
T he superlative is form ed by prefixin g the syllable leg .
E XAMPLE S .
PO S IT IVE . COM PARAT IVE . SUPERLAT IVE .
szabad, fr ee . sz abadabb
,m or efr ee. legsz abadabb, m ostf
tfidOs,lear n ed. tIi désabb
,m or e legtfidésabb, m ost
lear n ed . lear n ed.
beteg , si ck. betegebbmzor esi ck. legbetegebb, m ost s .
fiatal, goung . fiatalabb
, goimger . legfiatalabb,goimgest
Oreg , old. Oregebb, elder . legOregebb, eldest.
Obs . l .
—T he vowel of the c om par ative m ay be
om itted after the c on son an t s ; as,m ag a s, high, c om
pa ra tive m ag asbb or m ag a sabb, higher ; e’
les,
sharp,
c om pa ra tive c’
le sbb or e’
lesebb,Sharper ; but such a n
om ission is c o n tra ry to the soun d .
COM PARATIVE
olc sObb,cheap er .
tisz tabb,clean er .
feketébb,bla cker .
ga z dagabb , r i cher .
sz abadabb,m or efr ee .
élesebb,sharp er
tfidOsabb,m or e lea r n ed.
ADJECT IVE S . l l
Obs . 2 .— A djec tives en di n g in a form the c om par a
tive by addi n g either bb,abb
,or ebb ; as
,sz om oru
,sad
,
c om par ative sz omor i ibb or sz om or i iabb.
T he followin g adjec tives are irr egular in the form ationof their c om par atives
POS ITIVE . COMPARATIVE . SUPERLATIVE .
sok,muc h . tobb
,mor e. legtObb , m ost.
sz ép ,fin e . sz ebb,fin er . legsz ebb ,fin est.
hosszu,long . hossz abb
,longer . leghossz abb, longest.
bator,br ave. batr abb
,br aver . legbatrabb, br avest.
hé'
,wide
,sp a ci ous . bO
’vebb
,wider . legbO
’
vebb,wi dest.
legifjabb , goungest.
Obs .—T o give greater stress to the adjec tive
,the fol
lowin g wor ds are m ade use of -1 . Igen , very, or yes ;
as,igen jo
’
ember,a very good m an
,or igen igen jo
’
em ber,
an exc eedi n gly good m an . 2 . T he word sole is pla c edbefore an adjec tive in the c om par ative degree ; thus,sokka t
,with or by m uch
,is used as follows —
g a z dag ,
r ich ; sokka t g a z dag a bb, m uch r icher,with or by m uch
r icher ; sz ebb,fin er ; sokka t sz ebb
,much fin er . 3 . T o
give a m ore em phatic sen se to the superlative, the wordleg es is plac ed before it ; as
,legsz ebb, the fin est ; leg es
legsz ebb, the fin est im agin able .
CHAPT ER 111.
OF N UM BE RS .
T H E CARD INAL N UMBERS .
egy.
ketto'.
harom .
n égy.
Ot .
hat .
het .
n yolc z .
kilen c z .
tiz .
tiz en egy .
ti z enkettd.
tiz en hérom .
tiz en n égy .
tiz en Ot .
tiz en hat .
tiz en hét .
tiz en n yolc z .
tiz en kilen c z .
husz
husz on egy .
egy szaz, (100) on e him ch ed.
két sz é z, (200) two him dr ed.
ha t szaz, (600) s ix hwn dr ed.
husz on kettb'
.
husz on harom .
husz on n égy.
husz on Ot .
husz on hat .
husz on hét .
husz on n yolc z .
husz onkilen c z .
harm in c z .
harm in c z egy .
harm i n c zkilen c z .
n egyven .
Otven .
hetven .
n yolezv
kilen c zven .
kilen c zven harom .
szaz .
ezer .
NUMBERS . 13
hatszaz n egyven n égy six hun dr ed a n dfor tgfour .
millio,a m i llion .
egy, ket , har om m illio,on e
,two
,thr ee m i llion s .
N oun s followin g n um ber s are always in the sin gular ,the plur al bein g expressed in the n um ber s ; as
,tiz em ber
,
ten m an (m en ) hdr om haz,three house (houses)
The sam e rule Is to be obser ved in regard to the
adjec tives sok,m uch
,m an y ; t
'
a'
bb,sever al
,m ore — soh
em ber t ldttam,
I have seen m an y m en,an d n ot sok
em bereket ldttam .
N ote— Kettb; two, when im m ediately followed by a
substan tive, is chan ged in to he’
t ; as,hét hdz
,two houses
hét silling , two shi llin gs .
ORDINAL N UM BERS .C
T hese n um ber s,withthe exc eption of the first two
, a‘
i‘e
form ed by addin g dik, odik,edik
,or b
’
dik to the
c ardin al n um ber s .
elsO'.
m asodik .
h arm adi k.
n egyedik .
OtOdik .
hatodik .
hetedik .
n yolc z adik .
kilen c z edik .
tiz edik.
tiz en egyedik .
ti z en kettedik .
tiz en harm adi k .
tiz en n egyedik .
tiz en OtOdik .
t iz en hatodik .
tiz en hetedik .
ti z en n yolez adi k.
tiz enkilen c z edik.
husz adik .
husz on egyedik.
harm in c z adik.
n egyven edik .
Otven edik .
1+ NUM BERS .
t30th . hatva n adik. 90th . kilen c zven edik .
70th . hetven edik. lOOth . szaz adi k .
80th . n yolezvan adik. l OOOth . ez redik.
1,000
,000th . m illiom odik .
M ULT IPLI CATIVE N UM BERS .
egyes , s imp le . n égyes ,four ;fold.
kettb's,double . OtOs
,jive-fold.
harm as,treble . tizes
,ten fold.
szaz as,a hun dr ed-fold.
T o these m ay be added those form ed by sz or,sz er
,or sz or ;
lS eggsz er , on c e ; hdr om sz or , thri c e ; btsz b’
r,five tim es ; sok
sz or,m an y tim es .
D I STRI BUT IVE N UMB ERS .
egyféle , of on e kin d.
kétféle,of two kin ds .
karom féle , of thr ee kin ds .
hI'I SZ fele
, of twen tg ki n ds .
szaz fele, of a hwn dr ed kin ds .
ezer fele,of a thousa n d kin ds .
m asfél,on e a n d a ha lf.
harm adfél,two a n d a ha lf
n egyedfél, thr ee a n d a half.
husz adfél,n i n eteen an d a half.
N ote — I t will be seen that the distributive n um bers
are form ed by addi n g the partic le fe’
le to the roots of
the c ardin al n um bers .
T o di stributive n um bers,when used as adverbs
,is an
n exed the par tic le ke’
p en ; as,egyfélekép en , in on e way ;
kéfiélekép en , in two ways .
16 P R ONO U N S .
mi le,of h im r o
’
hm k,of us r o
’
la to/c,of you ; r o
’
lok,
of them *.
T he pron oun you, when applied to a sin gle person , isexpressed by the words (i n o r kegged .
REC IPROCA I. P RONOUNS .
S INGULAR . PLURAL .
(i n In agam ,
I mgself. m i m agun k, we our selves .
te m agad, thou thgself'
. ti In agatok, gou gour selves .
I o I
ol
m aga , he him self. o'k In aguk,
theg them selves .
P OSSE S S IVE P RONOUN S .
Of these pron oun s there are two kin ds — 1 . Thosewhich form suffixes join ed to the n oun . 2 . Those whicha re separ ate words .
T he followin g a re the possessive pron oun s used as
sufi xes
S ingular of both P er son a n d Objec t.
H ARD-SOUND ING WORD S . SOFT-SOUND ING WORDS .
ad.
a or ja .
S ingular of P er son
H ARD-SOUNDING WORD S . WORD S .
a im or ja im .
a id or ja id.
a i or ja i .
See the Postpos ition s .
em .
ed.
e or je .
P lur a l of Object.
SOFT-SOUNDING
PRONOUN S .
P lura l of P er son,S ingular of Objec t.
HARD-SOUND ING WORDS . SOP T-SOUND ING WORD S .1st p er son .
atok.
3r d p er son . Ok or jok .
P lur a l of both P er son cm d Objec t.
H AR D-SOUNDI NG WOR DS . SOFT-SOUNDING WORDS .
1st p er son . aink or jaink . ein k or jein k2n dp er son . aitok or jaitok . eitek or jeitek.
eik or jeik .
EXAMPLE S .
U r,m aster (har d-soim di/ng word) .
uram,mg master . ur aim
,mg m aster s .
urad,thy m aster . uraid
,thy m a ster s .
ur a,his m aster . ur ai
,his or her m aster s .
urunk,our m aster . urain k
,our m aster s .
uraitok, goa r m aster s .
uraik,thei r m aster s .
Kert, garden
kertem,mg gar den .
kerted,thg gar den .
kertje , his or her gar den .
kerti'
m k,owr gar den .
kertetek, your ga rden .
kertjek, their gar den .
17
kertjeim ,mg gar den s .
kertjeid, thg gar den s .
kertjei , his or her garden s .
kertjein k, owr g ar den s .
kertjeitek, gowr g ar den s .
kertjeik ,their gar den s .
18 P R ONOUN S .
Som e n oun s take,in the possessive c ase in the first
person,om
,b
’
m ; as,n ap ,
the day n ap om ,m y day; ez ii st
,
silver ; ez iisto'
m,m y silver .
T he in itial vowel of the suffix is om itted When the
n oun en ds in a vowel ; as,ruha
,the c oat ; ruhdm
,m y
c oat r aha’
d,thy c oat ; r uhdja , h is c oat .
N oun s with pron om in al suffixes are dec lin ed in the
usual way as
ruham ,mg coa t. rubad
,thg coa t.
ruhz’
un n ak,of mg c oa t. ruhadn ak
,of thg c oa t.
ruham n ak,to mg c oa t. etc .
,etc .
ruham at,mg c oa t.
The followi n g possessive pron oun s are used separately,in stead of n oun s
,When the n oun s to which they r efer
are un der stood
S INGULAR PLURALOF PERSON AND OBJECT . OF OBJECT .
a z en yém ,m i n e . a z en yéim ,
m in e .
a tied,thin e . a tiéid
,thi n e .
a z Ove, his or her s . a i Ovei , his or her s .
PLURAL PLURA Lor PERSON . or PERSON AND OBJECT .
a m i en k,our s . a m iéin k
,our s .
a ti étek, gou/rs . a tié itek
, gour s .
a z Cvek,the ir s . a z Ovéik
,their s .
Th ese pron oun s a re dec lin ed in the sam e m an n er as
the n oun s ; as,a s en ge
’
m n ck,of m in e ; a tie
’
dn ek,of
thin e,etc .
PRONOUNS . 19
E xer c ises on the P ossessive P r on oun s .
I.
Kert, ga rden ; an ya , m other ; atya , father ; tan ito, teacher ;
héz,house; vér os
,town ; n ép , p eop le; jellem ,
char acter ;sz orgalm as
,di ligen t; n agy, g r ea t, large; kiesi or kis, li ttle,
sm a ll; barét, fr ien d ; Oreg , old; beteg , si ck; egésséges ,
hea lthg ; vam is; ellen ség , en emg ; sz ép ,jin e; ido, tun e ; m in t ,tha n ; ez
, this ; kie? whose ? hol ? wher e ?
(A z eu) kertem*n agyobb m in t a ti ed
,mg ga rden i s larger
than thin e.
(A Z 0)kertje sz ebb m i n t a m i en k ,his gar den i sfin er them our s .
H ol van atyad ? wher e i s thgfa ther ?
A n yatok egésséges, gour m other (i s) hea lthg (the word va n isom i tted).
T an itOd Oreg , thg tea cher i s old.
Nép iin k jo, our p eop le i s good .
Baratun k beteg , ourfr ien d i s si ck,
Kié ez a sz ép haz ? whose is thisfin e house
Kertiink n agyobb m in t a z Ove,our ga r den is larger than his .
An yén k beteg ,l
our m other i s si ck .
Var osunk kiesi , our town is sm all.T an itOm sz orgalm as
,mg teacher is di ligen t.
Jellem e sz ebb m i n t a tied,his char acter i sfin er than thi n e .
E z a h i m a m ién k,this house i s our s .
aim sz orgalm asabbak m i n t a tiéid,mg p up i ls a r e
m or e di ligen t than thin e .
II.
H aza,c oun trg ; élet , life ; kon yv, book ; elvesz tette
,ha s
lost ; eladta,has sold ; 16, hor se ; lovam ,
mg hor se ; talaltam ,
Som etim es the defin ite art ic le an d per son al pron oun pr ec ede theobjec t ; a s
,a z e
'n ker tem ,
a te her i ed,m y garden ,
thy ga rden . Th isi s
,perhaps
,th e m ost peculiar of the gr amm atic al rules .
20 PRONOUN S .
Ifoun d pén z , m on eg ; igen ,verg ; kalap , ha t ; Uj, n ew ,
es or s’
,a n d ; sz om orfi
,sad; In er t
,because; m in dég , a lwags
va n n ak,a r e itt
,her e .
H a zan k n agy és ga z dag , our c oun trg i s large a n d r i c h .
H ol va n n ak a i I'IjkOn yveim ? wher e a r e mg n ew books ?
O elvesz tette pén z ét , he has lost his m on eg .
(A i eu) lovam jode a tied jobb, mg hor se is good, but thin e isbetter .
O elvesz tette m in den p én z ét, he has lost a ll his m on eg .
H ol van n ak lovai ? wher e a r e his hor ses
Itt van n ak m in den I'
IjkOn yvein k, her e a r e a ll our n ew books .
E letemigen sz om oru,mg life is varg sad.
M ert an yam m in dég beteg , bec ause mg m other (i s) a lwags
si ck.
A tyam eladta hazat,mgfather has sold his house.
H ol van (a te) lovad ? wher e i s thg hor se
N em talaltam pén z em et,I have n otfoim d mg m on eg .
(A z O’
) I’
lj kalapjok sz ebb m in t a z en yéim ,their n ew ha t is
fin er than owrs .
Baratom elvesz tette m in den kon yveit , mg fr ien d has lost a ll
his books .
RELAT IVE P RONOUNS .
These pron oun s ar e likewise subjec t to the sam e rule
as the n oun s,a n d assum e suffixes a c c ordin g to their
n ature ; for exam ple .
S IN G ULAR .
— ki ? who? G en . kin ek,kI e ? whose, ofwhom ?
D a t. kin ek ? to whom ? A c e . kit ? whom ?
P LURAL .
— kik ? who ? G en . kikn ek,kike ? D a t. kik
n ek ? A c e . kiket ?
Ki c soda ? who ? G en . kic sodan ak ? of whom
M i ? what ? m in ek ? of or to what ?
PRONOUN S . 21
T o these m ay be added z— m elyik ? whi ch of both m ely?
wha t what kin d?
M i an d melg are also used as dem on str atives, inwhich c ase they m ust be prec eded by the defin iteartic le a z
-
as,a z a hi
,he who ; azok a kik
,they who ;
a z a m elg , that which ; a z a m i,that which .
DE MON STRA T IVE P RONOUNS .
T he dem on strative pron oun s are
a z,or a zon
,that ; a zok
,those .
c i,or ez en
,this ; ezek
,these .
They ar e thus dec lin ed .
SINGULAR .
a z,or a zon
,that. ez
,or ez en
,this .
an n ak,of tha t. en n ek or eze
, of this .
an n ak,to tha t. en n ek
,to this .
a z t,tha t. c i t
,this .
PLURAL .
azok,those. ezek
,these.
a z okn ak or a z oké,of those. ez ekn ek or ez eké
,of these.
a z okn ak,to those. ez ekn ek
,to these.
az okat,those. ez eket
,these.
INDETERM INATE P RONOUN S .
Va laki,som ebody ; sen ki
,n obody ; m in den ki , every
on e ; va lam i,
som ethi n g akdrki,whosoever ; n e
’
m elg ,
som e,an y .
CHAPT ER V
T H E AUXIL IA RY VE RB .
There is,so to speak
,on ly on e auxiliary verb in H un
gar ian — L en n i,to be which is irr egular . T he m ean i n g
of the verb to have i s expressed by c ir cum locution, with
the a id of the verb to be in the third per son ; as,n ekem
va n,I have (liter ally, to m e is m ihi est) n eki va n
,
'
bo
h as (to h im is).
L ehet,as a der ivation from len n i (the root of which
is le), sign ifies c a n or m ay be.
E very Hun gar ian verb en ds,in the in fin itive
,in ui
o
as,len n i
,to be ; a lvasn i , to read
,etc .
T he person al pron oun s ar e gen er ally om itted,bein g
Im derstood in the verb .
Conjug a tion of the ver b L en n i, to be.
INDICA TIVE MOOD .
PRE SENT .
(én ) vagyok, I am . (m i) vagyIm k, we a r e.
(te) vagy , thou ar t. (ti) vagytok, gou a r e .
(6)van (vagyon ), he, she, i t is . (bk) van n ak, theg a r e .
IM PERFECT .
va lek,I wa s . valzin k
,we wer e .
valid,thou wast. valirtok
, gou wer e .
vala,he wa s . valan ak
,theg wer e .
24 AUXILIARY VERB .
PERFECT .
voltam légyen , if I ha ve been . voltm Ik legyen , ifwe have been .
voltzil legyen , tf'
thou hast been . voltatok légyen , ifgou have been
volt legyen , if he has been . voltak légyen , iftheg have been .
PLUPERFECT .
voltam voln a, if
"
I had been . voltun k voln a, ifwe had been .
voltél voln a, if thou hadst been . voltatok voln a , ifgou had been .
volt voln a,if he had been . voltak voln a
, if theg had been .
FUTURE .
leen dek, if I sha ll be . leen diin k
, ifwe sha ll be .
leen desz, if thou sha lt be . leen detek
, ifgou sha ll be.
leen d, if he sha ll be. leen den ek
,if theg sha ll be.
G E RUND .
leen dé’
,being (what is to be).
Conjug a tion of the ver b L en n i, in the sen se of to bec om e .
INDICA TIVE MOOD .
PRESE NT .
leszek, I becom e. lesz iin k,we bec om e.
lesz el,thou bec om est. lesz tek
, gou bec om e.
lesz , he becom es . lesz n ek,theg becom e .
IM PERFECT .
levék, I becam e . levén k
,we becam e.
level, thou bec am est. levétek, gou bec am e.
leve or lO'n,he bec am e. levén ek or lb
’n ek
,theg becam e .
AUX ILIARY VERB . 25
PERFECT .
lettem ,I have becom e. lettun k
,we have becom e.
lettél, thou hast bec om e. lettetek, gou have becom e.
lett, he has becom e. lettek,theg have becom e.
T he P lupei'fec t is form ed by addi n g volt to the P erfec t .
FUTURE .
fogok len n i , I sha ll become . fogunk len n i , we shall becom e .
fogsz len n i , thou shalt bec om e. fogtok len n i , gou shall becom e .
fog len n i , he sha ll bec ome fogn ak len n i , theg sha ll becom e .
PART I C IPLE S
P RE SENT : levO’or leen do,becom ing .
P AST : lett,havi ng becom e.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD .
T he P resen t ten se is like that Of the in di c ative of len n i , to
be that I becom e, etc .
I M P E R P E CT .
len n ék,Iwould becom e (or be) . len n én k, we would bec om e.
len n él,thou wouldst becom e. len n étek, gou would becom e .
len n e,he would bec ome. len n én ek
,theg would becom e .
lettem légyen .
lettél légyen .
lett légyen .
PERFECT .
have becom e,etc .
lettii n k legyen .
lettetek legyen .
lettek legyén .
26 AUX I LIARY V E R B .
l’lrU l'E lIF E CT .
I m ight have becom e,etc .
lettem voln a . lettun k voln a .
lettel vol na . lettetek voln a .
lett voln a . lettek voln a .
T he Futur e ten se is like the subjun c tive futur e of len n i,
to be .
T he verb len n i , followed by kell, m ust, is c on jugatedin the followin g m an n er
PRE SENT .
leIm em kell,I must be. len n un k kell we must be.
len n ed kell, thou m ust be . len n etek kell, gou m ust be .
len n i e kell,he must be . len n i ck kell
,theg m ust be .
PERFECT .
I must have been etc .
leIm em kellett . len n un k kellett .
len n ed kellett . len n etek kellett .
len n ie kellett . len n iek kellett .
Th e word lehet is em ployed to express the m ean in gof c a n or m ag ; as
,ushem
,n eked
,n eki lehet
,I,thou
,
he,m ay or c an have ; n ekem lehetett
,I c ould or m ight
have .
T he verb len n i,to be
,is also used in order to express
possession ; as,va n
,it is ; va n n ah
,ther e are
,or they
a re ; volt,it was ; voltak, there or they have been . T he
n oun ,however , m ust always assum e the suffixes of the
possessive pron oun s, a c c ordin g to their n atur e ; as,
n ekem va n ha’zam
,I have a house (liter ally, to m e is m y
AUX ILIARY VERB . 2-7
house) thus,the suffix am m ust be added to the sub
stan tive has,house .
L en n i,when used for the verb to have
,is c on jugated as
INDIOA T IVE MOOD .
P R E SENT .
n ekem van hazam,I have a house.
n eked van haz ad, thou hast a house .
n eki van haza , he has a house.
n ekiink van hazun k,we have a house .
n ektek van haz atok, gou have a house.
n ekik van haz ok,theg have a house.
IM PERFECT .
n ekem vala hazam,I had a house .
n eked vala hé z a cl, _thou,
hadst a house.
n eki vala haza,he had a house .
n ekiin k vala hazunk,we had a house .
n ektek vala haz atok, gou had a house .
n ekik vala haz ok, theg had a house.
PERFECT .
n ekem volt,I have had. n ekiin k volt
,we her e had.
n eked volt,thou hast had. n ektek Volt
, gou have had.
n eki volt,he has had. n ekik volt
,theg have had.
FUTURE .
n ekem lesz,I shall have . n ekun k lesz
,we sha ll have.
n eked lesz,thou shalt have. n ektek lesz
, gou sha ll have.
n eki lesz,he shall have. n ekik lesz
,theg shall have .
The Subjun c tive is form ed in the presen t ten se by
738 AUX ILIARY VE RB .
voln a,a n d in the perfec t by lett voln a ; as
,han ek em
,
n eked,n eki voln a
,if I
,thou
,he had ; ha n ekun k
,n ektek
,
n ekik lett voln a,ifwe
, you, they had had .
E xer c ises on the ver b L en n i i n its va r ious sig n ific a tion s .
1 . L en n i,to be.
T he person al pron oun s,as already m en tion ed
,bein g
un der stood by the term in ation of the verb,are gen e
r ally Om itted, an d are on ly m ade use Of for the pur
pose of c on tr ast or em phasis. T he third person of the
verb len n i , to be, c an n ot be om itted if prec eded by an
adjec tive .
Boldog vagyok,I a m happ g .
F iatal vagy, thou a r t goung .
(O) ga z dag , he is r i ch .
