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Write a response to the following statement.

5 minutes – 5 points

Please define: the mind the brain.

How they are similar or different?

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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

What is behavior ?– Anything an organism does - anything that can be observed

What are mental processes? – the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings)

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4

Socrates (469-399 B.C.)Plato (428-348 B.C.)

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Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.

Socrates and Plato used logic to come to their findings.

LOGIC – the science that investigates the principles of governing correct or reliable inferences

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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

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Aristotle, Plato’s student, suggested that the soul is not separable from the

body and that knowledge (ideas)

grow from experience.

Used careful observationsFrom observing people, Aristotle believed that knowledge is not preexisting; instead, it grows from the experiences stored in our memories.

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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

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Descartes, like Socrates and Plato,

believed in soul (mind)-body

separation, but wondered how the

immaterial mind and physical body

communicated.

The mind and body must communicate – when you put your hand in the fire, your mind feels the pain

How? - According to Descartes, there are “animal spirits” that travel. These spirits travel through hollow nerves from the brain to muscles, creating experiences and memories – known as reflexes 10

Study Figure 1 on pg 10 (Three Main Levels of Analysis) aka – Bio-Psycho-Social approach – be prepared to analyze a behavior or mental process using this approach

Example - anger

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John Locke (1632-1704)

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Locke held that the mind was a tabula

rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and

experiences wrote on it.

Think – Pair – Share Think about the questionPair up with a partnerShare out with the class when called

Who were the early people we studied in psychology and what did they believe?

Locke’s beliefs helped form modern empiricism (knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation)

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Monism – the belief that the mind and body are separate, different aspects of the same thing – Exist independently of each other

Dualism – the presumption that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact – exist in concert with each other

Mind – what the brain does Brain – the physical component of the

head

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Place your BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL homework on your desk to be checked for completion.

We are going to check your work together, as a class. After reviewing, if you are missing a component of the BIO-PSYCH-SOCIAL approach, add it to your chart.

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Wundt and Titchener

studied the elements

(atoms) of the mind by

conducting experiments at

Leipzig, Germany, in

1879.

Wundt (1832-1920) Titchner (1867-1927)

Wundt and his student Titchner focused on the elements of mind, and studied it by using introspection (self-reflection).

Introspection – asking people to look inside themselves and share their beliefs, feelings, etc…

Problems with introspection – people have to be honest and straightforward

Functionalism

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Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed

structuralism.

William James (1842-1910) Mary Calkins

James suggested that it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings than simply studying the elements of mind. Based on the theory of evolution, he suggested that the function of these thoughts and feelings was adaptive.

James admitted the first woman student Mary Calkins to Harvard and tutored her. Despite his efforts she was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard.

The Unconscious Mind

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Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human

behavior.

Freud (1856-1939)

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Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt

behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.

Watso

n (1

878-1

958

)

Skin

ner (1

904-1

990

)

Behaviorism

Humanistic Psychology

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Maslow and Rogers emphasized current

environmental influences on our growth potential and our

need for love and acceptance.

Masl

ow

(1908-

197

0)

Rog

ers

(19

02-1

987

)

What does Nature vs. Nurture

mean to you?

Nature versus Nurture

NatureWhat we are born

with – Genes, heredity, etc…

NurtureHow we are raised –

our surroundings, environment, etc…26

Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Darw

in (

18

09-1

882)

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Bio-psycho-social approach considers the influence of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors on behavior. Each approach provides an incomplete explanation of behaviors.

GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONGENETIC MUTATIONSNATURAL SELECTION OF ADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORS

GENES RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT

LEARNED FEARS AND OTHER LEARNED EXPECTATIONS

EMOTIONAL RESPONSESCOGINITIVE PROCESS AND PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATIONS

PRESENCES OF OTHERSCULTURAL, SOCIETAL, AND FAMILY EXPECTATIONS

PEER AND OTHER GROUP INFLUENCES

COMPELLING MODELS

Bell Ringer – Think-Pair-Share

With a partner, take turns coming up with the type of questions a psychologist might ask when doing their job.

Example – How does that make you feel?

Different psychologist specialize in different areas. Following are the current perspective, their focus, and sample questions that help describe each perspective.

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Focus:How the body and brain enables

emotions

Questions:How are messages transmitted in the body?

How is blood chemistry linked with mood and motives?

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Focus:How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?

Questions:How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

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Focus:How much our genes and our

environments influence our individual differences?

Questions:To what extent are psychological traits

such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes?

To our environment?35

Focus:How behavior springs from

unconscious drives and conflicts?Questions:How can someone’s personality

traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? 36

Focus:How we learn observable

responses?

Questions:How do we learn to fear

particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to

alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? 37

Focus:How we encode, process, store and retrieve information?