H ol vagy te ? wher e a r t thou
H ogy van 5 ? how is he ?
O beteg , he is si ck.
(M i) itt vagyun k, we a r e her e .
(T i) sz abadok vogyt ok, gou a r efr ee.
(Ok) ott van n ak, theg a r e ther e.
Sz om sz édom egysz er ga z dag vala , mg n eighbour was on c e r i ch .
M i ga z dagok vagyun k, we a r e r i c h .
M ert elégedettek vagyunk ,bec ause we a r e c on ten t.
E z en c salad m in dég sz er en c sés,thisfann i lg i s a lwags happg .
On m eg fiatal ember , gou (we get a goimg m ar t .
S z orgalm as valek egész n ap , Iwas di ligen t the whole dag .
H ol volt On m a ? wher e have gou been to-dagE n egész n ap sz obém ba voltam
,I have been the whole dag
mg r oom .
Kik voltak a zok a z urak, kik on n el besz éltek ? who wer e the
g en tlem en who sp oke to you7
AUX ILIARY VERB . 29
A zok idegen ek, those a r e str anger s .
E z en fiatal em ber kulfOldi,thi s goung m a n is afor eign er .
A z er én yes em ber m in dég boldog , a vir tuous m an (is) a lwags
R em elem hogy holn ap egésséges leszek, I hop e tha t I sha ll beI'‘
ieell‘
to-m orr'
ow.
H ol lesz O’holn ap wher e wi ll he (she) be to-m or r ow
M i L on don ban lesz iin k,we sha ll be i n L on don .
T i boldogok lesz tek (az O’
) tar sasagaban , gou wi ll be happ g i n
En r oszu’
l voltam m a,de r emelem hogy holn ap egésséges
leszek,I have been un well tb-dag ,
but I hop e to be well to
Volta1 a sz abOn al, hast thou been a t the ta i lor’s
En baratom n al voltam,I have been wi th mgfr ien d.
M i n em lesz i'
mk m a a varosha,we sha ll n ot be i n town to-dag .
Batyam soha sem lesz m eg elégedve, mg br other will n ever
be c on ten t.
L egyiink tevéken yek, let us“
be in dustr ious .
N e légy r est,be n ot i dle
,laag .
L egyen ek figyelm esek, be a tten tive.
L egyen a m i akar,let him be what he likes .
2 . L en n i , to bec om e.
M i lesz ez en sz egén y em ber ekbb'l ? wha t wi ll bec om e of the
p oor m en
F iam katon a lett, mg son becam e a soldier .
Baratom ga z dag lett voln a , mgfr ien d m ight have bec om e r ich .
lVIin dn yajan katon ak lesz ii n k ha kell, we (a ll of us) wi ll be
com e soldier s if n ec essa rg .
Sokan hon talan ok lettek, m un g became exi les .
Eli fog len n i belO'lii nk ? what wi ll becom e of us
Bardtim n em SOkar a szabad em berek fogn ak len n i , mg fr ien dswi ll soon becom efr ee p eop le .
30 AUX ILIAR Y VERB .
3 . L en n i,to have .
N ekem sok dolgom va n,I have m uch to do .
Va n n ak n eked ism erdseid itten ? have gou her e som e a o
qua in ta n c es
Neki sok pén z e volt dc elvesz tette,he had much m on eg , but he
lost it.
Neki harem gyerm eke van,egy fia S
’t“két ledn ya , she has
thr ee childr en,on e son a n d two daughter s .
Nekem sz ép kesem vala,de n em tudom hol van
,I had af n e
kn ife, but I don’t kn ow wher e i t is .
Neki n agy sz er en c séje van,he has g r ea t luck.
Nagy bajm ikor a z em bern ek sok ellen sége van,i t is a g r eat
m isfor tun e (p lague) if on e ha s m an g en em ies .
M ikor lesz On n ek ideje ? when shall gou have ti me ?Nekem tObb baratom van m in t n eked
,I ha ve m or e
than thou.
Neki sok kOn yvei voltak, he had m ang books .
Nekii n k keves idO'n k van
,Cun ek tebb van
,we have li ttle tim e
gou have m or e .
Cun ek sok ism er ete van, gou have (p ossess) much kn owledge .
Van e n eki esz e ? has he a n un der stan di ng ? (is he a n ablem a n ?)
T o express the n egative of have (i . e.
,n ot to have)
the word n in es,or n in c sen
,is used in the sin gular , an d
n in c sen ek in the plur al . A s regards the presen t ten se ,they are em ployed thus
n ekem n in es,I have n ot.
n eked n in es,thou hast n ot.
n eki n in es,he ha s n ot.
Nekun k n in es ba ratun k,we have n ofr ien ds .
S’
,o r e
'
s,ha s the s ign ifi c a tion of a n d .
32 REGULAR VERB S
T he reader will easily See that these two form s of c on
jugation apply on ly to a c tive verbs .
Besides the gen eral c lassific ation of verbs in to a c tive,passive, a n d n euter
,m ust be m en tion ed the fa c titive,
fa culta tive, a n dfiequen ta tive verbs .
T he fa c titive verbs a re form ed by addin g to the root
of the verb the par tic le a t,ta t
,et
,tet ; as
,c sindl
,he
m akes ; c si n dlta t,he c auses to be m ade ; her , he asks ;
ke’
r et,he m akes or c auses to be asked .
T he fa cultative proper ty of the verb is den oted byaddi n g to the root the partic le ha t or het as
,c sin dl
,he
m akes ; c si n dlha t,he c an m ake ; her , he asks ; he
'rhet
,
he c an (is able to) ask .
T he frequen tative is form ed by the term in ation og a t,
eg et ; as,ad
,he g ives ; a dog a t, he is givin g fr equen tly ;
her,he begs ; ke
’
r eg et, he begs often .
T he in fin itive of every verb term in ates in n i . T he
third per son sin gular of the in dic ative presen t of the
in defin ite form is a lways the r oot of the verb ; the cha
r a c teri stic of the perfec t ten se is tT he person al pr on oun s, as already observed
,are
usually om itted .
T able of the Sufi a’es of a n A c tive Verb in the in di c a tive
m ood a n d i n defin iteform .
HARD -SOUND ING V ERB .
PRESENT .
SING U LAR. PL U RAL .
REGULAR VERBS . 33
IMPERFECT .
PERFE CT .
T he P luperfec t is form ed by addi n g volt to the perfec t ten se .
A n a c tive verb,in the in defin ite form
,is thus c on ju
gated in the In dic ative M ood
PRESENT .
(eu) var ok, Iwai t . (m i) varun k, we wai t .
(te) var sz , thou wa i test . (ti) vartok, gou wait .
(5) var , he , she , i t wai ts . (O'
k) var n ak, theg wai t.
IM PERFECT .
var ék,Iwai ted . Varank
,we wai ted.
varal,thou wa i tedst . varatok
, gou wai ted .
var a,he wai ted . Varan ak
,theg wai ted.
PERFECT .
vértam,I ha ve wai ted. vartun k
,we have waited .
vartal,thou hast wai ted. vartatok
, gou have wai ted .
vart,he ha s waited . vartak
,theg have wai ted .
PL U PERFECT .
vértam volt,I had wai ted . vartun k volt
,we had wa ited.
vi rtal volt,thou hadst wai ted . vartatok volt
, gou had wai ted .
vér t volt,he ha d wa ited. vartak volt
,theg had waited .
D
34 REG ULAR V E RB S .
FUTURE .
fogok I shall wait. vzir n i fogun k, we shall wait.
var n i fogsz , thou wilt wait. varn i fogtok, gou wi ll wai t.
var n i fog ,he will wait. var n i fogn ak, theg wi ll wai t.
PARTI C IPLE S .
varO,vzirva
,varvan
,wai tin g .
vart,havi ng waited.
INF INITIVE .
var n i,to wa i t.
T able of the Sufi r es of the Defin i te Form .
PRE SENT .
SING U LAR .
I M P E R F E CT .
PERFECT .
tuk .
tatok .
tak .
T he P luperfec t is form ed by addi n g volt (or vala).
T he followin g is the c on jugation of the verb vdr n i,to
wa it,in the defin ite form
T he wordsfog ok, fog sz , etc .,a n swer to the En glish , Shall, wilt , etc .
REGULAR VERBS . 35
INDICA TIVE MOOD .
PRESENT .
varom,I wait (him ,
her,
varjuk, we wai t.
var od,thou wa itest. varjatok, gou wai t.
varja,he
,she
,i t wai ts . varjak
,theg wait.
IM PERFECT .
var am,Iwai ted (him ,
her,etc .) var ék
,we wai ted .
vérad,thou wa i tedst. varatok
, gou wai ted.
var a,he waited . var ak
,theg wai ted .
PERFECT .
var tam,I ha ve waited. var tuk
,we have wai ted.
vair tad,thou hast wai ted . vartatok
, gou have wai ted.
varta,he ha s wai ted. Vartak
,theg have wai ted.
FUTU RE
varn i fogom *, I sha ll wai t . varn i fogjuk ,we shall wai t.
varn i fogod, thou wi lt wai t. varn i fogjatok, gou wi ll wait.
varn i fogja , he wi ll wai t . varn i fogjak, theg wi ll wai t.
T able of the Sufi a’es of the Subjun c tive M ood .
INDEF IN ITE FORM . DEF IN ITE FORM .
PRE SENT .
PL U RAL . SING U L AR . PL U RAL .
jatok .
F og ,a s w ill be seen ,
takes the suffixes of the presen t ten se .
D 2
REGULAR VE R B S .
IM PERFECTS ING U L AR PL U RAL PL U RAL
n am
I
n a .
T he P erfec t is form ed by addin g voln a to the p erfec tten se of the In di c ative m ood. T he Futur e i s form ed byaddin g the suffixes a/n dok
,a n dasz
,an d
,a n dun k
,a n dotok
,
an dan ak,to the r oot Of the verb
,a s will be seen .
The Subjun c tive M ood Of vdr n i,to wa it
,is thus c on
jugated
INDE F IN ITE FORM . DEF IN ITE FORM .
PRESENT .
varjak , if Iwai t.
varjal, if thou wai t . varjad, if than wait.
varjon , ifhe wa it.
va'jijun k, ifwe wa i t. varjuk , ifwe wa i t.
Varjatok, if gou wai t. varjatok , ifgou wait.
vitrjan ak, if theg wa i t.
IM PERFECT .
var n ek,I would wai t.
vitrn al,thou wouldst wa it.
Varn a,he would wai t.
vérn étOk , gou would wai t.
var n an ak ,theg would wai t.
PERFECT INDEFINITEvar tam voln a
,Iwould have wa i ted.
vartal voln a , thou wouldst have wai ted.
vs’
trt voln a , he would have waited .
var n am,Iwould wa i t.
var n ad,thou wouldst wai t.
varn a, he would wait.
var n Ok,we would wai t.
varn atok, gou would wai t.
var n ak,theg would wai t .
REG ULAR VERBS .
var tun k voln a,we would have wa i ted.
vér tatok voln a, gou would have wai ted.
vitrtak voln a,theg would have wa i ted .
PERFECT DEFINITE .
var tam voln a,Iwould have wai ted (him ,
vitrtad vOln a,thou wouldst have wai ted.
varta voln a,he would
’
have wa i ted.
vartuk voln a,we would have wa i ted.
vartatok voln a, gou would have wa i ted.
vér tak voln a,theg would have wai ted.
FUTUREINDEFI NITE
Varan dok,I shall wai t.
Var an dasz,thou wi lt wait.
Var an d, he wi ll wai t.
var an dun k,we shall wai t .
Var an dotok, gou wi ll wai t.
Var an dan ak,theg wi ll wa i t.
T able of the Sufi a es of a Soft-soun ding Ver b.
INDICA T IVE MOOD .
INDE F IN ITE FORM . DE FIN ITE FORM .
PRE SENT .
PL U RAL . S ING U LAR .
n uk . 1 .
tek . 2 .
n ek . 3 .
IM PERFECT .
en k . 1 .
etek . 2 .
én ek .
DEFINITE
Var an dom,I sha ll wai t.
vz'tr an dod
,thou wi lt wa i t.
Var an dja , he wi ll wai t.
Var an djuk, we shall wai t.
vér an djatok, gou wi ll wai t .
Var an djak,theg wi ll wai t .
38 R E G ULAR VERBS .
PERFECT .
S ING U LAR . P L U RAL
tun k . 1 .
tetek . 2 .
3 .
of a S oft-soun ding Ver b— I sm ern i (orOsm ern i), to kn ow.
INDICA T IVE MOOD .
INDE F IN ITE FORM . DE FIN ITE FORM .
PRE SENT .
ism er ek,I kn ow. ism er em
,I kn ow (him ,
ism er sz,thou kn owest. i sm ered
,thou kn owest.
ism er,he kn ows . ism er i
,he kn ows .
ism erun k,we kn ow . ism erjiik,
we kn ow.
ism ertek, gou kn ow. ism er itek
, gou kn ow.
ism ern ek,theg kn ow . ism er ik
,theg kn ow.
IM PERFECT .
i sm er ék,I kn ew.
ism er él,thou kn ewest .
ism ere,he kn ew.
ism er én k,we kn ew.
ism er étek , gou kn ew.
ism erén ek,theg kn ew.
PE RFECT .
i sm ertem ,I have kn own . ism ertem
,I have kn own .
i sm ertél,thou hast kn own . ism erted
,thou hast kn own .
ism ert,he has kn own . ism erte
,he has kn own .
ism ertu n k ,we have kn own . ism ertiik
,we ha ve kn own .
ism ertetek, gou have kn own . ism ertétek
, gou have kn own .
ism er tek,theg have kn own . ism er tek
,theg have kn own .
ism er ém,I kn ew.
ism er éd,thou kn ewest.
o I
I sm er e,he kn ew.
ism erO'k
,we kn ew.
ism er étek, gou kn ew.
ism erek,theg kn ew .
IO R E G ULAR v E R R s .
FUTUR E .
If I shall kn ow,etc .
ism e re n dek. ism eren dem .
ism e rc n dsz . ism er en ded.
ism er en d,etc . ism eren di
,etc .
PART I C IPLE S .r o
P RE SEN T : I sm ero'
,Ism erven
,kn owi ng .
P ERFECT : ism ert,having kn own .
IMPERA TIVE MOOD .
ism erj, i sm erd,kn ow i t
,kn ow thou.
ism erjii n k ,let us kn ow.
Ther e ar e,besides these
,c om poun d verbs
,form ed
pla c in g c er tain preposition s before the root,such as be
,
i n ; ki , out ; hdtr a , ba ck, etc . ; as,ben e
’
z n i,to look in ;
kin éz n i,to look out hdtr a n e
’
z n i,to look ba ck . These
pr eposition s ar e som etim es separ ated from the verb,an d
pla c ed at the en d Of the sen ten c e . (See SYNTAX.)T he m ost peculiar preposition is m eg , which in itself
has n o m ean in g , but, When prefixed to a verb,has a
c orr oborative sen se ; as,ta nuln i
,to lear n ; m eg tan iiln i ,
to learn thoroughly, c orrec tly ; e’
r ten i,to un derstan d
,
m ege’
r ten i,etc .
T H E P A SSIVE VOICE .
T he P assive voic e is form ed— 1 . By addin g a t,st
,to
the m on osyllabic a c tive verbs . 2 . By addin g ta t, tet, topolysyllabic verbs
,a s well a s to those verbs which end
i n a vowel.
REGULAR VERBS . 41
T able of the P assive Sufi xes .
H ARD-SOU ND ING WORD S .
INDICAT IVE MOOD . SUB JUN CTIVE MOOD .
PRESENT .
S ING U L AR . PL U RAL . S ING U LAR . PL U RAL .
assun k .
a ssa tok .
assan ak .
IM PERFECT .
atan h . 1 . atn am . a tn ank .
atatok . 2 . atn atok .
atn ék . atn an ak .
PERFECT .
attun k . The Subjun c tive P erfec tattatok . i s form ed by addin g
atott . attak . voln a .
atn i fogok,etc . atan dom
,etc .
Conjug a tion of the p a ssive ver b Varatn i, to be wa ited,
or exp ec ted .
INDICA TIVE . SUBJUNCTIVE .
PRESENT .
var atom,I am waited.
var atol,thou ar t wa i ted.
vei ratik,he i s wai ted .
varatun k,we ar e wai ted.
var attok, gou ar e wai ted.
var atn ak,theg a r e wai ted.
var assam, if I am wai ted.
varassal, if thou a r t waited .
vara ssék, if he is waited.
var assun k , if we a r e wai ted.
var a ssatok, ifgou a r e waited .
varassa n ak, if theg a r e waited.
A2 R EGULAR VE R B !
IM PERFECT .
vziratam,I was wa ited. vzi ratn am
,Iwould be wa ited.
vz'Ira tIil
,thou wast wa ited. var atn al
,thouwouldst bewai ted.
vairaték,he was wa ited. var atn ék
,he would be wai ted.
varatzi n k,we wer e waited. varatuan k
,we would be wa i ted.
vzi r atatok, gou wer e wa ited . varatn atok
, gou would bewai tedvai ratan ak
,theg wer e waited . varatn an ak
,thegwould bewa i ted
PERFECT .
I have been waited,etc .
T he Subjun c tive is form ed
by addin g vokva; as,
va'r a ttann voln a
,I have
been waited,etc .
FUTUREI shall be wa ited
,wa i ted
,
vér atn i fogok .
var atn i fogsz .
var atn i fog .
var atn i fogun k .
var atn i fogtok .
var atn i fogn ak .
PART IC IPLE S .
P RE SENT : varatvan,be
'
m g wa i ted.
P ERFECT : var atott,having been waited.
IMPERA TIVE MOOD .
vitr a ssal,be thou wai ted.
vara ssatok,be ge waited.
vara ssa n ak,let them be waited.
If I sha ll be
vitr atan dom .
var atan dol.
vzir atan dik .
var atan dun k .
varatan dotok .
var atan dan ak
REGULAR VERB S . 43
Conjug a tion of the p assive ver b Kér etn i , to be asked
(soft-soun di ng)
INDICA TIVE . SUBJUNCTIVE .
kéretem,I am asked.
kér etel,the n a r t asked.
kér etik, he is asked.
kér etiin k, we a r e asked.
kér ettek, gou a r e asked.
kér etn ek ,theg a r e asked.
I M PERFECT .
kéretém,Iwas asked.
kér etél,thou wast a sked.
ker eték,he was asked.
kér etén k ,we wer e asked.
kér etétek , gou wer e a sked.
kér etén ek ,theg wer e asked.
PERFECT .
kér ettem ,I have been asked.
kér ettél,thou hast been asked.
kér etett,he has been asked .
kérettii n k,we have been asked.
kér ettetek, gou have been asked.
kér etten ek,thcg havebeen asked.
T o the Subjun c tive is tobe added voln a ; a s
,
ke’
r ettem voln a .
FUTURE .
I shall be a sked,etc . IfI shall be asked
,etc .
kéretn i fogok . kér eten dem .
kéretn i fogsz . kér eten del.
kéretn i fog . kéreten dik .
PRE SENT .
kéressem, if I am asked.
kér essél, if thou a r t asked.
kér essék, if he is asked.
kér essiin k,if we ar e asked.
kér essetek, ifgou a r e asked .
kér essen ek, if theg a r e asked.
kér etn ém, if Iwer e asked.
kér etn él, if thou wer t asked.
kér etn ék, ifhe wer e asked.
kér etn én k, if we wer e a sked.
I
kér etn étek,if gou wer e asked .
kéretn én ek, if theg wer e asked.
~t t R E G U LA R VE R R S .
ké retn i fogun k. kéreten dun k.
ké retn i fogtok . kéreten detek.
ké r c tn i fog n ak . kér eten den ek .
PART I C IPLE S .
kéretvén,being asked.
kéretett,having been asked.
T he Im p er ative M ood is gen erally like the Subjun c tiveP resen t in r egard to all verbs ; a s
,kér essél
,be (thou) asked
kér essék,let h im be asked .
NE U T E R VE R BS .
T he N euter verbs are Ofa double char a c ter —1 . Thosewhic h are sim ple an d r eally n euter
,an d are n ever
followed by an a c cusative 2 . Those which c an be usedas a c tive verbs . For exam ple
, fdz n i , to be c old, belon gsto the fir st c lass ; jdr n i , to go, tdn c z oln i , to dan c e, m aybe used also in a c tive sen se ; as
, jdr ok, I go, walk ;
jdr om a tdn c z ot,liter ally, I go the dan c e ; tdn c z olom a
c scir ddst,
I dan c e the c sdr dds (n am e of a Hun gariann ation al dan c e).T hewords sok
,m uch
,heves
,little
,are used in the a c cu
sative, even after those verbs which are always n euter ;
a s,soka t fa
’
z tam,
I was very c old ; keveset jdr tam ,I
walked little .
Th e suffixes of a n euter verb differ from the in defin itea c tive verb on ly i n the presen t ten se sin gular , havin gc m
,01
,ih
,em
,el
,ih
,like the passive . These verbs are
eom m on lv design a ted by the n am e ikes, on a c c oun t of the
thi rd person sin gula r of the presen t ten se en din g in ih .
REGULAR VERB S . 45
Conjug a tion of the n euter ver b Fazm,to be c old
(ha r d-soun ding)
INDICA T IVE . SUBJU N CT IVE .
faz om,I am cold
,
fai z ol,thou a r t cold.
faz ik,he i s cold .
fazun k,we a r e cold .
faz tok, gou a r e cold .
faz n ak,theg a r e cold .
IM PERFECT .
fazam,I wa s cold.
fazal,thou wast cold .
faz ék,he was cold .
fazank,we wer e cold .
féz étok, gou wer e cold.
fazan ak,theg wer e cold .
PERFECT .
faz tam,I have been cold. faz tam vohI a
, if I hwee been 0.
faz tal,thou hast been cold. faz tal voln a
, if thou hast been c .faz ott
,he ha s been cold. faz ott voln a
,if he has been cold .
faz tun k,we hav e been cold. faz tun k voln a
, gf'
we have been c .faz tatok
r gou ha/ve been cold. faz tatokvoln a,
/
ifgou havebeen c .
fa z tak,theg have been cold. faz tak voln a
, iftheg hav e been c .
FUTU RE .
féz n i fogok ,etc . faz an dom
,etc .
IMPERA TIVE MOOD .
faz zal,be thou cold.
faz zun k,let us be cold .
PRE SENT .
faz z am, if I be cold.
faz zal,if thou be cold.
faz z ék, if he be cold.
faz zun k, if we be cold.
faz z atok, ifgou be cold .
fé z z an ak, if theg be bold
faz n aim, if I wer e cold.
faz n al, if thou wer t cold.
faz n ék, if he wer e cold .
faz n an k, ifwe wer e cold.
faz n atok, ifgoufwer e cold .
faznan ak, if theg wer e cold .
4G REG ULAR VERBS .
Conjug a tion of the n euter ver b E sn i,to fa ll
(soft-soun ding)
INDICA TIVE . SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRE SENT .
esem,Ifall. essem
,if Ifall.
esel,thoufullest. essel
, if thoufall.esik
,hefa lls . essek
,if hefa ll.
esiin k,wefall. essii n k
, ifwefall.estek
, goufall. essetek, ifgoufall.
esn ek,thegfall. essen ek
, if theg fall.
IM PERFECT .
esém ,Ifell. esn ém
,if Ifell.
esél,thoufellest. esn él
, if thoufell.
esek, hefell. esn ék, if hefell.
esén k,wefell. esn én k
,if wefell.
esétek, goufell. esn étek
, ifgoufell.
esén ek,theg fell. esn én ek , if thegfell.
PERFECT .
estem,I am fallen . estem voln a
, ifI befa llen .
estel,ttm a a r tfallen estel voln a
, if then befallen .
esett,he i sfallen . esett voln a
,etc .
estiin k,we a r efallen .
estetek, gou a r efallen .
estek,theg ar efallen .
FUTURE .
esn i fogok, I shallfall. esen dem if I shallfall.esmi fogsz , etc . esc udel
,etc .
T he parti c le Zak,lek
,is som etim es used in stead Of
the per son al pron oun s thou, gou, an d join ed to the
48 R E G U LAR V E RBS
M iér t n em bes z él o n ki
a n n yit tIirt .
Sokat n ve r tiiuk ism er etsége
Altal.
M it n yert on a z altal ?T udja On ez ta dolgot ?
H oln ap m in den t fogun k
tud ni .
N e besz éljen sem m it c z en
dologrOl, jobb vér n i hol
n ap ig .
Ki végta ez t a ken yeret ?
Sokat vz'tgtam ez en késsel.
R eszel on m agyar I'Il?
Nem,U r am ! értek egy ke
veset,de n em besz élek .
M it besz élO'
E n a z t besz élem ,a m it O
'
n em ert .
N e besz éljen an n yit .
Sok levelet kaptun k m a .
E n m egkaptam m in den kon y
veim et .
A djou n ekem n ehan y for in G ive m e some flor i n s if p os
tot ha lehet . s ible .
M it adott On n eki ? What hav e gou g iven himNagy bai tyzim jO ta n ac sot M g un cle ha s g iven us good
adott n ekiin k . advi ce .
M it fogun k n eki adn i ha What shall we g ive him if heel n com es (ar r ives)
O eladta m in den kon yve it . H eha s sold a ll his books .
Vt do gou n ot sp eak, whosuf fered so much
l/V e g ain ed m uch bg his a c
quain ta n ce .
What did gou gai n bg i t ?D o gou kn ow this m atter ?T o-m or r ow we shall kn ow a ll.
Sp eak n othing about i t, gouhad better wai t till to
m or r ow.
Who cut‘
this br ead ?I ha ve cut m uch wi th this
D o gou sp eak H ungar ian ?N o
,S ir . I un der stan d i t a
little,but do n ot sp eak i t .
What does he sp eak (sag)I sp eak what he does n ot
un der stan d .
D o n ot talk so m uch .
We got m ang letter s to-dag .
I have r eceived a ll mg books .
REGULAR
z eretn ém eladn i kardom at .
A z on baratja boldog em ber,
n em er zi sz eren c sétlen sé
get .
Nagyon e’
r z em a m ostan i
allapotot .
En m in den em ber t sz er etek ;
de barataim at jobban sz e
r etem .
A ki ha zajat n em sz er eti
rosz em ber .
Sz er etem On t sz ép tehetségei
Senki sem sz eret en gem e’3“
vilagon .
N e besz éljen sem m it,O el
fogja aruln i On t .
O elarulta hazajat .
N . I'Ir m in den em bert m eg
esal.
M it m on dott O’
En m on dtam a z t n eki .
JO sokat latn i,
’S keveset be
sz éln i .
M it létott ?
En m in den n ap latom O't .
VERBS . 49
E’
,or ez
,sign ifies this ; e
’is used before a wor d begin n in g with a
c o n son a n t,ez before a vowel.
I should like to sell mgswor d.
Your fr ien d is a happg m a n,
he does n ot feel his m isfortim e.
I feel too much the p r esen t
state.
I love everg m an ; but I love
mgfr ien ds m ost.
H e who does n ot love his
c oim trg is a bad m an .
I love (or like) gou on a c
c oim t of gour jin e ta len ts .
N obodg likes m e i n this
wor ld.
Do n ot sag an gthing , he wi ll
betr ag gou.
H e betr ag ed his c oim trg .
M r. IV. deceives everg on e .
Wha t did he sag ?I have told him tha t.
I t is good to see much a n d
sp eak little.
Wha t have gou seen ?
I see him everg dag .
CHAPT ER VII .
IRRE GUL A R AN D IM P E RSON A L V E RBS .
T H E ir regular Verbs a re of three c lasses
1 . Those of the fir st c lass chan ge the root it in to sz in
the presen t,take v in the im perfec t
,an d
'
t or i t in the
perfec t ; an d their char a c ter istic suffix for the Subjun ctive an d im per ative is gg .
2 . T he sec on d c lass c on sists of n euter verbs en din g in’
ud,ud
,ed
,which om it these syllables in the in dic ative
presen t,an d take se
,an d in the im perfec t som etim es v.
3 . Those,
of the thir d c lass take v in :
the in dic ativepresen t an d im perfec t
,an d in the presen t partic iple ;
they also double the t of the perfec t,an d take j in the
im per ative an d subjun c tive m oods ; as,n b
’n i
,to grow ;
presen t, I grow im perfec t, n b’
ve’
k,I grew ; sub
juii c tive, n o’
jj’
ek,if or tha t I grow .
Fir st Class -Ten n i,to do .
INDICA T IVE MOOD .
P RESENT .
tesz ek*,I do . teszun k we do .
tesz el,thou doest. tesz tek
, gou do .
tesz,he does . tesz n ek
,theg do .
tevék,I did.
tevel,thou didst.
teve,he did.
I n the defin ite formtesz em ,
tesz ed , etc .
IM PERFECT .
tevén k,we did.
tevétek , gou di d.
tevén ek,theg did .
takes the defin ite suffixes,em
,
IRR EGULAR V ERBS . 5 1
PER FE CT .
tettem,I have don e . tettii nk
,we have don e .
tettél,thou hast don e. tettetek
, gou have don e .
tett,he has don e. tettek
,theg have don e .
FUTURE .
ten ni fogok, I sha ll or wi ll do, etc .
PART I C IPLE S
tevO',teven
,doing ; tett, don e .
I n like m an n er are c on jugated ven n i,to buy ; vin n i ,
to c arry ; hi n n i , to believe ; en n i , to eat ; in n i , to dr in k ;— as
,vesz ek (in defin i te form ,
vesz em), I buy ; visz ek,I
c ar ry ; hisz ek, I beli eve ; esz em,I eat ; . isz om
,I dr in k .
T hefa culta tive of these verbs is form ed by addi n g the
partic le ha t,het
,to the fir st syllable ; as
,ven n i
,to buy,
vehetn i,to be able to buy ; m m ,
to dr in k,iha tn i
,to be
able to dr in k .
Sec on d Class— A ludn i,to sleep .
INDICA TIVE MOOD .
PRESENT .
alsz om or alusz om,I sleep . alsz un k
,we sleep .
alsz ol or alusz ol,thou sleep est. alusz tok
, gou sleep .
alsz ik,he sleep s . alusz n ak
,theg sleep .
IM PERFECT .
alvam'
or aluvam,I slep t . alvan k
,we slep t .
alval,thou slep test . alvatok
, gou slep t.
alvék,he slep t . alvan ak
,theg slep t.
E 2
52 IRR E G ULAR VERB S .
PERFECT .
aludtam, I have sltp t . aludtun k we have slep t.
aludtfil,thou has t slep t . aludtatok
, gou ha ve slep t.
aludt,he has slep t. aludtak
,theg have slep t.
FUTURE .
aludn i fogok ,I sha ll or wi ll sleep ,
etc .
PART IC IPLE S .
alvO,alvan
,sleep ing ; aludt
,slep t .
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD .
PRE SENT .
a ludjam , if or tha t I sleep . aludjunk , ifwe sleep .
aludjal, if thou sleep . aludjatok, if gou sleep .
a ludjék, if he sleep . aludjan ak , if theg sleep .
IM PERFECT .
aludn am, if or that I m ight sleep ,
etc .
IMPERA TIVE MOOD .
aludj, sleep thou .
a ludjun k ,let us sleep .
T o this c lass belon g a lkudn i,to barga in ; n gug odn i ,
to rest ha r agudn i , to be an gry ; feku'
dn i,to lie ; eskiidn i ,
to swear ; c selekedn i,to a c t
,etc .
T hir d Cla ss — JOEL or jOn n i , to c om e (the r oot being
jO’
,he c om es).
INDICA TIVE . SUBJU N CT IVE .
PRESENT
jOvok, I com e . jOjjek ,that I com e.
IMPERSONAL VERBS . 53
jOsz , thou com est. jOjjon ,tha t he com es
,etc .
jO'or jOn ,
he com es .
jovun k, we com e .
jOttOk, gou c om e.
jO'n ek
,theg com e .
IM PERFECT
jOvék, I came . jon n ék, that I c am e .
jOvél, thou ear n est. jOn n él, tha t thouea rn est.
jOve , he cam e . jOn n e, tha t he c am e .
jOvén k,we came , etc . jOn n én k, tha twe c am e
,etc .
PART I C IPLE S .
0 0 0 a n ! I o 0 "
joven , jovo , com i ng ; jott , c om e .
IMPERA TIVE MOOD .
jOjj, com e thou .
jOjjii n k , let us com e.
0
T o this c lass belon g len t, to shoot ; n b’
n i,to grow ;
sz d ni,to weave ; r in i
,to weep
, yearn ; sz in i or sz ivn i,
to suck,dr aw ; o
’
n i or o’
vn i,to guard —as
,lb
'
vok,lb'sz
,lo”
,
I,thou
,he shoots
,etc .
T he verbs c om bin ed with kell (m ust) always take
the suffixes n om,n od
,n ia
,etc . as
,ta n iiln i
,to learn ;
ta nulok,I learn ; ta n iiln om kell
,tan iiln od kell, ta n iiln ia
kell,I,thou
,he m ust lear n ; ta nulnun k, ta n iiln otok, ta
n iiln iok kell,we
, you, they m ust lear n ; ta n i iln om kellett,
I m ust (was obliged to) learn ; ta nuln om kellen e, I wouldbe obliged to learn ,
etc .
IM P E R SON A L VE R BS .
E sik,i t r ain s ; esett
,i t has r ai n ed ; esn i fog , i t wi ll r a in .
V illam lik,i t lighten s .
54 P O STPO S IT IONS .
M en ydorog , i t thzm der s .
H ajn alodik, it dawn s .
E steledik or alkon yodik,i t g r ows dark .
H ava z , or esik a 116. i t sn ows , or the sn ow
CHAPT ER VIII .
P OST P O SITIONS .
I N the Hun gar ian lan guage, the P reposition s (whichder ive their n am e fr om bein g pla c ed befor e the n oun s)usually follow the n oun s to which they r elate
,an d m ay
therefore m or e c orr ec tly be c alled P ostp osition s . Som e
of the P ostposition s take the form of suffixes an n exed tothe n oun s
,other s form separ ate words .
Th e c hief thi n g to be observed with r egard to the ann exed P ostposition s is, that they are divided in to hardan d soft soun din g on es
,a c c ordi n g to the n oun s to which
they are join ed .
H ARD -SOUND ING . SOFT-SOUND ING .
ba,ban
,i n ; be
,ben .
bOl,out of ;
hoz,to
n al,bg ,
wi th ;
r a,on
,up on ;
rOl,ef, fr em ;
tOl, fr om ,bg ,
:
va l,with
a n,on
,11
,on
56 PO STPO S IT ION S .
rOlu nk,of us . tO
’lun k
,from
rOlatok,of gou. tO
’letek
,fr om gou.
rOlok,of them . tO
’lOk
,from them .
belblei n,out of m e . hoz zam
,to m e .
belOled,out of thee . hOZZad
,to thee .
bc lOle,out of h im . bozza
,to him .
belOliin k,out of us . hoz zank
,to us .
belOletek,out of gou . hOZZatok
,to gou.
belOlOk,out of them . hOZZajOk ,
to them .
ram or r eam,on m e . velem
,wi th m e .
rad or r ead,on thee . veled
,wi th thee.
r imor r ea,on him . vele
,with him .
r i n k or rean k,on us . veliin k
,wi th us .
ratok or r eatok,on gou. velétek
,with gou .
rajok or reajok,on them . velek
,with them .
n alam,bg or with m e . n alun k
,bg us .
n alad,bg thee . n alatok
,bg gou.
n ala,bg him . n alok
,bg them .
T o the above m ay be added the suffix e’
r t,whic h as a
pron oun i s dec lin ed thus
ertem,for m e . értiink
,for us .
érted,for thee . értetek,for gou.
er te,for him ,
her,i t. értek
,for them .
E r t join ed to a n oun rem ain s un chan ged in r egard tothe soun d ; as
,ha z dm (hard-soun din g), m y c oun try ;
ha z dm e’
r t,for m y c oun try ; ker tem (soft-soun di n g), m y
garden ; ker tem e’
r t,for m y garden .
S EPARATE P OSTPOS IT ION S .
A latt, un der a Z a sz tal alatt,un der the table .
A hi,un der (den otin g a m otion ).
POSTPOS IT ION S . 5 7
A ltal,bg p éldém altal
,bg mg examp le.
Ellen,again st akar atom ellen
,aga in st r ig wi sh .
E lO'tt
,befor e M at elO
'tt
,befor e the door .
I r i n t or eran t,in r esp ect. to dolgom eran t
,in resp ec t to mg
F elett,above a felhOk felett
,above the clouds .
F ele,towards a haz fele
,towa rds the house.
F elOl,about dolgom felO
’l besz élt
,he sp oke about mg busin ess .
KOrIil,r eim d.
KOZOtt or k t,between
,am ong .
KOZé , am ong (den otin g a m otion ).
KOZIi'l, fr om am ong .
M egett or m OgOtt , n ear , n igh .
M ellett or m ellé,n ear to.
M iatt,on a c coun t.
M iilva, p ast, after két n ap m I
’
Ilva after two dags .
Sz erin t or sz er én t,a c c or ding to.
U tan,after .
I g , ti ll : két c r a i g , ti ll two o’c lock.
Som e of these P ostposition s take suffixes as
Alatt,un der : alattam
,un der m e; alattad
,im der thee ;
ala tta , im der him alattun k,alattatok ,
alattok,un der us
,
gou,them .
Altal,bg altalam
,bg m e ; altalad, altala , bg thee
,him
,her
,
i t ; altalun k ,altalatok
,altalok
,bg us
, gou, them .
Ben n em ,in m e ; hen n ed, i n thee ; ben n e, in him
,her
,i t ;
ben n iin k,ben n etek
,ben n Ok
,i n us
, gou, them .
Ellen,aga i n st : ellen em
,again st m e ellen ed
,ellen e
,aga in st
thee,him
,her
,i t ; ellen iin k
,ellen etek
,ellen Ok
,aga in st us ,
H elyett , in stead of helyettem ,in stead of m e ; helyetted,
helyette , i n stead of thee,him
,her ; helyettun k,
helyet
tetek,helyettOk, in stead of us
, gou,them .
58 P O STPO S IT ION S .
KOr Ii'l, r oun d kor Ii
'leIn
,r oun d m e ; koru
’
led,kor Lile , r oun d
thee,him , her , i t ; kOr Iiliin k, kord
’letek
,kOru
'lOk
,r oun d a s
gou,thenu
M ellett,bg , n ear In ellettem
,n ear m e ; In elletted
,m ellette
In elletii n k,m ellettetek
,m ellettek
,n ear thee
,him
,us
, gou,
them .
M ia tt,
on accoun t : m iattam,
on mg accod a i m iattad,
In iatta,m iattun k
,m iattatok
,m iattok
,on thg , his, our , gea r ,
their ac coun t.
Nélkiil,without : n élkulem wi thout m e ; n élkiiled
,n élkiile
,
n élkiilun k,n élkii letek
,n elkiilOk,
without thee,him
,us
, gou,
S z er in t,ac cor di ng to sz er in tem
,accor ding to m e sz er in ted
,
sz er in te,sz er in tiink
,sz er in tetek
,sz er in tek
,a c c or ding to
thee,him
,us
, gou, them .
U tan,after : utan am
,after m e ; utan ad
,utan a
,utan un k
,
utan atok,utan ok
,after thee, him ,
us, gou,
them .
Som e P ostposition s require that the suffixes n,on
,en
,
on,On
,should be added to the n oun s which they follow
a s
In n en,on this side : a Dun an in n en
,on this side of the
D an ube .
T I’
Il,on the other side : a folyam on tI
’
Il,on the other side of the
ri ver .
Kivfil,begoud : a kerten kii l
,begoud the gar den .
A lOl,below : a hazon alOl
,below the house .
Ker c sz tli'l,thr ough aZ ordO
’n keresz tli
'l,thr ough thefor est .
BelO’
l,within : a baixou belO
’
l,within the house .
A'
t,across : a viz c n i t
,acr oss the water .
Ec hil,above : a kOvOn felli
'
l,above the ston e .
CH A P TER IX.
A -DVE R BS .
T H E A dverbs are form ed from adjec tives . This is don ei n two ways .
1 . By addin g a n,on
,en
,to the adjec tives; as
sz ép ,fin e . sz épen ,beautifulhf
n agy, gr ea t. n agyon , gr eatly , very .
okos, p ruden t. c hosan
, p ruden tly .
dr aga , dea r . dragan , dear ly .
m agyar , H ungar ian . m agyaran ,in a H imga r i a n
m an n er (op en ly) .
jobb,better jobban ,
in a better m an n er
2 . By addin g l, ul, dl, to the adjec tives ; as
jo, good. jol, well.r oez
,bad. roszul
,badhy .
T o the sec on d c lass belon g adjec tives form ed from the
n am es of n ation s or people ; as
An gol, the E ng lishm an .
M agyar , the H imgar i a/n .
F r an c z iaf,the F r en chm an
T orbk,
‘
the T ur k .
N ém et,the G erm an
Ul,ul
,added to a n oun
,som etim es sign ifies for , or
a s ; as, felese
’
g ,wife ; felese
’
gu'
l,for or as
’
a wife ; ajdn de’
k,
a presen t ; ajdn de’
lcul,a s a presen t ; kezes, ba il ; kez esu
'
l,
as a ba il .
A n golul , E ng lish .
M agyarul, H imga r ia n .
F r an c z iaul,F r en ch .
Torokli'l,Turkish .
Ném et lfl,G erm an .
CH A P T ER X.
CON JUN CTION S .
T H E followin g are the Con jun c tion s of frequen toc c ur ren c e :
E s or ’s,a n d.
I s,a lso
,too.
M in d— m in d,as well a s .
N em c sak— han em,n ot on ly but.
Vagy— vagy, either
— ar .
Sem — sem,n either— n or .
Akar— akar,whether —or .
H ogy, tha t, i n order .
H ogy ha , if, i n c ase.
A m en n yiben ,in asfa r .
De,han em
,but.
M eg , m égis, sti ll, yet.
M in da zaltal,n otwi thstan ding .
M ialatt,whi le.
Ellen ben,wher eas .
Dac zar a , in sp i te of.
M en n él— an n al,the— the .
H olott,whilst
,wher eas .
Egyébiran t, besi des .
K iilom ben ,besides
,else .
M ert or m ivel,for , because .
A z ért,therefor e .
T ebat,wherefor e.
Am bar or n oha , jollc het, a lthough .
Soha sem,n ever .
Soha tobbé,n ever m or e .
IN TERJECT ION S . 6 1
A zom ban,however .
M in ekutan n a,wher eas .
T udn i illik,n ame! ,
viz .
Sb’t, yea .
M in thogy,wher eas , in c on sider a tion of:I nkabb
,or an n yival in kabb, the mor e .
Valyon ? whether ?
CHA P TER XI .
IN TERJE CTION S .
Ejbe ! ejn ye be ! den ote a chn ir a tion
lean y, oh, wha t‘
afin e g i r l
M i a tatar ! (li terally, wha t the T ar tar ! ) expresses sur
pr ise—wha t the devi l z own ds .
’
H 6 ! ha llo ! Vajmi !‘
vajjha ! oh ! H éj ! ah !H é ! I say ! hear !
H at ! well ! U gyan ,well.
R ajta ! n osz a utc zu r ajta ! m) cour age !I sten em ! 0 G od !
FA M IL IA R DIA L OGUE S .
Koz on se’
g es besz élgetések. F am ili ar Dialogues.
I.
Jo r eggelt , ur am ! G ood m or n ing , S i r
H ogy van on ? H ow a r e you .7
Rem elem hogy on 301 van . I hop e you a r e well .
(32 FA M ILIA R DIALOG UES .
(l rvc n dek hogy on t lzitom .
J6 c stét, ura k.
M i l ijsz'
lg
Kér cm out m ar adjon ogy
kic sit .
H a za kell m en n ei n .
R oszul van on ?
Beteg voltam tegn ap , de m a
jobban vagyok .
H ogy van n o'vér e
R osz ril van 6’
R em elem hogy on jo egés
ségben van .
N agyon jolvagyokkosz on om .
H ogy van n ah m in dn yajan
hon n ?
M in dn yajan Jol van n ah .
M ihor lesz sz eren c sém on t
m egin t latn i ?
M i c soda ujsagot tud on
Sajn alom hogy on beteg .
H ogy van n ah gy erm ekei ?
H ogy van n eje PGrom m el hallam hogy test
vere jobban van .
M egleheto's jol van .
M i c soda betegsége van fivé
r én ck
l-Iallott (in valam i disagotm a
“9
Nem,ur am .
Ism er i-e on e z en bolgyet ?
En ism erem (i t,de o
’n em is
m er en gem .
S ir,I am happy to see you.
G ood even i ng , gen tlem en .
What n ewsP r ay , S ir , stay a li ttle .
I am very well, thank you.
H ow do they a ll do a t hom e f
D o you kn ow this lady .7
I kn ow her,but she does n ot
kn ow m e .
I m ust go hom e .
A r e you im well
Iwas un well yester day , but to
dag I am better .
H ow is your sister
I s she unwell 7
Ihop e you a r e i n good hea lth .
T hey a r e a ll well.
When sha ll I ha ve the p leasur e of seeing you again .
7
What n ews do you kn ow .7
I am sor ry that you a r e i ll.
H ow do your chi lchi
en do .7
Iwa s very g lad to hea r that
your sister wa s better .
She i s p r etty well.
What i s your brother’s i ll
n ess 7
H ave you hea rd a ny n ews to
day .7
6+ m an n a“DIALOG UE S .
Besz éljii n k an gollil.
N em vagyok képes
érten i .
N em adhatn d e ide tan i tojac z im z etét
S z er etn ék lec zkét ven n i .
E z lesz leg jobb m o’
d a z t
m egtanuln i .