Questions:How do we use information in remembering?

Reasoning? Problem solving?

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Focus:How behavior and thinking vary

across situations and cultures?

Questions:How are we — as Africans, Asians,

Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family?

As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

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Test your knowledge – what perspective is described1. Someone working from the

_____________ perspective might study how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors’ genes.

answer – Evolutionary Perspective

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described2. Someone working from the

____________ perspective might study the facial expressions and body gestures that accompany anger, or might attempt to determine which external stimuli results in angry responses or aggressive acts.

answer - behavioral

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described3. Someone working on the ________ perspective might study how our interpretation of a situation affects our anger and how our anger affects our thinking.

answer - Cognitive

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described4. Someone working from the

___________ perspective might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility.

answer - Psychodynamic

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described5. Someone working on the

___________ perspective might explore which situations produce the most anger, and how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts.

answer – Social-Cultural

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described6. Someone working from the __________ perspective might study the brain circuits that produce the physical state of being “red in the face” and “hot under the collar.”

answer - Neuroscience

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described7. Someone working from the

_____________ perspective might study how heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament.

answer – Behavior Genetics Perspective

Bell ringer – Which isn’t a psychologist?a. A white-coated scientist probing a rat’s brain.b. An intelligence research measuring how

quickly an infant becomes bored with a familiar picture.

c. An executive evaluating a new “health life-style” training program for employees.

d. Someone at a computer keyboard analyzing data on whether adopted teens’ temperaments more closely resemble those of their adoptive parents or those of their biological parents.

e. A therapist listening carefully to a client’s depressed thoughts.

f. A traveler en route to another culture to collect data on variations in human values and behaviors

g. A teacher or writer sharing the joy of psychology with others

Answer

ALL OF THEM REPRESENT A

PSYCHOLOGIST

Types of psychologist

Basic Research

To build psychology’s knowledge

base

Applied Research

Aims to solve a practical problem

Psychologist What they do

BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.

Developmental

Study changing abilities from womb to tomb.

CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.

PersonalityInvestigate our persistent

traits.

SocialExplore how we view and affect one another. 50

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Data: APA 1997

Psychologist What they do

ClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

CounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.

EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settings

Industrial/Organizationa

l

Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

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Data: APA 1997

A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled

people with psychotherapy.

Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use

treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat

psychologically diseased patients.54

Who Am I?

1. I meet regularly with a person suffering with bi-polar disorder. I evaluate them and offer treatment in the form of therapy and medication.

Answer – Clinical Psychologist

Who Am I?

2. I work at a university where I meet with students to discuss with them how they learn and develop as a student. My research also includes meeting with grade-school children.

Answers – Educational Psychologist

Who Am I?

3. I am a medical doctor that treats the mind. I can prescribe medication to my patients.

Answer - Psychiatrist

Who Am I?

4.I am a psychologist that consults with large corporations on how they can become more productive by providing motivation and incentives to their workers.

Answer – Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

Who Am I?

5.I lend an ear to people when they feel overwhelmed. I often discuss martial problems, academic problems, and social problems with my clients. The type of treatment I offer my clients is mostly being an ear and offering support.

Answer – Counseling Psychologist

Who Am I?

6.I am a psychologist with a Ph.D. I treat my patients with psychotherapy.

Answer – Clinical Psychologist

How much do they make?Salaries for Various Psychology Jobs Career Counselor: $46,000 Clinical Psychologist: $63,000 Counselor: $47,530 Health Psychologist: $40,000 (entry-level)

to $85,000 (advanced-level) Industrial-Organizational Psychologist:

$97,820 Psychiatrist: $144,020 School Counselor: $53,750 School Psychologist: $59,440 Sports Psychologist: $54,000 Substance Abuse Counselor: $59,460

How much school is needed?

Clinical Psychologist: Doctorate Degree in Psychology (4 to 7 years of graduate school)

Industrial-Organizational Psychologist: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school)

Licensed Counselor: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school)

School Psychologist: Varies by state (2 to 3 years of graduate school)

Health Psychologist: Doctorate Degree (4 to 5 years of graduate school)

Sports Psychologist: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school)

School Psychologist: Master's degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school)

Child Psychologist: Doctoral degree (5 to 7 years of graduate school)

Criminal Psychologist: Master's degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school); a doctoral degree is recommended.

Homework – Written response

You have to choose a career in psychology. What type of psychologist would you like to become and why? What educational sacrifices would you have to make?

Write a 1 page response. – 50 points

Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.

Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections

and chapters in entirety. Review: Margin definitions. Study learning

outcomes. Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself

with quizzes.64

Your Study of PsychologySurvey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect

(SQ3R)

People of psychology and what they believed

Schools of psychologyNature vs nurturePerspectives of psychologyTypes of psychologistSQ3R

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