N em tud n ekem egy jo
tan itot a]an lan i
M in den n ap kellen e on n ek
tam iln i,ha kivan érten i és
besz éln i A n golul.
A dhat n ekem an gol olvasasi
sz abélyokat ?
on t
H allom hogy a’testvér e hol
n ap fog m egérkez n i .
II
N agyon valoszm u .
Sem m ise hibetd’bb .
H isz i (in a z t ?
Nem,ur am
,én n em hihetem ,
m ert a z n em valosz im i'.
N in c sen abban sem m i lehetetlen ség .
H ogy lehet a z ?
E n n em c sudalkoz om a zon .
M eg lepi a z 6n t ?
Igen ,is ez m eg dobben t .
On n ek igaza van .
Nin c sen iga z am
Neki n em volt igaza .
Tudja a z t hogy B . i ir beteg ?
L et us sp eak E ng lish.
I am n ot able to un der sta n d
you.
Could you n ot g ive m e the ad
chi
ess of your tea cher .7
I would take lesson s .
T his wi ll be the best way to
lea r n i t.
Ca n you n ot r ec omm en d m e a
good tea cher .7
You must lea r n every day, if
you a r e desir ous to sp eak
a n d to kn ow E ng lish.
Can you g ive m e a ny rulesfor
r eading E ng lish .7
I hea r that your sister wi ll
ar r ive to-m or r ow.
I t is very likely .
N othi ng is m or e p r obable.
D o you believe i t .7
N o,S ir
,I c ann ot believe i t
for i t is im likely .
T her e is n othing imp ossible
i n i t.
H ow c a n tha t be 7
I am n ot surp r ised a t i t.
D oes i t surp r ise you .7
Yes,Sir
,i t aston ishes m e.
You a r e r ight.
A m I n ot r ight
H e has been wr ong .
D o you kn ow that M r . B . is
i ll .7
FAM ILIAR D IALOGUES .
Igen is, a z n agy kar .
En”
n agyon sajn alom ,é’igen
jo em ber .
H oz ott on jo’
ujsagot ?I ga z a z
(in biz on yos‘
lehet ben n e.
fln n ek n in es iga za , a z n em
lehet iga z .
MIiért ? bi z tositom on t hogy
iga z am van .
Nem sz er etem a z 6'sz obajat ,
m er t igen n agy és m agas .
lVI iér t gyalaz z a 6n a z 0 m a
gaviseletét
A hajos soha sem teljesitettebe igér etét .
M it igért o”fin n ek ?
A z t n em m on dhatom on n ek .
Sz er etn ék egy pohaf bort
Ker em adjou egy pohar sert.
N a gyon sajn alom hogy n em
adhatok .
Joem ber tin n ek fivér e
E n n em sz er etem (it,6'n a
gyon r osz em ber .
w ert n in es m eg elégedve ?
N in c sen szek a z {in sz obaCja
ban
V an n ali em ber ek kik soha
sem isz n ak bor t .
N em akar egy fin dz sa theat
H ol volt on tegn ap
65
Yes,S ir
,i t is a g r eatp ity .
I am very sor ryfor i t, he is avery good m an .
D id you br ing good n ews .7
I s i t tr ue .7
You m ay be sur e of i t.
You a r e wr ong , i t can n ot betrue .
W'
hy .7 I a ssure you I am
I do n ot like his r oom,i t is
very large a n d high .
Why do you blam e his c on
duct .7
The skipp er n ever fulfilledhis p r om ise .
What did he p r om ise you .7
T hat I can n ot tell you .
I should like to dr in k a g lass
ofwin e .
P r ay g ive m e a g lass of beerI am very sor ry that I
c an n ot.
I s your br other a good m a n .7
I do n ot like him,he i s a very
bad m a n .
Why a r e you n ot con ten t?I s ther e n o cha ir i n your
r oom .
7
T her e a re m en who n ever
dr in k win e.
Wi ll you n ot take a cup oftea .
7
Wher e wer e you yesterday .7
66 FAM I LIAR DIALOG UES .
En m in dig hon n voltam .
M it c sim ilt ?
Olvns tm n .
H an y eves on ?
En husz eves vagyok .
(311 bregebb n allam ,de baty
fun a legoregebb .
fin kiesi , én kissebb vagyok,
de é’legkissebb .
N em n agyobb-e é
’
testvérein él
T estvérem m in den ik koz ott
a legkissebb .
K ie a z a 11 232 ?
E z a baz fivérem é .
M ily sz ép kbn yve i van n ak
on n ek !
E n sz eretem a z olva sast,
’s
n é’vérem sz er eti a z en ét .
Nem c sin alhat n ekem tollab
Jo toll kész ito (in ?
N ekem van ket par uJ c z i
po'm
,és harom par c si z
m in den
m am .
A Z egész vilag tudja a z t .
E s 6h sem m it sem tud .
Joijon be ha tetsz ik,
-tessek
K osz on om ,ha z a kell m en n em
E lva n foglalva ? dolga van P
H ova tette {in a c sizm am at
A Z a sz tal alatt van n ah .
T edd fel a tollat a z a sz talra .
I «was a t hom e a ll day .
What did you do .7
I have been r eadin g.
H ow old a r e you .7
I am twen ty year s old.
You a r e older than I,but my
brother i s the oldest.
You a r e li ttle,I am less
,but
he i s the least.
I s he n ot taller tha n a ll his
br other s .7
M y sister i s the least of a ll.
Whose house i s that .7
T his house is my br other’s .
IVha tjin e books you have I
I a mfon d of r eading , a n d my
sister isfon d of m usi c .
Could you n ot m ake m e a p en .7
A r e you a goodp en -m aker .7
I have two p a ir of n ew shoes,
a n d thr ee p a ir of boots .
A ll the wor ld kn ows i t.
A n d you kn ow n othing .
Com e i n, ifyou p lease .
T hcm k you,I m ust go hom e.
A r e you engaged .7
Wh er e homeyoup utmy boots .7
T hey ar e un der the table.
P ut the p en won the table .
FAM IL IAR D IALOGUES . 67
H ova tegye d a z on kon y
veit
R em elem b’vi ssz a fog jbn n im a .
Sajn alom hogy n em lathatom
a z (in testvér ét .
m on dott d
E n hi sz em hogy igen ham ar
itt lesz .
M it besz élt on n ek ? eu n em
értettem dt .
En kaptam m a ket sa epsz éket.
M ar reg hogy o”t n em lat
Nem jbhettem on hoz,n em
volt iddm .
Nem adhatott 6’on n ek egy
par c z iz m at ?
Nem fog {in kim en n i m a ?
E n sz er etn ék kim en n i,den em
m ehetek .
K i tette a kon yveket a z ast
talra ?
A z on kése n agyon eles .
Volt-e on valaka L on don
ban
B an y orakor kél fel on ?E n r en desen hatkor kelek .
M ihor keltfel tegn ap ?
Oltozkodott m ar ?
I t is a long time sin c e I saw
Whohas p ut the books up onthe table .
7
Wher e shall he p ut your
books ?
I hop e he wi ll c ome ba ck to
day .
I am very sor ry tha t I c a n n ot
see your sister .
Wha t did he say .7
I believe he wi ll be her e very
soon .
Wha t did she tell you .7 I did
n ot un der stand herIgot twofin e cha ir s to-day .
I c ould n ot com e to you,Ihad
n o tim e.
Could he n ot g ive you“
a p air
of boots .7
Wi ll you n ot go out to-day .7
I should like to go out,but I
V .
Your kn ife is too sharp .
H ave you ever been i n L on
don .7
A t what hour do you r ise .7
I usua lby'
r isea t six .
A t wha t tim e did you r ise
yester day .7
H a ve you dressed your selfa lr ead/y .
7
68 FA R
N vissa ki :17. ablakot , ig e n
m eleg va n .
Ini tott-e o'
n valaha olly s z épu
n ot P
Nem igen sz ép a testvérmn i“
M iért n em iss z a m eg on hé
vejzit
E leg ero's a kavéja
Vegyen egy kis‘
h i ist és to
jast .
On n agyon koran kél fel ;
{in n ek egy kevessel tobbet
kellen e aludn ia .
H auy or akor kelt fol m a
fivére
A tan itofel hétkor kelt fel.
H agy hoz z on a Z in as egy kis
viz et .
B e hoz ta e é’a késeket és
kan alakat ?
E lég kés és kan al van .
H ol vette on a kesz tyu'ket ?
M it vett é’m a 9
A Z on kése n em eleg eles .
E n soha sem voltam P ar iz s
ba n .
V olt-e on valaha P esten ?
Soha sem voltam oft .
a rjon h issé ; m on dok on n ek
valam it .
IH A L O G U E S .
Op en the win dow,i t is too
wa rm .
D id you ever see such a bean
I s n ot my sister very beau
Why do you n ot dr in k your
I s your c ogfee str ong en ough .7
T ake som e m eat a n d eggs .
You r ise too ea r hy , you should
sleep a li ttle m or e .
H ave you ever been i n P esth .7
N o , S ir , I n ever wa s ther e .
S top a little ; I will tell yousom ething .
A t what hour did your br otherr ise to-day .
7
T he teacher got up a t halfp ast six .
L et the servan t br i ng som e
water .
D id he br ing i n the kn ives
a n d sp oon s .7
T her e a r e kn ives a n d sp oon s
en ough .
Wher e didyou buy theg loves .7
What has he bought to-day .7
Your kn ife is n ot sharp en ough .
I have n ever been a t P a r is .
FAM IL IAR DIALOGUE S .
H ova m egy oly sietve ?
En haza m egyek .
fM ar a'
djon egy kissé ha ligy
tetsz ik
H én y or a ?
Epen tiz en ketté’.
N em talalta m eg on pec sé
t em et
Nagy kar hogy n em taléltam
dt otthon .
U gy talélom hogy aZ estvék
kevéssé hu'vbsek .
M ar adjunk itthon,
n agyon
hi deg van .
N em m ar adh atok tovabb m ar
sotét van .
M it esin al on ?
En leveleket irok .
lflit ivott d’
M essz e lakik on ?
N em,ur am
,eu n agyon kozel
lakom .
En ugy hisz em hogy 6’n em
tin n i m a .
N em johetett on tegn apS z er etn ék valam i t en n i
,n a
gyon ebes vagyok .
V igyaz z on n e igyék felette
H an y or akor n egy on agyba ?
E n'
aZ agyba m egyek fél ti
z en egy kor , de a fivérem
egy n egyed kilen c z r e .
69
Wher e a r e you going in sucha hur ry .
7
I am going hom e .
S tay a li ttle, if youp lease.
What o’clock i s i t .7
I t isjust twelve o’clock.
H ave you n otfmm d rm sea l .7
I t i s a gr ea t p i ty tha t I didn otfin d him a t hom e .
I fin d that the even in gs a r e
r ather cold.
L et us r em ai n a t hom e,i t is
too cold.
I can n ot stay a ny longer , i t is
alr eady dark.
Wha t ar e you doing .7
I am wr i ting letters
Wha t has he been dr in kingD o you livefar qf ?N o
,S ir
,I am livi ng very
near .
I symp ose tha t he wi ll n ot
com e to-day .
Couldyou n ot com e yester day ?I should like to ea t som ething ,
I am very hungry .
T ake car e you do n ot th in k
too much .
A twha t hour doyougo to bed?
I am going to bed a t half-p astten
,but my br other a t a
gud r ter-
p ast eight.
70 FAM I L IAR D IALOGU E S .
Nagyon sajn zilom lzitn i hogy
{i n a tén yeket eltagadja .
T c gyii n kegysétat (sétziljun k)Nem i n ehetek, uram ,
m ar dél
va n .
A Z utc zak igen hossz ak .
(i n igen sebesen jar .
A Z otvos n yilvan i totta , hogyonhoZ soha sem fog Jen n i .
M iért n evet on ?
U r am,{in téved.
H agyjuk a dolgot holn apra .
Eladta-e on M atya haz a it ?
N em tudja on hova tette aZ
in as a ten ta-tartot ?
Kerem adjon egy heves tentat és pap irost .
S z eretn ék egy levelet irn i .
H oz z on n ekem egy iv level
p ap ir ost .
V igye el a levelet a postar a .
H ol van aZ eu p ec sétem ?
I tt van .
M eg talalta on m ar keez
M eg n em,uram .
On n ek ten taja n em eleg fekete .
U r am,eu on n ek sokkal tar
toz om .
M i volt ara a hazn ak, m oly
et fin vett ?
S ir,I am g r ea tly in debted to
you .
What was the p r i ce of the
house you bought ?
I am very sar ry to see that
you deny thefacts .
L et us take a wa lk.
I c a n n ot,S ir
,i t is a lr eady
n oon .
T he str eets a r e too lo ng .
You wa lk toofast.T he p hysi c ia n dec lar ed tha t
he wi ll n ever c om e to you.
Why do you laughSir
, you a r e m istaken .
L et us p ut of the ma tter ti ll
to-m or r ow.
H a/ve you sold your fa ther’s
houses ?
D o you n ot kn ow wher e the
servan t ha s p ut the in k
sta n d ?
P r ay g ive m e som e in k an d
p ap er .
I should like to wr i te a letter
B r ing me a sheet of letter
p ap er .
Oa r ry this letter to the p ost.
Wher e is my sea l ?
H er e i t i s,Sir .
H a/ve you fozm d your g loves
(ah eady) yet ?
N ot yet, S i/r .
Your in k is n ot bla ck en ough .
FA M I L IA R n m m a uncs .
ltt va n egy ulm a o n s z zim zim .
N i c sodu orsz zigbél vald 611 ?
E11 a n gol vagyok .
E n , ur am ,m agya r vagy ok ,
M ic soda varosba valo 611
P ostre .
A Z igen sz ép vilro s .
L evelbt kell ir n om .
Jogyaloglo on ?
Nem egyike a legjobbakn ak .
A zon em ber m eg betegedett
és m eghalt ism er te tin (it ?
Csak egyn ehan y per c z ig tar t .
M ihor lesz bun eh ideJ'
e
N em tu'rhetek olly larm at .
A dhat iin n ekem egy oly at .
Nehan y sz ép hélgy voltJelen .
M ily joegy fili eZ !
A Z idd r osz .
On n ek n em kell kim en n i
h ideg ido'ben .
SZ iikség esetében .
E gysz er n apjaban .
A tisz telt koz iin ség .
A djon egy z seb-ken ddt .
M osd m eg a Z a r c z odat .
Vegye le a kalapjat .
K e’
tsz er latogatom m eg (it
eg y hon apban .
E z en kesz tyu'n ek parj a egy
tallérba ker li'l.
A gd’
z gépet ogy koz on séges
dolgo zo, Watt Jakab n evri
e rd-m ti'vésr. talalta fol.
H ere is a n app lefor you.
What coun trym an a r e you
I am a n E ng lishm an .
I am a H ungar ian , S ir .
What city a r e you of?Of I
’esth .
I t i s a veryfi n e town .
I must wr ite a letter .
A r e you a good «walker ?N ot on e of the best .
T he m a n fell s ick a n d dieddid you kn ow him
I t lasts but afew m in utes .
When shall you have tim e
I ca n n ot bear such a n oise .
Ca n you g ive m e such a on e ?Som efin e ladies wer e p r esen t.
What a good boy this is .
T he weather is o bad.
You m ust n ot go out i n coldwea ther .
I n case of n eed .
On c e a day .
T he hon our able p ubli c .
G i ve m e a ha ndker chief.
Wa sh your fa ce.
T ake qfi’
your ha t.
Ip ay my vi sit to him twic e i n
a m on th .
T hese g loves cost on e dollar a
p a ir .
T he steam -eng in e wa s in ven ted
bya comm on working m ec han i c n a med q ues Watt.
I A L O G U E S . 73
T her e i s a gr eatwan t of r ai n .
A p a r ti cular fr ien d of m in e .
T he Ukr ain e i s a fer ti lecoun try , a n d was form er ly
the con tin ual app le of c on
ten tion‘
between R ussia a n dthe P oles .
T he dust,hea t
,a n d cr owdwer e
alm ost i n supp or table.
T his n ovel is tr a n slatedfr omE n g lish i n to G erm an .
I n chi ldhood we a r e i n clin edto believe a ll things .
I i n ten d to go n ext week in to
the coun try , a n d to stayther e.
T he ban ker exp ects m e on
’Oha nge a t twelve o
’clock.
T he , E ng lish a n d P russian swer e allies i n this wa r .
T he hon est m an deserves our
esteem .
T his is the book of a young
m a n .
T he son wr ote a letter to his
fa ther .
Q
We r eceived i t fr om his
m other .
T he ladies sp okeofafor eig n er .
T hejudges doubted the truth
of his sta tem en t.
FAM I L IAR D IALO G UES .
Eletc elso'évc iben .
E z en kc reskodb’
ogy r ég i bar zitja a Z ap zim n ak , és igen
ga z dag .
M aga a n ép jelleln e is m eg
vziltoz ottn ak latsz ott .
K iildjon szam om r a egy par
c si zm at .
H ideg aZ ido'.
Vilmosn ak n em volt ideje .
A hazi l'i r .
L eic ester grof sz olgaJa .
P est var osa .
A Z irasban elfar adva .
L eg ido'sebb fivérem koc s1Ja .
N dvérem n ek kesz tyu'
je .
H ol van ez en ajtokulesa ?L on don ba fogun k m en n i .
K iildje el a z t bc sén ek .
A taborn ok n ekem baratom .
E n ez en em bert igen r egenesm erem
’x‘.
E z en fal tiZ lab m agas.
A lelkész bem en t a tem
plom ba .
Sokat besz éln ek a haboru
rol.
En lattam o't M on hazaban .
Vbrosm ar ty és P eto'fi n agy
kbltdk.
A zon 116'w cu n agy n én ém
fivére .
I n thefir st yea r of his life .
T his m er cha n t is can oldfr ien dof my fa ther , a n d is very
r i ch .
E ven the p eop le’s c ha r a c ter
seem ed cha nged.
Sen d m e a p a ir of boots .
T he wea ther is cold.
Wi lliam had n o tim e.
T he m aster of the house.
T he servan t of the E ar l ofL ei c ester .
T he town of P esth .
T ir ed of wr i ting .
M y eldest br other’s c oa ch .
M y sister’s g love .
Wher e i s the key of this door ?We sha ll go to L on don .
Sen d i t toyour brother .
T he gen er a l is myfr ien d.
I have kn own this m an a very
long tim e.
T his wa ll i s ten feet high .
T he c lergym an en ter ed the
c hur ch .
T her e is muc h ta lk of wd r .
I saw him in your house.
Vb’
rb’
sm a/r ty an d P etb'fi
g r ea tp oets .
T hat lady i s my aun t’s br o
the r .
T he wo rd ism er n i is som etim es spelt esmer a i or osmer n i .
FAM ILIAR DIALOGUE S .
E gykis fekete felleg .
A Z osz lopok husz lab m aga
M agyar or szag egy a term esz ettol ga z dagon m egajandékoz ott fdld.
E gy sz egén y sz er en c sétlen
E gy haJokkal m egr akott
A m as vilag .
M in den kép z elhetb' far ad
sagot m eg- tettem .
E gy ,m i n d ga z dag m in d sz ép
hélgy .
E gy olym eggyé’zb’biz on ysag .
A leg sz eretetr e m éltébb tu
lajdon ok, m elyekkel on
tala'
lkoz ott .
A r eza sugarozvan jésaggal éssz ivességgel.
E z en m agas arn yékos tolgyfa
alatt .
A gb’zhaJon Jon on ?
A n ep rdla besz él, és a sz e
gén yek éldjah d’t .
A vi z n ek r oez iz e van,toltok
bele egy keves rum ot vagy
bort .
Sokan koz zu'lok m eghaltak
A Z fin n agyattya m aga m on d
ta n ekun k a z t .
T e m agad tetted a z t .
A sm all black c loud.
T he p i llar s a r e twen ty feethigh .
H ungary i s a lan d r i chly en
en dowed by n a tur e .
A p oor unfor tun a te p er son .
A r iver full of ship s .
T he wor ld to com e.
I took a llp a in s im ag in able.
A lady both r ich an dfa ir .
A p r oof so c on vi n c ing .
T he qua li ties the m ost am ia
ble you ever m et wi th .
H is c oun ten un c e beam i ng wi th
k'
uuhi ess a n d ben evolen c e.
Un der this high shady oak.
D o you c om e by the steam
boat ?T he p eop le sp eak of her , an dthe p oor bless her .
T he water has a bad taste,I
wi llp ow som e rum or win e
in to i t.
M any of them a r e dead.
Your gr an dfa ther told us so
him selfT hou thyself hast don e i t.
7 6 FAM I L IAR DIALO G U E S .
c sé ln m aga vg y c z ott bole .
A boltos kotoloz te n mg zit a Z
egész iisz sz og kifiz eté sére
A Z eu oram és a z on e.
A’
,te a n yad és a Z en yém .
A Z 6 r okon a i és a tiéid.
L eg alaz atosabb sz olgaJa .
M on d m eg n agy batyadn ak
hogyJojjon hoz z ém .
E letiin k r
'
ovid,hasz n aln un k
kell iddnket .
U gyan-a zon helyen talaltam
a z t a hol elvesz tettem .
A zon orsz ég , m elyn ek védel
rueben én oly n ehéZ sebet
kaptam m eg van hoditva .
M i eleg viz et kapunk a foly
am tol m ely ker tii n k m e
gett foly .
A Z or vos n em m on dhatta m eg
pon tosan m i volt a baj.
M i n em kaptun k tdle levelet
ti z bon ap olta .
M ic soda z ajt hallok ?K i c soda volt a Z
K ie a n a gyu’
r u”?
M elyik ho'
lgy n em ahart
tan c z oln i
IX .
S z zi n déka on n ek itt m a r adh i ? Do you thi n k of r ema in ing
her e 7
ZlIy younger br other him selfha s con sen ted.
T he shop keep er has boun d
himself to p ay the whole
sum .
l ilywatch a n d your s .
T hy m other a n d m i n e .
H er r elation s a n d thin e .
Your m ost humble servan t.
T ell yew un cle to com e to
m e.
Our life is shor t,we must
m ake use of our time .
Ifoun d it i n the sam e p la c e
(i n which) I had lost i t.
T he coun try i n whose defen ceIwas so sever ely woun ded
i s c on guer ed.
We get water fr om the r iver
whi ch flows behin d our
gar den .
T he p hysicia n could n ot ex
a c tly say what was the
m a tter .
We have r eceived n o letter s
fr om him for ten m on ths .
What n oise do I hear .7
Whi ch m a n was i t ?
T owhom does this r ing belong ?
Which lach/ refused to dun c e ?
I A L O G U E S . 7 7
Yes, p erhap s af ew days .
D oes he believe i t i n good
ear n est ?
N o,in deed, he does n ot be
lieve i t.
~
We a ll wer e on c e young .
I am p ar ti cula rhf engaged
this even i ng .
I walk every day r oun d my
beautiful gar den .
I i n quir ed about the m a tter .
Your younger sister sp oke to
m e about his i n ten dedjourn ey .
M y guests con ver sed aboutthe p oliti c s of the day .
T hem aster is up stai r s in struc
ting his atten tive scholar s .
A ccor ding to his own wor ds .
I t is again st my p r in cip les .
You willfin d m e i n the cefee
house aboutfour o’clock.
We walked a long the r iver .
We r ejoice a tyour un exp ected
goodfor tim e
You wi llfin d him a t hom e .
78 SYNTAX .
A Z m éltoségom on alél van . I t is ben ea th my dign ity .
On en gem a hidon alél fog You wi ll fin d m e below the
talaln i . br idge .
Nagy baratsag létez ik ko A g r ea tfr ien dship exists
t tbk. tween them .
SYN T AX.
A R R A N GE M E NT OF WORDS IN SEN T E N CE S .
I N the Hun gar ian lan guage, the position of the words ism ain ly determ in ed by the degr ee of prom in en c e an d
em phasis to be given to them,the words which express
the chief idea bein g pla c ed before the other m em bers of
the sen ten c e,an d the rest followin g each other a c c ord
in g to their relative im portan c e . T he arr an gem en t of
the words m ay be gr eatly varied , espec ially in a sen ten c e
which c on tain s a c om poun d verb ; the struc ture of the
Hun gar ian lan guage adm ittin g of greater variation thanthat of an y other m oder n E uropean idiom .
E xam ples — E u m agya r vagyok, I am a Hun gar ianthe em phasis is on the word e
'
n,I .
—M agya r vagyok e’
n
the str ess is here on the adjec tive,m agya r . A z a n ya
se c r eti a gyer m ekét, the m other loves her child — A gyer
m ehe’
t sz er eti a z a n ya , it is the child the m other loves .
80 S YNTA X .
ker te’
sz, garden er . 2 . By the suffix sag , se
’
g ; as, c sdsz ar ,
emperor,c z a
'
sz a'
rsdg , em pire ; her czeg , pr in c e, her czegség , prin c ipality .
They are form ed from adjec tives by m ean s of the
suffix sa’
g , ség a s, jo
’
, good, jo’
scig , goodn ess ; seep ,fin e
,
sz ép ség ,beauty ; m essz e
,fa r
,m essz ese
’
g (or m esz sz ese’
g),dista n c e ; ham ar
,quick
,ham a r saig , quickn ess, speed .
N oun s are form ed from verbs by the suffixes a t,et
,
la ],tel
,etel also by (is
,63 ; a s
akar,he will (r oot of the aka rat
,the wi ll.
verb aka r n i).
gon dol, he thi n ks .
felel,he a n swer s .
itél,hejudges .
kép z el, he im ag in es .
sz eret,he loves .
esz ik,he eats (root , e).
isz ik,he dr i n ks .
jd’
,he com es .
ad,he g ives .
i r,he wr ites .
kér,he begs .
kérd,he asks .
N oun s a re som etim es form ed fi°
om verbs by the
fixes e’
h,a le
’
k,a tom
,elem
,da lom
,delem as
m ar ad,he r em ai n s . m aradek
,r em ain der .
fest,he p a in ts . festék
,colour .
m er,he m easur es . m érték
,m easur e .
told,he adds . toldalék
,addi tion .
jut , i t behoves . jutalom ,r ewar d .
T he r is pla c ed between th e two vowels for euphon y .
gon dolat, the thought .
felelet,the an swer .
itélet,thejudgm en t.
kép z elet,fan cy .
sz er etet,the love .
étel,dish
,m eat.
ital,the (k in k.
jovés’f,ar r ival.
adas,the g iving .
iras the wr i ting .
kér es,r equest.
herdes, question .
SYN TAX . 81
faj,i t aches .
bir,he p ossesses .
ir,wr i tes .
en ged, he p erm i ts .
Som e are form edvdn y, ve
’
ny as
tud,he kn ows .
vet,he sows .
ad,he g ives .
tan it,he teaches .
ker es,he ear n s .
alap it , hefoun ds .
A DJE OT IVE S .
Der ivative A djec tives ar e form ed from proper n am es
an d from n oun s .
Som e ar e form ed by the addition of i ; as,Buda i
,of
or belon gin g to Buda ; P esti , of P esth L on don i,of
L on don ; M agya r-or sz dg , Hun ga ry, m agyar
-or sz dg i , of
Hun gary ; e’
g , the heaven , ég i , heaven ly ; fold, ear th,
fb'
ldi,earthly ; Isten , G od, isten i , godly ; a tya , father ,
a tya i , fatherly .
I n r espec t to the n am es of people or n ation s,adjec
tives an d n oun s are alike ; as,A ng el, a n E n glishm an
,or
E n gli sh ; F r a n c z i a , a F r en chm an,or F ren ch ; N e
’
m et,a
Germ an,or Germ an . This is also the ea se with adjec
tives den otin g the m ater ial of which an ythin g is c om
posed ; as a r a ny, gold, or golden ; ez ust,silver
,or m ade
of silver .
By the addition of a,u,adjec tives a re form ed which
0
fajdalom , p
birodalom, p ossession ,
em
p ir e .
ir odalom,li ter atur e .
en gedelem , p erm ission .
addition of om dn y, em e’
n g ,
tudom an y, kn owledg e .
vetem én y , the seed.
adom an y, gift.
tan i tvan y, p up i l.
ker esvén y , ear n ing .
a lapitvan y, establishm en t.
82 SYNTA X .
c orrespon d to those in E n glish en din g i n ed ; asjci, good ,jo
'
sz iru'
, good-hea rted .
O thers a r e form ed bv the term in ation s a s,as
,es
,us ;
a s, ha r ag , a n ger , ka r ag os , an g ry ; fa zih, pot, fa z ikas,
potter ; r ér . blood , r e’
r es,bloody .
T he pa r tic les tla n , ta la n , tlen , telen ,a tla n
,etlen
,have
a n ega tive sign ific ation ; a s, ruha , c loth , ruhdtla n , with
out c lo‘
th ; ka szon,use
,ha sz on ta la n
,useless ; va llcis
,
relig ion ,va l/(ista la n
,ir religious sz er en c se
,for tun e
,
:
z cn'
en c sétlen,un fortun ate
,un happy ; iz , taste, flavour ,
iz etlen , tasteless .
T he suffix n yi den otes m easur e or exten t ; as,a r a sz
,a
span,a r a sz n yi, on e span lon g ; at, c ord (ofwood), ha t,
six,ha t b
'
ln yi , c on sistin g of six c ords .
B eli sig n ifies the belon gin g to som ethin g ; a s,vcir os
,
town,vdr osbeli
,a m a n or thin g of the town ; hdz , house,
hdz beli,belon gin g to the house .
Dim in utives of both adjec tives a n d n oun s ar e form edby the term in ation uc sha
,ec ske ; som etim es also by 3 , es,
o'
s ; a s,sz ep ,
fin e,sz ep ec s ,
ke a little fin e ; kutya , a dog ,
hutya c ska , a little dog ; sa rya , yellow,sa rg a s, yellow
ish sete’
t,dark
,sete
’
tes,da rkish feje
’
r,white
, fiejér es ,som ewhat whi te .
Som e adjec tives ar e form ed from adverbs,by addin g
the letter i ; a s,m a
,to-day, m oi
,of to -day, to
-day’s ;
holn ap ,to-m orr ow
,holn ap i , of to
-m orr ow,etc .
Th e par tic iple va lo’
levo”
,bein g , i s som etim es used a s
an adjec ti ve ; in which c ase it m ust be prec eded by a
substa n tive, with its r equired postposition as,a tem
p lom ,the chur c h a, temp lom ba , in to the chur ch ; a tem
p lom ba va lé,bein g of or belon gin g to the chur ch . T eng er ,
the sea ; teng c r r e va /o’
,bein g destin ed or fit for the sea .
SYNTAX . 83
A djec tives, when followed by n oun s,ar e the sam e for
both sin gular an d plur al ; as,a seep ker t, the fin e garden
a seep ker tek, the fin e garden s but when they ar e used
as pr edi c ates, they take the plur al suffix ; as,a hciz seep ,
the house is fin e ; a hdz ak sz ép ek, the houses are fin e ;
6'
jo’
,he is good ; o
’
h jo’
k,they ar e good ; a tydm yuzdag ,
m y father is r ich five’
r eim is g az dag ok, m y br other s ar e
also r ich .
P R ONOU N S .
P er son al P ron oun s,a c c ordin g to the m odern rules of
the lan guage, ar e gen er ally om itted before verbs,an d
m ay on ly be used by way of c on trast ; as,vdr ok
,I wa it
én vcir ok,I wait
,an d n ot he or they, etc .
In respec t to the P ossessive P ron oun s,ther e is a
perfec t an alogy to the n ouns, as r egards the dec len sion s .
T he v,which 1s m serted for
I
euphon y at the en d of
som e n oun s en di n g in a vowel,m ust likewi se be added
to the possessive suffix ; as,lo’
,hor se
,a c e . lova t
,—pos
sessive,lovam, m y hor se, levad, lova , thy, his hor se .
Th e rule for the om ission of o i s likewi se applic able topron oun s ; as
,dolog , the m atter
,a c e . dolg ot,
— dolg om ,
dolgod, dolg a , m y, thy, h i s m atter .
VE R BS .
I n Hun gar ian ,as has been already seen
,there is but
on e auxiliary verb,the rest bein g supplied either by
suffixes or by defec tive verbs .
H a t,het
,an swer to the E n glish c a n
,m ay ; as
,ir ok
,I
write ; ir ha tok, I c an wr ite . Kell,m ust
,is defec tive ;G 2
8+ SYNTA X .
the literal tra n slation of the c on jugation ofwhich wouldbe a s follows — n ohom hell
,to m e is n ec essary ; n eked
hell, to thee is n ec essary ; n eki kell
,to h im is n ec essary
n ekun k,n ektek
,n ekik hell
,to us
, you, them is n ec essary ;
n ekem kellett,to m e h as been n ec essary, or I was obliged
a chem Ice/len d,to m e will be n ec essa ry, etc .
Verbs followed by kell take the followin g suffixes
1 . n om n em . n un k,
n iin k .
2 . n od,
n ed . n otoh n etek .
3 . n ia,
n ie . n iek,
n iek .
Kapn i , to get (har d-soun ding) .
kapn om kell,I m ust get. kap n un k kell, we m ust get.
kapn od kell, thou m ust get . kapn otok kell, you m ust get.
kapn ia kell, he must get . kap n iok kell, they m ust g et .
Ven n i,to buy
ven n em kell, I m us t buy . ven n un k kell,we m ust buy .
ven n ed kell,thou must buy . ven n etelc kell
, you m ust buy .
ven n ie kell,he m ust buy . ven n iek kell, they m ust buy .
T he Subjun c tive of hell is form ed by addin g en e as,
kap n om kellen e, I ought to get . Kell som etim es sign ifiesto wa n t ; a s
,m i kell what do vou wan t ? p e
’
n z kell,
m on ey is wa n ted n em hell,it is n eedless .
F a culta tive Ver bs .
T he verb c a n,a s already observed , is expressed by ha t,
het ; fa c ultative verbs are form ed by addin g this to theroot . I n gen er al, the third person sin gular of the
presen t ten se (in dic ative m ood,in defin ite form ) is the
root a s,kap n i , to get ; kap ,
he gets ; ke’
r n i,to beg ; her ,
he begs . I n som e verbs , however,espec ially in the
SYNTAX . 85
n euter on es,thi s third per son en ds in ih
,szik
,which
syllable does n ot belon g to the root .
Th e followin g ar e verbs,the roots of which m ay seem
obscur e
E n n i,to ea t r oot
,e esz ik
,he eats .
In n i,to thi n k : r oot
,i isz ik
,he dri n ks .
Jdn i,to com e r oot
, j o Jon ,he com es .
Venni , to buy root,ve vesz
,he bin/s .
T en n i,to do r oot
,te tesz
,
l
he does .
fa cultative of these verbs is thus form ed
E hetn i,to be able to ea t (c a n ea t) .
Ibatui,to be able to dr in k .
Johetn i,to be able to com e .
Vehetn i,to be able to buy .
T ehetn i,to be able to do .
Sufi a’es of Ver bs .
T he r egul ar suffix’
of the sec on d per son sin gular (in dic ative m ood
,in defin i te) is sz as
,vdr n i
,to wa it ; vdr sz
,
thou waitest . If the r oot of a verb en ds with two
c on son an ts,a vowel i s pla c ed befor e the suffix se
,as also
before the suffixes tok,tek
,n ah
,n ek ; as
,m on da n i
,to
say,— m on dok
,m on dase
,m on d
,m on dun k
,m on da tok
,
m on da n ak ; the pron un c iation bein g thus fa c ilitated .
V erb-
s en di n g in s,z,se
,take m the sec on d per son
,
for euphon y, the suffix ol,c l,at; as
,olvasn i
,to read ;
olveset,thou r eadest (n ot olvassz ); ker esn i , to seek ;
her esel,thou seekest (n ot ker essz ); b
’
en i,to c ook ;
thou c ookest . T he suffix j is likewise chan gedin to th e s
,z,sz
,in whi ch the verb en ds ; as
,olvass (im
per ative), r ead thou (n ot olva sj); olva ssam (subjun c
tive), that I r ead (n ot olvasjam).
86 SY N TAX .
Ve‘
rbs en din g in a t,ci t
,et
,a t
,a t
,c han ge the t, in the
subjun c tive an d im perative,in to ss
,the c har a c ter istic j
n ot bein g euphon ious ; as,m uta t
,he shows
,subj . mutuss ,
that he m ay show,m uta ssak
,that I m ay show ; ldt, he
sees,subj . hiss vet
,he sows
,subj . vess hot
,he bin ds
,
subj . kb’
ss ; a t,he beats
,subj . iiss
,etc . Those en di n g in
et,it,t,take a Sin gle 3 in the subjun c tive an d i m per a
tiv ;e as,vet
,he fa ils
,subj . vets ; ep it, he builds, subj
ep its ; kla’
lt,he exc la im s
,subj . kia lts .
Verbs en din g ln set,chan ge it, in the subjun c tive an d
im per ative,in to sese as
,er esz t
,he leaves
,subj . er esz sz
forr asz t, he tires, subj . for r asz sz .
Verbs en din g in d, g , gy, p ,
t,s,2,se
,take in the
third person sin gular of th e perfec t ten se, in stead of t,
the svllable ott a s
PRESENT . PERFECT .
A d,he g ives . adott (n ot adt).
F og , he c atches . fegett .
E agy, he is cold (i tfr eez es) . fagyott .
L at,he sees . latott .
A s,he digs . asott .
H OZ,he br ings . hoz ott .
Vadasz,he chases (hun ts) . vadasz ott .
M on osyllabic verbs with a lon g (a c c en ted) i ,i although
by their n atur e soft soun dm g , are c on jugated like thehard-soun din g verbs ; as
,ir n i
,to wr ite ; s ir a i
,to weep ;
bir n i,to possess ; h in i , to c all — ir ok
,I wr ite (n ot ir e/c),
s ir ok,bir c h
,etc .
On the use of the In defin ite a n d Defin ite form s .
T he I n defin ite form is used when the objec t is n ot
determ in ed either by the a rtic le o r by a possessive pro
88 SYNTAX .
imp er a tive m ood ; as,m en! c l
, go away ; m enj be, go in .
I n other c ases it depen ds on the em phasis, whether it is
on the root of the verb,or on the par tic le ; the em phatic
part of the c om poun d verb always takin g prec eden c e .
R E M A R KS ON T H E OR TH OGR A P H Y .
I t was form er ly the c ustom to wr ite ts in stead of c s,
a n d te in stead of c z ; a s,tsak
,on ly (c sak) ; te im ,
title
(c z im) ; the older wr iter s also used ll, pp ,
in the wordsm elyik, whi ch olya n , such r o
’
lam,ofm e ; m i lyen , what
kin d ; e’
p en , just (in r efer en c e to tim e) — as,m ellyik,
ollya n , m i llyen , e'
pp en , etc .
Som e m odern wr iters use 0,in stead of oz others use
,
in stead of the o’
in r o’
l,to
’
l (of, from ), a as,mil
,an .
I n the words hosz szu, r osz szul,where se is doubled
,
on e se is Som etim es om itted as,hoszu
,r oszul.
EX P L A NA TION OF G R A M M A TICA L T E R M S
OF L A TIN ORIGIN .
A ccusa tive,n egyedik ejtés .
A cy'
ec tive,m ellékn év .
A dver b,hatarozo.
Afi x,r ag .
A ctive Ver b,eselekvd ige .
Comp ar ison ,egybehason li tas .
P osi tive,elsd fok .
Comp ar ative, m asodi k fok .
S iyJer la tive , harm adik fok.
Conjugation ,hajtoga tas .
SYNTAX .
Conjun ctive or Subjun ctive M ood,foglalé m dd.
Con son an t,m assal-han g z é .
D ative,harm adi k ejtés .
D eclen si on,ejtegetés .
e . g . (exemp li g r atia), p . o .
, p éldan ak okaert .
etc . (et ceter a) , sth .
,
’S a tebbi .
F utur e, jdven dd idd
’.
G en itive, m asodi k ejtés .
G erun d,sz em élyesit
Imp er ative, p ar an c s m od.
I mp erfect, aligmult .
i . e . (id est) , M a n
I mp er son a l Ver b, sz em élyt elen ige .
I ndicative, jelen tdm dd.
I nfin i tive, hatar oz atlan m éd .
I r r egular Ver b, r en detlen ige .
N euter Ver b, kozep ige .
N om in ative, elsd ejtés .
Object, targy .
P ar ti cip le, r ész esu’ld.
P assive Ver b, sz en vedd'ige .
P lur al,tdbbes SZam .
P lup erfec t, r égen mult .
P r ep osition ,eldlutéljaro.
P r esen t,jelen idd'.
P r on oun,n évm as .
P er son,szem ely .
R oot (r adix) , tdr z s, gyok .
Suigular , egyes szam .
Subject, alap sz é , alan y .
vi z .
, (videli c et) , t . i .,tudn i illik .
90 a m m N e 1«:xua c nsn s .
FOKOZA T OS OL VA SA'SI G YA KOR L A T OK .
A : em ber i T estn ek r e’
sz ei .
E n em ber vagyok . A Z emberek m oz ogn ak, érez n ek és
gon dolkoz n ak . E n i s m ozgom ,ér z ek
,és gon dolkoz om ,
és
igy eu is em ber vagyok . A Z él latok is m oz oghatn ak és erezhetn ek ; de ugy m in t aZ em berek n em gon dolkozhatn ak .
A Z,a m i m oz og és erez , a test ; a m i pedi g gon dolkoz ik,
M a lelek . A testn ek harem r ész e va n ; ugy m in t, a fd',a
der ek és a tagok . A fdn ek feled r ész ét agyn ak n evez ik,a
1n e hajjal van ben d’ve . Ket feldl van n ak a halan tékok és
fii lek . E ldl van a Z abraz at,a hom lok
,a ket sz em aZ orr
,a
S Zaj a Z ajkakkal, a Z or c zak és all.
A z em ber li E let.
E 11 élek ; M M,ér z ek
,és gon dolkoz om . A testem n ek
r ész ei SZii n telen m oz gasba van n ak . A testem n em m in den
kor ugyan a zon allapotban van . Néha allok n éha jarkalok,ha pedi g elfaradok leiilbk . Néha lehajlok S a kez em m el
m eg fogom a m it akar ok,és felem elem
,letesz em
,vagy m as
n ak adom,a m in t n ekem tetsz ik .
A sz em ek sz iikségesek latasra,a fiilek hallasr a
,aZ orr
sz aglasr a ,’s a n yelv i z lésr e . H a egésséges akarok len n i SZiik
séges a testet étellel és itallal taplahi i . M kor ehetn ém,
akkor esz em és m ihor ihatn am akkor isz om . A tap sz ereket
m eg r égom a foga im m al és a Z utan len yelem . M in den eledel
és ital a torkom on altal a gyom rom ba m egy , a m ely ez eket a
m oz gas altal m eg em ész ti .
E Z a n agy test, a m elyen a Z em ber ek és allatok lakn ak fdld
n ek n eveZtetik. A z t a n agy tért m elyben a fbld lebeg , egn ek
n eve Zik.
92 READ ING EX E R C I S E S .
i ste és éjsz aka a Z egen igen sok ap rdbb és n agyobb
vilagos testeket lzitok ; ez ekc t c sillagokn ak n eveZik .
A c sillagok n em :illan ak m in den kor egy helyben ,han em
S Z iin telc n keren g c n ek. E bbdl a z t latem,hogy aZ égn ek
n agysaga m egm érhetetlen ,m in thogy c lyan sok n agy testek
keren ghetn ek ben n e .
A c sillagok tdbn yire vilagito testek, m in t a n ap ; de n é
m elyek a n aptol vilagittatn ak m eg , és m agokban setét testek .
A m i foldiin k hason lag egy setét c sillag , és a n ap altal Vilagosittati k m eg . De a n ap n em vilagosithatja m eg egysz er r e
a foldet egész en ; a hon n an a fold SZii n telen fereg , m in t egyker ek .
M iddn a n apot r eggel eldsz or m eg latjuk ,a z t m on djuk ,
hogy a n ap felkel ; m iddn p edig este utéljar a latjuk, a z t
m on djuk ,hogy a n ap lem egy vagy len yugsz ik.
A z t a leg n agyobb c sillagot m elyet éjjel gyakr an latok aZ
égen ,holdn ak hivjak A hold SZin tén setét c sillag , és ez t is
a n ap vilagositja m eg , m in t a m i foldii n ket . M iker a hold
éjjel vilagit , a z t m on djuk hogy hold-vilag van . N éha egész en
latjuk a holdn ak a z t a felét m elyet a n ap m eg vilagosit, és
akkor hold-tolte van,ha p edi g n ap r él n apr a kevesebb vilagos
r ész t latun k a holdbdl,akkor a z t m on djuk hogy a hold fogy .
A Z eget , foldet és a c sillagokat egyii tt vilagn ak n evez ik .
A F old .
A Z eg i testek koz ott a fbldet , a m elyen lakom legjobbanism er em .
A szara z fold n em m in den utt egyen ld ; a foldn ek egy
r ész e m aga sabb a m as r ész e pedig m élyebb ; a m agas r éSZt
dom bn ak ,vagy ha igen m aga s hegyn ek hivjuk ; a Z ala c son y
r c'
sz t pedig volgyn ek n eveZik ; a hol sem hegyek sem dom
bok n in esen ek ott rén a sag va n . Van n ak olyan m agas hegyek
is,m elyeken a ho soha sem olvad el ; ez eket havasokn ak
n eveZik . Ilyc n c k M agya r-or szagban a Ka rp atok .
READ ING EXERC I SE S . 93
I n the even in g an d in the n ight I see m an y br ight bodies
in the sky ; these ar e c alled star s .
T he star s do n ot stan d always in on e pla c e , but m ove
r oun d in c essan tly . Fr om thi s I see that the greatn ess of
the sky is im m easur able,bec ause so m an y large bodies c an
m ove in it .
T he star s are m ostly bodi es givin g light, as the sun ; but
som e ar e lighted by the sun,an d ar e in them selves dark .
Our ear th is likewise a dark star,an d is li ghted by the
sun ; but the sun c an n ot light at on c e the whole earth ;
hen c e the earth m oves in c essan tly like a wheel.
When we see for the fir st tim e the sun in the m orn in g ,
we say, the sun r ises an d when we see him for the last tim e
in the even in g , we say that the sun goes down ,or sets .
T hat gr eatest star,whi ch I often see in the sky in the
n i ght , i s c alled the m oon . T he m oon is likewise a dark star,
an d is also li ghted by the sun,like our earth . When the
m oon Shi n es at n ight , we say there is m oon li ght . Som e
tim es we see the whole of that par t of the m oon whi ch the
sun li ghts, an d then it is the full-m oon ; butwhen ,from day
to day, we see less of the li ghted par t of the m oon,then we
say that the m oon dec r ea ses .
Th e sky, ear th ,an d Star s together ar e c alled the un iver se .
T he E ar th .
A m on g the heaven ly bodi es, I kn ow best the earth on
whi ch I live an d dwell.
T he earth is n ot everywher e equal ; on e part of the earth
is higher an d an other deeper ; we c all the high p ar t hill, an d
if very high we c all it m oun ta in,an d the low p art is c alled
valley ; wher e ther e ar e n o hills or m oun ta in s,ther e is a
pla in . T her e are also m oun tain s so high that the sn ow
upon them n ever m elts ; these ar e c alled (havas) sn owy
m oun tain s . Such ar e,in H un gary , the Carp athian s .
9-l R EADIN G E xE R e I S E S .
A L evegb'
A levegdm ely a foldet kdr ii lvesz i soha sem egész en tisz ta ;
m ivel eZ a fold sz iin telen’
gd'z bliig , m in t m as testek.
A kigdzolgések a levegd felso r ész ében dssz e gyliln ek’
S felhd lesz beldldk . H a a fellegek n ehez ek akkor c sepen
kén t lehullan ak,és akkor a z t m on djuk hogy esd esik .
A tisz ta levegd’ha szn os és sz ukséges, m in d a Z em ber i
’s
allati élet fen tar tasar a m in d a plan tak n dvésére .
A levegdn ek m oz gasa , vagy a sz él,ha son ldképen igen
ha szn os ; m er t SZara St a a foldet,elhajtja a fellegeket ,
hajtja a m alm okat a Szar a z fdlddn,és a hajokat a ten gerem .
A villam las és m en yddrgés sok tekin tetben haszn os ;hi vesiti
’s tisz titja a levegd
’t,és eld
’m oz di tja a fdldn ek
term éken ységét : de a m en ykd a fakat sz éjel hasogatja , a
haz akat m eg gyfijtja , a Z em ber t és allatot agyon’t ii ti .
R E G EK,M E SEK
,ST E .
E gy hat éves gyerm ek,r en dkiviili tehetségei m iatt tar
sasagba vez ettetvén,N . kitu
'n o'lelkéSZ altal egy n ar an c sn ak
jutalmul ajan lataval igy kérdez tetett ,“hol van aZ Isten ?
M on dj a m eg n ekem,
vala sz ola a fin,hol n in es
,
’s én adok
on n ek kettdt .
”
N . u'
r kavéhazba jd’vén
,n ém ely kivan esiak kérdeZék m i
UJsag ? Hja , valdban ,
”m on d d
,eu m in t bi z on yost tudom
hogy m a harm in c z ezer em ber felkelt .
”M i c Zélr a
,ké
r em ? ” m on da egy m asik ' “m i a szan dékuk ?
”H ogy
este ism et lefekii djen ek,”valasz olt d.
A gy sign ifies c rown utn i,to strike —agyon utn i
,to strike on the
c rown,i . e .
,to k ill.
96 R EADING E X E RC IS E S .
A resz festd,ki soha sc a n n i é rtékes dolgot n em m utatott
fel,egy m as helyr e m en t
’s orvos ott egy 6sm erdse
I
talalkoz van véle kérdez te valtozasan ak okat : M er t,
”ugy
m on d,ha m ost hibaka t k6vetek c l a f6ld takarja .
”
E gy Jo sz er z etes a Z Isten hatalm arol értekez vén m on dahogy a m in den haté sem m it sem ter em tett m i sajat n em ébent6kélletes n em volt E gy tr éfas pupos varva r ea a Z ajton aligy szolita m eg A tyam k6sz 6n 6m 6un eh tan itasat
,de
gon dolja 6n valéba’
n,hogy en -
p éldéul-sajat n em em ben t6kél
letes vagyok ?” “Igen ,
valasz olt aZ atya kom olyan ,
“bi
z on yosan egy igen t6kélletes pupos .
”
E gy ker eskedd a ten geren kérdeZé a hajost m in d halallal
m I’
Ilt ki apja ?“A Z atyam ,
”m on d a héjds ,
“n agy
-atyam’s
sz ép-atyam m in d viZbe fu
'
lta“H at
,
”valasz ola a keres
kedd,
“’s n em fel 6n SZin te a viZbe-fulastdl “Ker em
,
”
m on d a hajds, és m in d halallal mult ki aZ 6n atya , n agy
atya ,’s sz ép
-atya M in d M 6 agya ikban .
”J61 van
,
”
m on d a hajds ,’s hat m ier t féljek eu jobban ten gerr e m en n i
m in t 6n aZ agyba
A M an sfeldi grof, a tiz en hetedik szaz ad egyik legn agyobb
vezere bi z tos adatokkal birt , m isz er én t egy gy6gy-sz er ész
jelen téken y 6szveget kapott hogy dt m egm érgez z e . A. g réf
elkii ldvén érte m on da : “Baratom ! eu n em hihetem hogy
egyén ,kin ek soha sem m i bajt n em okoz tam éltem et elven n i
kivan ha ssa . H a sz iikség kén ysz er iti 6n t ily bii n t k6vetn i el
itt a p en z ,’s legyen bec siilc tes em ber .
”
E gy oskola m ester nd,ki igen p iros kép i i
'volt
,n em i hibaval
vadolvan tan itvan ya i egyikét ; a Z ifju'116'tagadta a z t
,a zom
ba n elp ir Iilt a vadolasn al. Bizon,
”m on d a m estern o
'
,
READ ING EXERC I SE S . 97
T he bad pain ter , who had n ever produc ed an ythin g of
wor th , wen t to an other plac e, an d bec am e a physi c ian .
A p er son who kn ew him,m eetin g him ther e
,asked the
reason ofhi s chan ge . Bec ause,
”said he
,ifI n ow c om m it
faults,the earth c over s them .
”
A good fr iar , p rea chin g upon the p ower of G od,said that
the Alm i ghty had c reated n othin g but what was perfec t inits ki n d. A hun chbacked wag wa ited for him at the door
,
an d said :“F ather
,I thank you for your serm on ; but do
you r eally thi nk that I,for in stan c e
,am perfec t in m y
kin d ?”
Y es,
”said the father
, gr avely, a very perfec thun c hback
,surely.
”
A m er chan t,at sea
,asked a sailor what death his father
died ? M y father ,”said the sailor
,m y gran dfather , an d
my great-gran dfather were all drown ed.
” Well,
”replied
the m er chan t,
“an d ar e you n ot afraid of bein g dr own ed
too“P r ay, said the
"
Seam an , what death di d your
father, gran dfather , an d gr eat
-
gr an dfather die ? “A ll in
their beds .
” Well,
”said the sa ilor
,
“an d why should I be
afr aid of goin g to sea,m or e than you ar e of goin g to bed ?
”
T he Coun t of M arisfeld,on e of the gr eatest c aptain s of
the seven teen th c en tury, had c erta in pr oofs that an apothe
c ary had rec eived a c on siderable sum to poison him . T he
c oun t havi n g sen t for h im ,M y fr ien d,
”sa id he
,
“I c an n ot
believe,
that a per son to whom I have n ever don e an y harm
c an desir e to take away m y life . If n ec essity obliges you to
c omm it such a c r im e,ther e
’s m on ey, be an hon est m an .
”
A m istress of a boardin g-school
,who was very r ed-fac ed
,
taxed on e of her scholar s with som e fault the youn g lady
den ied it,but c oloured at the a c cusation N ay ,
”said the
98 R E ADIN G EXERC ISE S .
b iz on yos vagyok ben n e hogy an n ah iga z n ak kell len n i
In er t 611 c lp ir i ilt . Boc san at,
”vzilasz ol a lean yka , eZ c sak
a z 611 kép c’
rei ész revétel.”
M iddn H an n ibal A n tiochus udvaraban volt,n ém ely sz er
z ok altal m on datik hogy Sc ip ioval talalkoz ott voln a,
’s
hogy k6vetkezd’
par-besz éd t6rtén t koz tuk Sc ip io kérdez é
kit gon dol a legn agyobb veZérn ek Nagy San dort,valasz olaH an n i bal . Sc ipio ekkor ism et kérdez é
,kin ek adja
a leg elsd helyet aZ utan ? ’s 6 valasz olt “P yrrhusn ak .
”
’S kin ek a harm adikat M agam n ak
,m on d a Cartha
gdi , m in den in gadozas n élkiil .
“’S ha 6n felIi
'lm u
'lt voln a
en gem ,
”kerde Sc ip io m osolyogva ,
“hova helyeZte voln a
m agat ? M in d ezek f6lébe,
”valasz olt H an n ibal.
M egjegyez tetett m iSZer in t biz on yos fukar ga z dag em ber
soha sem hivott sen kit m agahoZ ebédr e .
“En fogadok ,
”
m on d egy tr éfas,
“hogy n yerek td’le m eghivast .
”A foga
das elfogadtatvan ,d a leg k6z elebbi n apon e ga z dag em
ber hazahoz m en t a zon idd’tajban m iddn tudva volt hogy
ebédn él 6l,8’m on da a sz olgan ak hogy n eki r6gt6n besz éln i
kell uraval, m ivel 6’m egm en thet n eki ezer fon tet . A Z 1
’
1r
ki jdve , kérdé ,“M i aZ m it 6n m on d
,ur am ? hogy on m eg
m en thet n ekem ezer fon tot Igen ,ur am ; én m eg
m en thetek,a z on ban latem 6n ebédn él van ; én m egyek m a
gam is ébédchi i,
’s ism et elj6v6k .
”O'
! kerem ,uram
, JOJJon
ebédeljen velem . U r am,alkalm atlan leszek .
”Sem m i
esetre .
”A m eghivas elfogadtatott ,
’s vége leven aZ ebéd
n ck,
’s a c salad visz avon u
’
lvan,No
,ur am
,
”m on d a hazi ga z
da,m ost dolgun kr a . Kerem tudassa ve
'
lem m ikén t m en tsem
eu m eg ezem ezer fon tot .
”Jdl van
,ur am
,
”m on d a m asik
hallem hogy 6n D Ck egy férjhe z - add lean ya van ? Van .
Es hogy 611 s zan dékoz ik o"t tiz ezer fon tal kihaz asitan i .
100 READING EXERC I S E S .
A kkén t tesz ek. A Z esetre adja n ekem 613,
’s eu elve
sz em kilen c z ez er rel.
E gy 1'1r igen r Iit bar ga z dag 116
't veven férjheZ , baratja i
altal kérdez tetett m ikén t gon dolhatott oly 1ut a sz on yali
haz assagra ?“L a ssatok
,
”vala sz ola
,
“eu sulyra vettem 6t’s sem m it sem fiz ettem a divatért .
”
A T oledol er sek, aZ ablakn al allvan,
’s latva egy par a sz tot
kegyetlenu'l ver n i sz am arat
,kin yitotta aZ ablak-szar n yat
’s ki kialtott
, fi‘SZIi
'nj m eg , szu
’n j m eg , ga zfi,
ki°
116n ben eu
foglak m eg korbac soltatn i . Boc san at, j6 uram ,
”valasz olt
a p ar a sz t ;“en n em tudtam hogy sz am aram n ak baratjai
van n ak aZ udvarn al.”
A hatalm as Jupiter , j6 kedvében kegyem eket kivan t
osz togatn i ,’S tr6nja ele r en delte m in den allatn ak pan aszat ,
’s im e aZ em ber é legin kabb ostrom la irgalmat Neked leg
t6bbet adtam,
”m on d c sudalatt-al a f6
'i sten s m eg is leg
t6bbek p an asz aid ! sz6lj m i en uek oka O'! a s
'zabadakar at , siran koz ék a Z em ber , eZ m in den hajom kutfeje
eZ buktat vesz élyeim be ; vedd el,6 vedd e két éhi
'fegyvert
t6'lem
,m ely sz ii n telen a vissz aélhetés hatarvon alan al lebeg
felettem ! G yava ! sz 61t bC SZIisan Jupiter,
n em idéZ
telek m ost el6’
mbe bun tetésre,han em hogy kegyet ossz ak ;
’s ez ért n em telyesitem balga kivan sagodat . De hogy tIi
'k
r e a ljon el6tted esz telen ségedn ek ,im terem tek em bert szabad
akar at n élkiil is,
’s ha sor sa m eg tetsz en dik n eked am
eserélj vele . I gy l6'n a m ajom ! de M em ber elhalgata a
c serével .
E gy hi res ten geri rab16-f6'n ok tudakoltatvan : m ikén t tor
READING EXERC I SE S . 101
that you in ten d to portion her with ten thousan d poun ds ?
I do so .
”In this c ase
,Sir
,let m e have her
,an d I will
take her with n in e thousan d.
”
A gen tlem an havin g m arr ied an extrem ely ugly lady,
though very r ich,was asked by hi s fr ien ds how he c ould
thin k of m ar ryin g so ordin ary a wom an ? “L ook ye,”
an swer ed he,I bought her by weight, an d paid n othin g
for fashion .
”
T he A r chbishop of T oledo,stan din g at the win dow,
an d
seein g a Clown beat h is ass m ost un m er c ifully, Open ed theeasem en t
,an d c alled out
,
“H ave don e,have don e
, you
sc oun dr el,else I shall have you whipped.
”Y our p ardon ,
good m aster,
”an swer ed the c lown ;
“I did n ot kn ow m y
a ss had frien ds at c our t .
”
M ighty Jup iter , bein g in a happy m ood,wished to di str i
bute favour s,an d heorder ed -the c omplain ts of all an n uals to
be lai d before him ; when ,10 ! m an c laim ed m ost largely his
c om p assion . I have given thee m ost,an d still thou hast
the m ost c om plain ts,”said the gr eat god, am azed ; “how
does it happen ?”
Oh !”r eplied man
,m y free will , this is
the c ause of all m y m i ser ies, an d br in gs m e in to all evil ;
oh,take away that two
-edged sword,whi ch is c on tin ually
li able to be abused. Im bec ile,
”sa id Jup iter , an gr ily,
“I
di d n ot Summ on thee here to be pun 1shed, but that thou
m i ghtest shar e m y gra c e ; an d therefore will I n ot fulfil thyfoolish wish . But that ther e m ay be a m ir ror of thy stu
pidi ty, I shall c reate a m an also without free will ; exchan gewith him if thou pleasest .
”T hus the ape was c r eated ; but
m an spoke n o m or e of exchan gin g .
A well-kn own p irate c hief,on bein g asked how it hap
102 L E TTERS .
tén hetett aZ hogy 6'h is haj6ja erejével, a z altala m eg tam a
dott n agyobb er6'k Cllc n diadalm aSkodék ? “A Z egész titok
ebbc n till,
”m on da a fd'n ok
,hogy c sak a zon haj6kat tam a
dam m eg kis erdm m c l m ik fc 16'l tudtam hogy c sak egyé a
vagyou r ajtu k,a t6bbi legén ység pedig c sak zsoldos ; m ert
sz zim ithaték a zon elv c salhatla n sagara , hogy a z sold olc s6 aZ
élet p edig draga .
”N e feledjiik ha z afiak e c salhatlan elvet,
ha m ajd hon védelem felc tt tan ac skozun k .
Bor z asz té haboruduhon ge a szar az foldon . M en n yivel
c sen desebb a ten ger ,”m on d a kereskedd
,
’s siete aten ger re .
A z om ban c sak ham ar Zivatar tam ad,
’s haj6ja vesz élybe lévén ,
m on d 6m eg ijedve ,“a z ajg6 hullam ok hason lag vesz e
delm et hozn a De n em sokara vigasz t talal a zon hitben,
hogy szar a z fold van k6z el,hol a ten ger
-vész tdli félelm et
n yugalom valtan dja fel. A kereskedd ism et partra SZall , deIijolag elr ém itve a zon hir altal hogy a lahok em ber-ev6
'k,
’s
hogy ott d6gvész diih6n g . O keser egve felsohajt, m ost
értém m eg , hogy a n yom or n in es k6tve helyhez , de aZ
élethez .
”
L EVE L EK .
A . U'r n ak
,IV“.
R edves baratom !
SZan dékom leven kiran dIiln i a vidékre , B . u'
rn ak falusi
lakén i m eglatogatasa végett, sz abadsagot vesz ek f6lkérn i 6n t
ha tar sa sagaval sz eren c séltetn e .
S z ives vélaszat varva ,Vagyok m ely tisz tel6je ,
104 L E TT E RS .
l asz .
Edes ba ratom l
E ec ses so ra it véve tudatom oun el,In isz er in t igen
I I 0 I I I
S ZCr en ese sn ek fogem erez n l m agam ,ta rsasagaba B . U ra t
In eglatogathatn i .
I sten on n el,a visz on lzitasig .
T isz tlet U'
r l
B i zvan sz ivességébe , sz abadsagot vesz ek on t folkérn i
ha n ekem Shakspear e m un kaib6l n ehan y n apr a egy k6tetet
k6lc s6n 6z n i m élta tn ék,m ivel igen n agy sz iikségem van m u
lattat6 olva sm an yra hogy a Z id6’t kellem esen t6lthessem .
R em élve hogy ohajtasom n em hiu'
sulan d m aradok,
Cun ek alaz atos sz olgaja ,
B . U'
r tisz teletén ek tudatasa m ellett sz ivesen latan djaeste
’
lyre C . U r at beln ap 8 6rakor .
M éltassék sz ivesen fogadn i kiilon os tisz teletét C . Iirn ak a
beln ap tartan d6 estélyr ei m eghivasér t, m elyben r ész tvehetn i
sz eren c séjén ek tartan dja ; a z om ban boc san atot kell kern ie hasii rgetds dolgai m iatt egy 6raval késd
’bb érkez n ék .
Edes G r6f U'r !
M ost erke z vén e varosba sz abadsagot vesz ek on t
folkérn i,m élta ssék velem tudaa a n apot és or at m id6
'n
t isz teletem et tehc ssem,n a gy fon tossag i i k6Zlem én yeim lévén .
On n ek legalaz atosabb sz olgaja ,
LETTERS . 105
M y dear fr ien d,H avin g rec eived your kin d n ote
,I beg to in form you
that I shall feel very happy to a c c om pan y you in c allin g on
M r . B .
A dieu,till we m eet again .
T rustin g to your“
kin dn ess,I take the liberty to r e
quest of vou the favour of the loan of a volum e of Shak
speare’s works for a few days, as I am in great wan t of som e
am usin g r eadin g to pass the ti m e agr eeably .
H op in g that I shall n ot be r efused,
I rem ain, your obedi en t servan t
,
M r . B . presen ts his c om plim en ts to M r . C .
,an d begs to
in vite him to an even i n g p arty to-morr ow at eight o
’c lock .
P lease to ac cept the kin d respec ts of M r . C . for the in vi
tatien for the p arty of to-m orr ow even in g , in whi ch he will
feel very happy to take par t ; though he m ust beg to be ex
c used if,on ac c oun t of his pressin g busin ess, he c an on ly
c om e an hour later .
Dear Coun t,
H avin g just arri ved in this c ity, I beg leave to re
quest that you m ay be pleased to let m e kn ow the day an d
hour I m ay wait on you, havin g c om m un i c ation s of gr eat
im portan c e .
Y our m ost obedien t servan t,
106 LETTE RS .
c ves I rm z'
n n !
M i (Sta haZIilr61 tavozvan a varosi élet orom eiben
o sz toz olfi",sem m i tIid6sitzi soda t n em vehettem ; a z om ban vé
gyam kifejez hc tlc n lévén hallan i r6lad,en gedd m eg hogy
m i ol6'bbi t 1id6sitvan yodat kérjem .
L egyél oly igen boldog m in t sz ivb6'l ohajtja ,
H iven 6le16,
ZSE L ID .
Edes Zselim ,
E per c zben vettem sz ives soraidat,
’s rem elem hogy
m ar m egkaptad tud6sitvan yom at m in d azon k6r ii lm én yekr6'l,
m ik téged érdekehi ek .
E n gedd m eg kifejez n em eran tadi testvér i sz eretetem et,
m elyn ek 6sz in teségében r ejlik szivem egyedIi'li bii szkesége .
I R M A’
D .
K . e'
s T ai/rsa .
X . W . U'rn ak
,
S z abadsagot veszun k m ellékeln i en uek m a i n ap ki
fiz etett 5000for in tr6li k6tvén yét .
A laz atos sz olga1 ,
K . E's T A
’RSA .
Nyugta 1000,M M ezer ezust for in tr6l
,m ely oszveget N .
U'rt6l m a i n ap felvettem .
P esten,185211
,evi F ebruzir
,1 86 jén .
A 2 a z 1000 eftr o'l.
I n H un ga ria n ,relatives a n d in tim ate fr ien ds always use thou an d
the e,in stead ofyou, a s in En glish .
VOCABULA RY.
T he Wor ld.
(A Vilag .)Isten
,G od.
E gyetem ,un iverse.
Vilag , wor ld.
L eveg6’
,a ir .
Eg , sky .
F 6ld,ea r th .
N ap , sun .
H old, m oon .
H old-t6lte,full-m oon .
U'
j-hold, n ew-m oon .
Csillag , star .
Sugar , beam .
Ilst6kos-c sillag , c om et.
V ilagossag , light.
Setétség , da rkn ess .
A rn yék ,shade.
E s6'
,r ain .
M eleg , hea t .
H ideg , c old.
Zivatar,storm .
V illam,lightn ing .
V illam -harit6, con ductor .
M en ydCrgés, thun der .
F elleg , felh6’
,cloud.
I do,wea ther .
Sz él,win d.
Jéges6’
,ha i l.
z apor , shower .
F elh6'-sz akadas
,wa ter-sp out.
A'r adas
,in un da tion .
H 6,sn ow.
E agy ,fr ost.K 6d
,fog .
Der,whi tefr ost.
Jég , i c e.
Olvadas,thaw.
H arm at,dew.
V ihar,hur r i c an e .
F 6ld-r en gés, ear thquake .
r iver .
P atak,br ook.
T 6, p on d.
T en ger , sea .
Dagaly, tide.
A paly, ebbs .
Sziget , islan d .
P art,shor e .
H ullam,hab
,waves .
SZikla,r ock.
Dél,south .
Nyugot, west.
E szak,n or th .
Kelet,eas t.
VOCABULARY . 109
H egy, m oun ta in .
Domb,hill.
F orras,sp r ing .
M oc sar,m arsh .
R ét,m eadow.
M ez6',field.
Siksag , p lain .
E rd6',wood
,for est.
F ii st,sm oke.
H am u,ashes .
Szikr a,sp ark.
Nedvesség , damp n ess .
Szar a z sag , dryn ess .
S ton es a n d M etals .
(K6vek’s E r c z ek .)
K6,ston e.
K ova,flin t.
Dr aga k6'
, jewels .
M arvan y, m ar ble.
M esz,lim e .
Kr eta,chalk.
H om ok,sa n d.
K6vec s, g r avel.
A gyag , clay .
Ar an y, gold.
E Zii st,si lver .
R éZ,c opp er .
Vas i r on .
A c zel,steel.
CZin,tin .
O'u,lead .
Sarga-r éz , br ass .
H igan y, qui cksi lver .
K én,sulp hur .
K6sz én, p i t
-coa ls .
T he H um a n B ody .
(A Z Em ber i T est .)Em ber
,m a n .
A sz on y, wom an .
Nem,sea
'.
G yerm ek,chi ld.
A tya , apa ,father .
A n ya , m other .
F ifi,boy .
L ean y, g ir l, m aid.
F iver,br other .
N6ver,sister .
E lc t,life.
H alal,death.
T est , body .
T ag , lim b.
F6,head.
M ell,br east
,chest .
A gyvel6’
,br ain s .
Kopon ya , skull.H aj, hair .
A r ez, fa c e.
H om lok,for ehead.
Sz em,eye .
Sz em ol,eyebr ow.
F iil,ea r .
Orr,n ose.
SZaj, m outh .
A jak,lip .
F og , tooth .
1 10 VC CA R U L A R Y .
S z akal,bear d.
Bajusz , m us tac hio .
Bark6,whisker s .
Nyelv, tongue .
All,c hin .
L élckz et,br eath.
l Ian g , voic e .
A r ez,c heek.
l-Ialan ték,temp le .
Nyak, n eck.
T orok,throat.
Nyakesiga , n ap e .
van,shoulder .
H at,back.
H atger in c z , ba ckbon e .
K ar,a rm .
K6n y6k,elbow.
Csukl6, join t.
KéZ,ha n d.
U'
jj, finger .
K6r6m,n ai l.
Kebel,bosom .
H as,belly .
Bél,bowels .
Borda,r ib.
Oldal,side .
C z om b,shan ks .
T érd,kn ee .
I labszar , leg .
L abikr a , calf.
Sark,heel.
L ab,foot .
T a lp ,sole of thc foot.
L ébfijj, toe .
B6’r,skin .
Cson t, bon e .
H us,flesh .
Ver,blood .
Er,vein .
G yom or,s toma ch .
SZiv,hear t.
M aj, liver .
T ii d6,limgs .
liter, p ulse.
I z z adsag , p er sp ir a tion .
E rZék,sen se.
Er z és,feeling .
L atas,sight.
H allas,hea r ing .
Sz aglas, sm ell.
I Zlés , ta ste .
R ela tion ship .
(R okon sag)
Csalad,fam i ly .
F érj, husba n d.
N 6,wife .
A r a,br ide .
V6leg6n y, br idegroom .
R okon,r ela tion .
F i I’
I,son .
L ean y, daughter .
Oc se, yozmger br other .
Batya , older br other .
Hug, younger sister .
N6110,older sister .
T estvér,br other a n d sister .
Ipa ,fa ther -in -law.
1 12 VOCA R U L A R Y .
N yom da , p r in ti ng-
qfli c e .
F odrzi sz,ha i rdresser .
A sz talos , join er .
A'
c s,carp en ter .
L akatos,locksm ith .
CZipd-kész itd, shoem aker .
S z ab6,ta i lor .
P ék,baker .
K6n yv-k6to
,bookbin der .
SZij-gyar t6, saddlerP uska-m i i
'ves
, gun sm i th .
F a z ikas, p otter .
SZIi'es fur r ier .
Bodn ar,coop er .
Koc sis,coa c hm an .
Ker tesz, ga rden er .
F ogad6s, i n n keep er .
P in c z ér,waiter .
L ovasz, g room .
Of T own s, B ui ldings , etc .
(Varosok, Ep Ii'letek
,sth .)
Varos,town .
U'
teza,str eet.
P iaCZ,ter
,squar e .
P olgar , citiz en .
L akos i n habitan t.
l Ia tésag , m ag istr ate .
Varos-haZ,town -house .
P osta-h ivatal, p ost
o ofi c c .
T em plom ,chur ch .
S Zin haZ,theatr e .
T oron y, steep le .
Csen getyu”
,bell.
P alota, p a la c e.
K6vez et, p avem en t.
Jzi rda,side-wa lks .
Kill-varos,subur b.
Zzilog-haz
, p awn-house .
Ven dégl6, hotel.
Kavé-haZ,cmj
‘ee-tmuse .
Bolt,shop .
K6r -haZ,hosp i ta l.
R aktar,stor e-house .
Vasar,m a/rket.
H id,br idge .
A djec tives .
(M ellékn évek .)F ej er
,feher
,whi te .
F ekete,black.
Z6ld, g r een .
Kek,blue
Veres,v6ree
,r ed.
Sarga , yellow.
Barn a,br own .
SZI’
i rke, g r ey .
Nagy, larg e .
K is,kic sin y, sm a ll.
Vastag , big .
Sovan y, thin .
Szeles,br oad.
Kesken y, n a/r r ow.
M agas , high .
A la c son y, low.
M ély, deep .
Kerek,r ozm d .
B6,taga s , wide .
A R U L A R Y . 1 13
Sim a,smooth .
Siklos,sikos
,slipp ery .
Nyer s, r aw.
Zordon,durva
,r ough .
Kellem es,ag reeable.
Kellem es,kedves
, p leasa n t.
F elséges, delicious .
Kellem etlen,disagr eeable .
Bec siiletes,hon est.
Bec stelen,dishon est.
Nyajas, p oli te .
M iiveletlen,unp olite .
Sz ives,oblig ing .
K egyes sz ives, kin d.
Okos, p ruden t.
Oktalan,imp ruden t.
B6lc s,wise.
Ostoba,iZletlen
,dull.
si lly .
Bor r6,hot.
M eleg , wa rm .
H ideg , c old .
Ugyetlen ,awkward.
Nevetséges, r idi culous .
Bolon dos,foolish .
M éltan yos, okos, r eason able .
M éltan ytala n ,un r eason able .
E sz es,sen sible .
H algatag , disc reet.
I sten telen, gon osz , wicked.
A ljas, base .
G on osz,m alicious .
T 6kélletes, p erfect.
S z er en c sés,boldog , happy .
1 14 \° o C A R U L A R Y .
Boldogtalan , un happy .
Vig , g lad .
E légedett , satisfied.
Nyom or lilt,wr etched .
F iatal, young .
Oreg , vén ,old .
U'
j, n ew.
Blen k,sebes
, qui ck.
T evéken y, active .
H olt,dead.
E16,living .
K6vér,fa t.
Sovan y , lea n .
Va stag , thi ck.
V ékon y, thin .
F élén k,tim id .
Elégi iletlen ,dissatisfied .
H azas,n ds
,m ar r ied.
N6'tlen
,sin g le .
S z er én y, m odest.
S z em telen,imp uden t.
S z en vedélyes, p assion a te.
Durva,r ude .
U n alm as,tedious .
T erhes,tr oublesom e .
K6Z6n y6s, i n difer en t.
D6lf6s, p ajkos, in solen t.
B iiszke, p roud .
K evély, haughty .
Bator,bold.
E rds, str ong .
I zm os,stout.
G yen ge , weak.
F éltéken y, jealous .
S z orgahn as , di ligen t .
R est,lazy .
I-Ian yag , idle .
G on datlan,ca r eless .
F igyelm es,a tten tive .
Ugyes, clever .
H alas, grateful.
H aladatlan,ungr a teful.
E n gedelm es,obedien t.
E n gedetlen ,disobedien t.
Kivan c si,i n quisi tive .
Kem en y, hard .
P uha,soft .
L agy, en yhe, m i ld .
Vad,wi ld.
Sz elid,tam e .
Szabad, fr ee .
E ln yom ott,opp r essed.
G y6n géd, ten der .
Jeles,em in en t.
Beteg , si ck .
R oszul,egésségtelen i il,
well.
Beteges, sickly .
H alvan y, p a le .
E gésséges, hea lthy .
E gésségtelen , gy6n gélkedd
un healthy .
G a Zdag , r i ch .
Sz egén y, p oor .
M ez telen,n aked.
E gysz eru',vilagos, p lain .
T isz ta,clear .
Kén yelm es, con ven ien t.
1 16 voc A R U L A R Y .
Borotvzilkoz n i , to shave .
T isz titan i,to clean .
Keféln i,to brush .
Sétziln i, jzi rkaln i , to walk .
E hn en n i,to p ass by .
K im en n i,to go out.
E lérkez n i , to ar r i ve .
K6z elegn i , to com e n ear .
F olytatn i , to go on .
P utn i,to run .
Ker esz tiil m en n i,to p ass
thr ough .
M egallan i , to stop .
M ar adn i,to stay .
V isz sz a tér n i , to r etur n .
V isz sz a j6ui , to c om e ba ck.
M egfordu'ln i
,to tur n about.
H ala dn i,to advan ce .
K6vetn i , tofollow.
E lérn i , to r each .
U tol érn i,to over take .
T alalkoz n i , to m eet.
E libem en n i,to go to m eet.
Johhra fordu'
ln i,to tur n to
the r ight.
Balra fordI'Iln i
,to tur n to the
Far a sz tan i , to ti r e .
E sn i,tofa ll.
B akn i , to tum ble .
F elm en n i , to go up .
L em en n i , to go down .
I n dIiln i , to set out .
U gr a n i , to leap .
U'
sz n i,to swim .
F iir6dn i,to bathe .
L em c ruln i,to dive.
F uladn i,to be dr own ed.
L ovagohl i , to r ide .
Besz éln i,to sp eak.
M on dan i , elbesz eln i , to tell.
M on dan i,to say .
Besz élgetn i , to talk.
T ar salogn i , to con ver se .
K ifejez n i , to exp r ess .
M agyaraz n i , to exp la in .
Nyilatkoz n i , to decla r e .
E lbesz éln i,to r elate .
Kialtan i , to c ry .
N evetn i,to laugh .
M osolyogn i , to sm i le.
Sir n i,to weep .
K ér n i,to p r ay .
T iltan i,toforbid.
R en deln i to order .
M egboc satan i , to excuse .
Vesz ekedn i,to qua/r r el.
SZidn i,to scold.
Vitatkoz n i , to disp ute .
E lvalasz tan i , to disim i te .
K ibékiten i,to r econ ci le .
M egvallan i , to confess .
T agadn i , to deny .
B eleegyez n i , to c on sen t.
E rten i,to un der stan d.
G on dolkoz n i,to thin k .
H in n i,to believe .
T udui,ism er n i
,to kn ow.
vo c A BU L A R Y . 1 17
T an n'
ln i,to study
T an Iiln i,to lear n .
Ir n i,to wr i te.
Olva sn i,to r ead .
Kiejten i , top r on oun ce .
E lolvasn i,to r ead over .
Ki t6r6h1i,to str ike out .
Javitan i,to c or r ect.
Atn éz n i,to r evise .
M asoln i,to c op y .
A la irn i,to sig n .
P ec sételn i,to seal.
T an i tan i,to teach .
A dn i , to g ive .
I sm ételn i,to r ep eat.
F ordi tan i , to tr an slate .
K eZden i,to beg in .
Elh agyn i , to leave of”:
Csalatkoz n i , to be m istaken .
H aladn i to imp r ove.
M egem lekez n i , to r ecollect.
Elfelejten i , toforget.
Igérn i , to p r om i se .
T afla n h to hwqxH atar oz n i
,to r esolve .
Eld6n ten i,to decide.
Elh alasz tan i,to p ut qfii
M egijedn i , to be afr ai d.
Varn i,to exp ect.
I n di tvan yoz n i , to p r op ose .
Ajan lan i , to recom m en d.
Dic sekedn i,to boast.
T lid6sitan i , to i nform .
T udatn i,to let kn ow.
T udtIil adn i,to g ive n oti ce .
Kap n i , to get.
Kapn i , to r ec eive .
A’tadn i
,to deliver .
Kii lden i,to sen d.
Ven n i,to buy .
Vasart-c sapn i , to m ake a ba r
ga i n .
E ladn i,to sell.
Alkudoz n i,to hagg le .
P ar an c soln i,to bid .
F i z etn i,top ay .
SZam oln i,to coun t.
SZam i tan i,to calculate .
M egegyez n i , to agr ee .
T artoz n i,to owe.
K ész len n i,to be r eady .
E llatn i,tofur n ish .
KéZbesiten i,toforward.
E lkii lden i,to sen d of f
F elem eln i,to r ise .
L esz a’
lli tan i,to lower .
E sn i,tofa ll.
B i z tositan i,to i n sur e .
Iktatn i,to book.
Beirn i,to en ter .
Bej6n n i , to com e i n .
F eljegyez n i , to n ote .
M egc saln i , to chea t.
Bep akoln i ,ber akn i , top ackupN yitn i , to op en .
T ar tan i,to keep .
Vissz aven n i,to take back.
Cseréln i,to m ake a n exchan ge .
1 18 vo CA R U L A R Y .
Substa n tives .
(F6 Neveh .)E lelem -sz er
,victua ls .
Etek,etel
,m eats .
T zil-etel,m eal.
E béd,din n er .
R eggeli , breakfas t .
Villas-reggeli , lun cheon .
L akom a,ba n quet.
E t-lap , di n n er-car d .
Ken yér , br ead.
Barn a ken yér , br own br ead .
F ejer ken yér , wheaten br ead .
Zsemje , r oll.Kalac s
,cake .
Vajasken yér , br ead a n d butter .
P ir it6s,toast.
T orta,tar t .
Csem ege , desser t.
P ec sen ye, r oast m eat.
M zirtas,lé
, g r avy .
Hus,m eat.
M arha hIi S,beef.
D iez n 6 hus, p ork .
Baran y h i is , m utton .
Born yli hu'
s,veal.
S6s-luis,salt m eat .
Vad,ven ison .
Vad-disz n 6,wi ld boar
NyI il , har e .
L lid, g oose .
d ar,s n n ka
,hum .
S Zalon n a ,bacon .
SZar n ya s ,fowl.
Csirke,chicken .
P ulyka , tur key .
Kaesa,duck.
G alam b, p igeon .
Baran y c z om b,leg of mutton .
T ész ta,m ea l-m eat.
T ejesétel, m i lk-m eat .
Z6ldség , g r een s .
Baraj, sp in ach .
P etrez selem, p ar sley .
Kel-kaposz ta , c abbag e .
Z6ld bor s6, gr een p eas .
U gorka , cucum ber .
Zeller,celery .
Bors6, p eas .
L en c se,len ti l.
Salata,sa lad.
Bef6z 6tt,c omp o
't .
Bur gon ya , p otato .
F ej er -r ep a , c a r r ot .
Bor s, p epp er .
S6,salt.
Fu'sz er
,sp i ce .
CZIikor,suga r .
Olaj, oi l.T ojas
,egg .
L iszt,flour .
M ezes-kalac s, g inger
-br ead .
Vaj, butter .
Sajt , cheese.
G yiim 6lc s ,frui t .
T ea,tea .
Kavé,c of ee .
120 voCA E U L A R Y .
a ll
L égm c ro,ba ro meter .
r 'lH évm ero
,ther mom eter .
P a r ts of a II ouse .
(A: ll ltész ei .)
S z oba,r oom .
L aksz oba,s itting
-r oom .
H aldsz oba,bed-r oom .
T ar salg6-terem
,dr awing
T OOfiL
E t-ter em,ebédl6
’
,di n i ng
r oc n a
T erem,saloon .
Szallas,lakas
,lodg i ng .
E m elet,story .
F 6ldsz in, g r oun dg
‘loor .
L ép c sd, garadi es, sta ir s .
E ldterem,an techam ber .
T orn ac z,en tr a n c e-hall.
F olyos6, cor r idor , p a ssage .
Kapu ,str eet-door .
Ajt6, door .
E rkély, balcony .
A blak,win dow.
T alaj,jloor .
Kan dall6,chim n ey .
Kon yha , ki tchen .
(D ays a n d Season s .)
Y apok és Evsz ak .
Va sarn ap ,Sun day .
H e tf6'
,lll on day .
R edd,T uesday .
S z erda,Wedn esday .
Csiit6rt6k, T hur sday .
P én tek,F r iday .
Szom bat,Saturday .
Id6,tim e .
Evsz ak,season .
T avasz,sp r ing .
Nyar , summ er .
O"SZ
,autm n n .
T el,win ter .
Ev,esz ten d6
, year .
SZ6k6-év,leap
-
year .
S zaz ad,cen tury .
H et,week.
N ap , day .
O'r a
,hour .
Bel6ra,half-a n -hour .
Negyed 6r a , quar ter -afloahour .
P er c z,m i n ute .
P illan at,m om en t.
R eg , r eggel, m or n ing .
Dél,n oon .
Dél-utan,after n oon .
E ste,even i ng .
A lkon y, dusk.
Ej, éj-szaka , n ight.
Ejfél, m idn ight.
H ajn al, daybr eak.
N ap-lem en et
,sun set.
Nap-kelet
,sun r ise .
KeZdet,the beg in n ing .
K6Zép , m iddle .
Veg , en d.
VOCABULARY . 121
M on ths . Csata,battle .
(H 6n apok .) T abor,c am p .
Jan uar *,Jan uary . Csata-ren d
,ba ttle-a r r ay .
F ebruar,F ebr uary . Gyalog ,foot-soldier .
M artius,M ar ch . L ovas
,hor sem an .
A p r il, Ap r i l. G yalogsag , i nfan try .
M ajus,M ay . L ovassag , cava lry .
Ju'
n ius,Jun e . Kard
,swor d .
P uska, gun .
A ugustus, A ugust . Szur on y, bay on et .
Septem ber , Sep tember . T ilzer,ar ti llerym an .
O c tober,October . T ii Zér ség , ar ti llery .
Novem ber,N ovem ber . A
’
gyIi , can n on .
Dec em ber,D ecem ber . Ilteg,battery .
T am adas,a ttack .
M i li tary E xp r essi on s .
Védelem,defen c e .
(K aton ai K ifejez ések .) San ez,tr en ch .
Ser eg , army . E l6'-6r s
,out-guar d .
H ad,war . Os
'
trom,siege .
Katon a,m i litia . T orlasz
,ba/r r icade .
K aton asag, mi li ta ry . V ivn i , tofight .
K6Z-em ber , soldier . L 6n i,to shoot.
T iz edes,corp or a l. T 6r z s , stafi
O"rm ester
,sergea n t . T 6r ZS tisz t, staf f-oj i c er .
Zész l6 tart6, stan dard-bea r er , T abor -li ar , gen er ality .
Seged-‘
tisz t,aide-de-camp .
H adn agy, lieuten an t . U tasz, p ion eer .
SZaz ados,c ap ta in . H idasz , p on ton eer .
O"rn agy, m ayor . A rkasz
,m in er
,supp er .
E z redes,colon el. L6
’
sz er,amm im i tion .
T aborn ok, gen era l. L 6
’-
por , gun p owder .
T éborn agy , m d r sha l. G oly6, ball.
Som e wr i ter s use, in stead ofJa nuam,F ebr uar ,
etc . ,elb
’
ho, m a sodho,
ha rma dho'
,etc .
122 voeA R U L A R Y
li opp c n tyu , r ocket .
Vexé n yle n i , to com ma n d .
Ve z ér,leader .
d ez é r,comm a n der -ia -c hicy
‘fi
P a ran c suok,comm an der .
F6hadi sz zillzis,head-quar ter s .
SZI'
Iz ad,comp a ny .
ZdSZl6-alj, battalion .
E z red,r eg im en t.
H ad-test,a rmy
-c orp s .
E 16-c sapat , advan ced-gua r d .
U t6-c sapat , r ear -gua r d .
G y6z elem ,victory .
Chr istia n N am es .
(Kereszt Nevek .)
Zseli,A n gela , A ngela .
A dolph , A dolp hus .
A'
gn es , Ag n es .
San dor,A lexan der .
A m alia,M ali
,A m elia .
E n dre,A n dr ew.
Nin a,A n n .
A n tal,A n thony .
T 6n i,A n ton ia .
A goston ,A ug ustus .
A lbert , B ar tholom ew.
Berta , B er tha .
B iri,Borbala
,B ar bar a .
Bén i,B en .
Blan ka,B lan che .
Ba ldz s , B la ise .
Rdbert , R ober t .
Ka roly,Char les .
Sa r o lta,Cha r lo tte .
Kr istof,Chr istop her .
Klar i,Clar a .
Kati,Cather in e .
SZilzi rd, Con stan ce .
Dan i,Dan iel, D an iel .
Davi d, D avid .
Den es,D ionysius .
E de,E dward.
E r zsi , E li z abeth .
hI ili,E m ilia
,E m i ly .
Im r e,E m er i c .
E rn 6,E r n est.
Jen d,E ugen e .
Zsen i,E ugen ia .
E m m a,E mm a .
F an i,F r a n ces .
F er en c z , F r a n c is .
F r igyes, F r eder i ck .
G y6rgy, G eorge .
Gergely, G r egory.
Guid6,G uy .
H en r ik, H en ry .
H elen ,H elen a .
Isabella , I sabel.A n n a , Ja n e .
Jan os,John .
Jakob,Jam es .
Josef,Josep h .
Josefin a , Josep hi n e .
Juli,Julia .
G yula , Julius .
Kalm an,Col man .
Lajos,L ewis .
KOL T E M EN YE K.
SZO'ZA T .
H a zadn ak ren diiletlen ii'l
L égy hive , oh M agyar ;
E 6les6d M’s m ajdan sirod is
M ely apol’s eltakar .
A n agy vilagon e kiV Ii’l
Nin c sen szam odr a hely ,
A'ldjon vagy verjen sor s kezeItt éln ed haluod kell .
EZ a fold, m elyen an n yi sz or
A paid vere folyt ;E Z
,m elyheZ m in den szen t n evetE gy ez red-év c satolt .
I tt kuZdten ek hon ért a bds
A'rpadn ak bada i ,
I tt t6rtek 6sz ve r abigat
H un yadn ak karja i .
Szabadsag ! itten hordoZakV eres Zzi sz l6idat
,
’S elhfilta n ak legjobbja in kA hosz szuba rez alatt .
P OE T R Y .
A N A P P E A L
Be true to the lan d of thy birth ,
Son of the M agyar r a c e
I t n our ish’d,n ur sed
,an d soon its ear th
Will be thy r estin g-
pla c e .
What though the world is very wideN0 lan d with thin e c an vie
Com e weal or woe on fortun e s tide,
H ere m ust then live an d die .
B ehold the dear,the hallow
’d soi l
,
On wh i ch our father s bled ;L o ! her e ten c en tur ies of toil
H ave boun d the m ighty dead.
T he foem en’s r an ks our heroes br oke
OfA rp ad’s m ar tial ban d ;
A n d H un iad’s arm s fr om slavery
’s yoke
On c e fr eed our F atherlan d.
H ere did thy flag , 0 F r eedom ,swell
,
A n d r ed o’er battle wave
I n lon g an d deadly fight her e fellT he bravest of the brave .
120 PO E TRY .
Es a n n yi balsz er en c se ko z t
(11y sok viSZaly utzin
M eg fogyva bar , de t6rve n em,
E 1 n em z et e haZan .
’S n épek ha z aja , n agy vilag !
H OZZad batr an kialtEgy ez r ed-évi sz en vedés
Ker éltet vagy halalt 1”
A Z n em lehet,hogy an n yi sz iv
H iaba on ta vert,
’S keservben an n yi hIi
’kebel
Sz akad m eg a hon ért .
A Z n em lehet,hogy éSZ , er6
’
E s an n yi szen t akaratH iaba sorvadoz z an ak
E gy atok suly alatt .
M eg j6n i kell , m eg j6ui fogE gy jobb kor , m ely utan
Buz g6 im zidsag ep edeZ ,
SZaZ ez r ek ajakan .
V agy j6n i fog , ha j6n i kell,A n agy sz er li
'halal
,
l-Iol a tem etkez és f6l6tt
E gy or szag vérben all ;
’S a sirt hol n em z et sii lyed el
,
N épek vesz ik k6r ii l,
’S m . em ber m i11161n ak
S z em ébc n gyzi szk6n y ul.
PO E TRY .
L égy hive ren duletlenu'l
H a ZIidn ak,011 M agya r
'
E Z éltetdd’s l1a elbukal
ll an tjaval eZ takar .
A n agy vilzigon e kivi il
N in c sen szam odra helyA'
ldjon vagy verjen sor s kezeI tt éln ed haln od kell.
VO R OSM A R T Y .
H A L AL OM .
H a a Z Isten ekkép SZ6ln a hOZZam
F iam,eu n eked m egen gedem ,
H ogy ugy halj m eg , m in t m agadn ak tetSZik,
E rr e ker n ém akkor I sten em
L egyen 6SZ , de sz ép , sz elid, derult dsZ ,Sarga lom bon fen yes n ap sugar ;
Sarga lom b k6z t z en gje végdalat egy,
A tava sz t61 elm aradt m adar .
’S valam in t a Z 6SZi term ész etre
,
A halail j6n ész revétlen iilE n r eam l s Igy JOJon c sak akkor
Vegyem ész r e,ha m ellettem iil .
E kkor , m in t a lom bon a m adarka
Zen gjem én is c l végdalom at ;
Buv68 ha n gon m ely le a sz ivekn ek
F en ekére s’16 ] a z egbe hat .
POETRY . 12
T rue to thy lan d with steadfa st fa ithE ver then
,M agyar , be !
I n life it n our i shed thee— in death
I ts tur f will c over thee .
What though the world is very wi de ,NO lan d wi th thin e c an vie
Com e weal or woe on fortun e S tide ,
H ere m ust thou live an d die .
W . JA R R E A Y .
M Y DE A T H *
If the L ord from heaven H isvoi c e would utterH ark
,m y son I pr offer n ow to thee
Choose thy death , an d death Shall do thy biddi n g !”
T his m y on ly pr ayer to G od would be :
Be it autum n — c lear an d lovely autum n
Y ellow leaf lit up by sun n y r ayL et there sin g its p artin g lay a r obin
,
L eft behi n d by the dep arted M ay .
When the destin ed hour ar r ives to Nature,
Death on A utum n steals with n oiseless p a c e ;
SO may Death un seen,un felt
,approach m e
,
Shr ouded,till his br eath has touch
’d m y fa c e .
L ike the bird then warblin g on the br an c hes,
L et m e c han t a lay before I die ;Notes wh ich sear c h
,an d fill the heart
’s rec esses
Notes whi ch soar an d strike the lofty sky .
This tran slation is taken from the hi ghly in terestin g work en titledTales an d Tr adi tion s ofH un gary , by F ran c is an d Theresa P ulszky .
’
K
130 POETRY .
Es l1a vége a va r zi z sén ekn ek
Ajka im at egy c s6k Zarja beA te c s6kod
,S Z6
'ke sz ép lean y, te
F 6ldi lén yek legdi c s6bbike !
De ha eZt n em en gedn é a Z Isten,
Kern ém akkor,hogy tavasz legyen ,
H ar c z tava sz a hol r6z s'c'1k terem n ek
,
V eres r6ZSak,férfi kebleken .
’S lelkesitve z en gjen ek a har c z ok
Csalogan ya i , a trom bitak .
Ott legyek,’s M 611 sz ivem b6l sz in te
N 6j6n egy halalos vérvi rag .
’S ha leddlok ekkor par ipam r6l
Ajkairn at egy c s6k Zarja be,A te c s6kod te sz ép szabadsag , teEgi lén yek 1egdic s6bbike
T A L P R A,M A GYA R .
T alp ra , M agyar ! hi a haza !I tt a Z id6
'
,m ost vagy soha !
R abok legyii n k vagy sz abadok,
E Z a kérdés valasz sz atok !
A m agyarok isten ér e eskii szun k,
R abok tovabb n em lesz ii n k .
P ET6EI .
132 POETRY .
R abok voltun k m ostan a lg ;
K z'
u‘hoz ottak osapain k,
K ik sz abadon eltok haltak,
Sz olga foldon n em n yughatn ak.
A m agya rok isten ére eskii sz ii n k,
R abok tovabb n em lesz ii n k .
F én yesebb a lan c z n al a kard,
Jobban ékesiti a kart ?
E s m i m eg is lan c z ot hordun k
Ide vele r égi kar dunk '
A m agyar ok isten ére eskuszun k,
R abok tovabb n em lesz ii n k .
A m agya r n ev fén yesebb leszM eltor égi n agy hir éhez ,
’S m it ré ken tek a szaz adok
L em ossuk a gyalaz atot .
A m agyarok isten ér e eskii szun k,
R abok tovabb n em lesz ii n k .
H ol sirjain k dom boru'ln ak
,
U n okaink leboru'ln ak
,
E s aldoim adsag m ellett
M on djak el szen t n evein ket .
A m agyarok isten ér e eskii sz iin k,
R abok tovabb n em lesz ii n k .
P E Td’F L
P OE T R Y . 133
Our father s’prayer for freedom was den ied,
H opeless they bor e the base r ep roach of slaves
F or fr eedom lived they, an d for freedom died,
T heir m em ory c alls for freedom fr om their graves .
By the great G od of-H un gary we swear,
T he yoke of slaves we will n o lon ger bear !
G leam s n ot the sword m ore br ightly than the c hain,
A n obler or n am en t to deck the han d ?We have bor n e our sham e —shall freedom c all in vain
T o un sheath the sword,an d save our fatherlan d ?
By the great G od of H tm gary we swear,
T he yoke of slaves we will n o lon ger bear !
A gain shall H un gary c laim her an c ien t fam e,
On c e m or e ari se a n ation pr oud an d free,
Blot out her sham e,an d vin di c ate her n am e
,
L an d of the fr ee— the home of liberty !
By the great G od ofH un gary we swear ,“
T he yoke of slaves we will n o lon ger bear !
U pon our gr aves shall dawn a br ighter sun ;
Our children rise to bless their n atal earth ;
H ere sha ll they kn eel, an d, when our c our se i s run ,
Bless the fair lan d that gave them a free bir th .
By the gr eat G od ofH un gary we swear ,
T he yoke of slaves we will n o lon ger bear !
J. E . T AYLOR .
134 POETRY .
DA L A IM .
E lm eren gek gon dolkodva gyakran ,
’S n em tudom hogy m i gon dolatom
A'tr ep lilOk hosszaban ha zam on
,
A t a fOldOn a z egész vi lagon .
Dalaim,m ik illyen kor ter em n ek
,
H oldsugar i abran dos lelkem n ek .
A helyett, hogy abran dokn ak elekT an jobb voln a éln em a jOvO
’n ek
,
’S gon doskodn om
— eh,m ert gon doskodn am
JO a z Isten,m ajd gon dot visel ram .
Dala im,m ik illyen kor teren m ek
,
P illan gOi kOn yelmu'lelkem n ek .
H a sz ép lan n yal van talalkozasom
G on dom at m eg m élyebb sirba asom,
’S m elyen n éz ek a sz ép lan y
’sz em ébe ,
M in t'
a c sillag c sen des tovi z ébe .
Dala im,m ik illyenkor ter em n ek
VadrOz sai sz erelm es lelkem n ek.
Sz eret a lan y ? isz om orom em ben
Nem sz eret —kell in n i keservem ben ,
’S hol pohar és a poharban bor van ,
T arka jokedv sz iiletik m eg ottan .
Dala im m ik illyen kor ter em n ek,
S z ivarva n yi m am oros lelkem n ek .
O'
h,de m ig a pohar van kez em ben ,
Nem z etekn ek keze va n bili n c sen ;’S a m illyen vig a pohar c sen gése ,
Dllya n bus a rabbilin c s’c sOrgése .
136 POET R Y .
Dala im,m ik illyen kor terem n ek
F ellegei bz'
ulatos lelkem n ek .
De m it t li'r a sz olga sagn ak n épe
M er t n em kel fOl,hogy lan c zat letépje
A rr a var hogy l sten kegyelm ébOl
A z t a roz sda ragja le kez érO’l ?
Da la im,m ik i llyen kor terem n ek
,
V illam lasi ha ragos lelkem n ek .
P E TO’E I .
KOSSU T H .
H arom szaz évig vart rad n em z eted,
N em reg jOvél,’s tObb szaz ad életed.
A tyad a n ep volt,n evelO
’d a vész
,
Vész karja a legjobb bar ati kez .
V er es pallos fugg alm a id felett,
De egy n em z et ki O'r zi éltedet .
SzOn ok,kité
'l a z sar n ok vere fagy
R aké c zy égbOl kitOrt lelke vagy .
H ullam,m it a vérten ger felvetett
H ogy elm eri c sd,vagy vidd fel n épedet .
M i a szabadsag ? Isten sz ép ege ,’S lelked e kin yilt egn ek gyerm eke .
Borton be lattad elso"sug a rat
R abtar sul ott talaltad a ba zat .
’S C ket rub-tostvé r sz on vc désc n agy
S ok sz é z ados fajda lm ak a lka vagy .
POETRY . 137
T he son gs whi c h in such m om en ts bud,
A r e son gs ofm y'
gr ief-blin ded c loudy soul.
But wherefor e do the en slaved en dure,
N or sn ap their chain,upstar tin g
Or wa it they, till, by gra c e of G od,
T he rust a sun der gn aw it ?
T he son gs whi ch in such m om en ts bud,
son gs of m y in fren z ied thun der-soul .
F . W . NEWM AN .
T O KOSSU T H .
T hr ee hun dr ed year s for thee thy n ation wa ited
N ot lon g ar r ived,lon g ages hast thou lived.
T hy sir e the P eople was , thy tr ain er Dan ger ,
A n d Dan ger’s arm thy best fr atern al han d .
Over thy sleep a bloody dagger han geth ,
But o’er thy life a watch in g n ation ben ds .
R akoc zy’s soul art thou
,from heaven desc en ded ;
An eloquen t voic e , wh ic h fr eezes tyran ts’vein s .
T hou art a wave,toss
’d up
'
by gory surges ,
Doom’d or to sin k
,or r aise thy people high ;
Who di e to live in G od’s exp an se of F r eedom,
Wher e walks thy soul a child of open’d heav
’n .
I n p r ison thou a fellow-
p r ison er foun destOur F atherlan d ; yet F reedom
’s glim p ses ther e
Dawn’d on you both . A h
,deep your m utual sor row !
T hou ar t the lip of livelon g ages’
pan gs .
138 PO E TRY .
Besz élj besz élj e n em z et téged ért ,
A d életet,vert
,m in den han godért .
E lO're LijWashin gton ! ex n eved
Vidd a szabad vilagba n em z eted.
Kez edben van m in den n ep zasz laja ,U tan ad m egy m in t arn yad a ha za
,
T Ord Osz sz e a z sarn oksag lan c z ait,
E m eld fel a n ép ek szen t tr6njait .
T erem ts egy uJkort , u] bazat n ekun k ;T e ben n ed lesz halhatlan n em z eti
’
mk,
H a lesz egy n ap , hol m illi o sz em ek
M in t egy sz ivbél eg k n n yet ejten ek.
H a lesz egy sir,hol r em én yt n em lolun k
—H isz életed OrOkké kell n ekiin k
E mléked egy hazan ak fén ye lesz ,Soka m on djak : Kossuthn ak lelke ez .
A P OT H E OSIS .
N yugosz n ak O'k,a hO
'sfiak
Du'
lo c satak utanNyugosz n ak O
'k,sirjuk felett
ZOldell bokor,viran y .
Zoldell bokor,z oldell viran y,
M ert vérOk On tOz é,
Es hala kOn yek hullta n akA z ég ha rm at k é .
H O P O E TRY .
Csa tayok n em volt p zi rtc sata ,
’S zibrfmdos kép z elet ,
M elly dul alkotn i vara it
A k r om las felett ;
M ely poklok m élyibO’l idé z
Viszalyok an gyalat ,
H ogy vér sz in n el bor itsa be
A beke hajn alat
H ogy n yom dokan lan gvész , gyilok,
R ablas pusz titsan ak,’S a szaz ad sz ebb r em én yei
Sir okba hulljan ak.
Csatajok a védelm ez ett
Népjog c sataja volt,
M ellyet szen t jog , és szen t kotesE llen
,z sarn ok tiport .
Keblokben a koz érdekek
Sz erelm e lan gola ,Karjokba tisz ta honfltu
'z
Sz ablyaja villoga .
V ad kén yt z sarn ok par an c sokat
L an c z ot n em tu'rten ek ;
’S szabadsag , te sz ép egi lén y,
Erted vér z etten ek.
Vér z ettek és elhulltak O'k,
De gyO’
z edelm esen,
T c ttOk sugara atragyogl dO
'n en yész eten .
POETRY . 141
T hey fought— but n ot in par ty str ifeOr at Am bition
’s c all
,
T o r a ise the p alac e of the proud
U pon a n ation’s fall.
T heir s wa s n o r eckless dem on str ife,
Wher e hum an feelin gs c ease,When fien ds Ofwar with bloody han ds
Defac e the form of P ea c e .
T heir fight was wi th n o ruthless aim,
By fir e an d sword to tr ac e
T he progr ess of their c on quer in g m ar ch,
An d T im e’s best hope efl’
a c e .
T hey fought for liberty an d r ight,
T heir c oun try’s sa c red c ause
,
T o stem the opp r essin g tyr an t’s m ight
F or justic e and their laws .
On e c omm on sp ir it their c our age fired,
T heir c oun try’s c om m on weal ;
T his sp irit n erved the p atr iot’s arm
l is r a ised the p atr iot’s zeal.
T o despot’s will or tyr an t ruleT hey c ould n ot bow the head ;
L iberty, fair form of heaven !
F or thee they fought an d bled.
T hey bled an d yielded up their s ouls,
Still c on quer in g in the fight ;
A n d in all tim e their c hivalry
Will shin e with lustre br ight .
142 POETRY .
Di c sO'ség baJviragai
VérOkbO'l term en ek
,
’S sirjukbOl n agy vilagba at
H ir sz ellO'k len gen ek.
M arvan y osz lopr a tettoket ,
OrOk betli'ivel
A tOrtén et kom oly sz avu'
M uz séja vesi fel.
M in t vittan ak,m in t estek el
Szabadsag har c z ain ,
Besz éli a van dor r ege
U tOdok ajkain .
K iket m eg kim élt a halal,A férfi bajn okok,
Vagyon talan fOldOn futOk
H a zatlan van dorok .
H a z aJok m ost bu'stem etO
'
Népetlen pusz tasag ,P alotak és faluk helyenFu'n o's fen yér vir ag .
R oppan t z ajon govarosokU
’
tc zain halgatas,
Sap adt n o'k ar c zan siralom
,
B an at,sz ivsz aggatas.
R om ok koz ott erO'tlen agg
A pak léz en gen ek,K ik egy jOvO
'sz ebb kor felO
'l,
Kétségbe esten ek .
14! P O E TRY .
T i gyasz ld m ik, O'sz ult apzik,
G yzim ta la n m ag z atok
E lgaz lott hon otok felett
S z ti’njOn sira lm atok.
E’
porba om lott sz ép ha zalf’
el fog viru'
ln i m eg ;
Va n biroa felhO'k felett,
Al l a villai n os ég .
A z ész m in den hatotuz e
T am ad fel ellen e,
’S a zsoldos sz ablyak ez rein
G vO’z a kor sz ellem e .
E’sir i gyasz olas orom
H an gokka valtoz ik
Keresz tu'l dOrgi a ha zat
KelettO’l n yu
'
gotig .
’S hol legtobb hon fivér lep eA har c z i sikokat :
A n ep szabadsag ott ten yész t
L egsz ebb viragOkat .
BAJZA .
I I
BU CSU .
I sten veled,ha zam
,batr ak ha z aJa
I sten veled,te volgy ti zOld hegyek !
G yerm ek rem én yim’s ban a tim ta n yaj a ,
Isten veled,én m esz sz e elm egyek ;
POETRY .
Y e M agyar daughter s , c ease to m our n !
Y e old m en,weep n o m or e !
Y e orphan’d children
,dry your tear s
A tim e is still in store
When,r ousin g from the dust our son s
,
T he Judge who rules the skies,
With thun der in g c om m an d shall bid
Our lan d to fr eedom r ise .
T he c on quer in g power s ofm in d will then,
Bur stin g fr om hated thr all,
Our tyr an ts c rush ; for hir elin g swor ds
F rom n erveless arm s shall fall .
T he tom b-like m ourn in g will be chan ged
In to the joyful son g ;An d the far fron tier s of the lan d
T he ec hou
still prolong
U pon our c oun try’s m ighty plain s ,
Wher e truest blood was shed,
T he tear s of freedom n our ishin g
T he sweetest flower s ar e spr ead.
FA R EWE L L
M y lan d, far ewell ! ye p eople brave ,Y e verdan t hills an d dales of hom e
,
Wher e gr ief an d joy dear ch ildhood gave ,
F ar ewell ! away far m ust I roam .
145
146 POETRY .
H a vissz a térek boldogu'lva , hon ,
H add lassam n épem et viran yidon .
Nem,m in t H elvetia hOtakart tetO’i
,
Nem n yu'ln ak Oly m agasr a bér c z eid,
’S tan sz ebbek a P roven c e daltelt m ez oi .
M in t zOld kalasz t hullam zotér eid,
Vir ag m it ér , m it ér a ber ez n ekem ?H azat kivan , hazaért ver szivem .
A z ég egy kin c set ad m in den ha zan ak ,
’S a n em z et biven O
'r zi birtokat ;
Osaszar rOl sz él a F ran c z ia fian ak ;
B ii szkén m utatja R Om a Ofalat ;H ellasz n ak kin c se egy elom lor om
T ied hazam,egy sz en telt fajdalom .
H algatva all R akosn ak szen t hatar a,
A h r égen halgat im m ar a m agyar !’S a z O
'sek elen yész ett n yom dokar a
A z esti u'
jv én yt takar ;
H algatva all a tér , sz ivii n k sz oru'l
’S egy kOn y besz él ha zan k n agysagiru
'l.
’S egy kon y BudérOl, m ely
’m agas tetO
’
jén ,
SOtéten all egy blis em lékez et,
Nagy sirkOve hazam n ak tem etO’
jén’S Ta irva m in d m i vele elvesz ett ;
R egen sz ét dOn té a z ido'falat
KOvén m eg latn i a c satak n yom at
PO E T R Y .
’S m Og all M oln i c s m Og :i ll ! m agasbra
A z Lijbur zi z dzin s r ég i hO'sOkOn
Kalzisz a i,e rOt ad a i n e zO
'n ek
Bzir rég lofolyt a férfi vOroz on .
N in c s kO'ha tzir zin n in es K l ill halom
,
DO all a tOr’s n em vés z a fajdalom .
’S n em veszhet c l m ig a z ezust Dun an ak
H o . f o
Nagy tukor en egy hon fi sz em p ihen ,
’S m agya r lakik a p arton
’s a ha zan ak
Csak egy r om latlan gyer meke lesz en ;
Buda,—M ohac s
,
—N an dorn al olfutO
T an hon om kOn ye vagy te n agy folyO?
’S Oh én sz eretlek n ém a ban atodban
,
H azam sz eretlek kOn yeid k Ott,
EgO’n sz er etlek Oz vegy fatyolodban
Nehéz kererved m elybe OltOzOtt
Bawn m osolygsz m er t bar sor sod kem en y,El m eg a sir felett is egy r em én y .
E s m ost I sten veled,talan sokar a
OrOkre tan,hazam I sten veled !
R eg eltii n t ism er t bér c z eid kék hatar a’S tovabb siet van dorlO gyerm eked .
11a vissz a té rek boldog i’
i lva,hon
,
H add lassam n épem et viran yi don .
B . E OT vos JOSE P .
POETRY . 149
A n d there M ohac s un c han ged, save
T hat golden c orn waves o’er the field
On c e wet by life-blood from the brave,
G ivin g the soil n ew str en gth to yi eld .
No m on um en t n o Kun ish * heap,
But still the soil,an d sor r ow deep .
T hat gr ief wi ll p er ish n ot,whi le on e
F on d eye m ay gaze on Dun a’s i
‘
tide,
An d whilst an un c or rupted son
Doth in hi s fatherlan d abide .
By P esth , M oha c s,an d Nan dor n ear
,
A rt n ot, g r eat stream ,
m y c oun try’s tear i
M y lan d, I love thy weepin g m ood,
I dear ly love thee i n thy tear s ;
Though garb of lon ely widowhood
SO sadly hath veil’d thee for year s
T hy sm iles ar e Wi tchin g ;4— sp ite of doom
Sweet hope will hover o’er the tom b .
An d n ow,m y lan d, on c e m ore adi eu !
I t m ay be lon g , p erhap s for aye ;T he hills n ow fade in ether blue ;
T hy wan der in g son m ust haste away .
M ay still m y people roam the plain ,
If e’er m y lan d I see again !
W . J.
T he Kun s Were a n ea ster n tr ibe,who en tered H un gary later tha n
the Magya r s . They fell in im m en se n um ber s in the H un ga r ian wa r s ,
a n d m a n y m oun ds on the pla in m a rked the pla c es Of their sepulchr e .
T T he H un ga r ia n n am e of the Da n ube .
3: Three of the c h ief ba ttle-grou nds in the Turk ish wa r s of H un g a ry .