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Form 5 Similar Triangles 1 Similar Triangles Core 3.4.1 Symmetry and Congruency Understand and know when shapes are similar. Understand and use AAA, the common ratio property of sides, and, two common ratios and the included angle to prove similarity of triangles. Appreciate that all congruent shapes are similar but similar shapes are not necessarily congruent. Appreciate that any two circles and any two squares are mathematically similar, whereas, in general, two rectangles are not. Extension (2A) Understand and use the relationship between lengths, areas and volumes of similar shapes. SEC Syllabus (2015): Mathematics Section 1 Proving Similar Triangles Similar Triangles are those figures with the same shape but one is an enlargement of the other. When figures are similar o Corresponding angles are equal o the ratios of all corresponding lengths are equal There are three conditions how to prove that two triangles are similar a) A.A.A. (the three angles of one triangle are equal to the angles of the other triangle) b) R.R.R. (the three pairs of corresponding sides are in the same ratio) c) R.A.R. (two pairs of corresponding sides are in the same ratio and the included angles are also equal) Note: Remember that when two triangles are SIMILAR, one triangle is always LARGER than the other.

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Form  5     Similar  Triangles  

 

1  

Similar  Triangles  

                                                             Core  

3.4.1 Symmetry and Congruency

• Understand and know when shapes are similar.

• Understand and use AAA, the common ratio property of sides, and, two common ratios and the included angle to prove similarity of triangles.

• Appreciate that all congruent shapes are similar but similar shapes are not necessarily congruent.

• Appreciate that any two circles and any two squares

• are mathematically similar, whereas, in general, two rectangles are not.

                                                     Extension  (2A)  

• Understand  and  use  the  relationship  between  lengths,  areas  and  volumes  of  similar  shapes.  

 

SEC  Syllabus  (2015):  Mathematics  

 

Section 1 Proving Similar Triangles

 

• Similar  Triangles  are  those  figures  with  the  same  shape  but  one  is  an  enlargement  of  the  other.  

• When  figures  are  similar    o Corresponding  angles  are  equal  o the  ratios  of  all  corresponding  lengths  are  equal  

 

There  are  three  conditions  how  to  prove  that  two  triangles  are  similar  

a) A.A.A.  (the  three  angles  of  one  triangle  are  equal  to  the  angles  of  the  other  triangle)  b) R.R.R.  (the  three  pairs  of  corresponding  sides  are  in  the  same  ratio)  c) R.A.R.  (two  pairs  of  corresponding  sides  are  in  the  same  ratio  and  the  included  angles  

are  also  equal)  

Note:  Remember  that  when  two  triangles  are  SIMILAR,  one  triangle  is  always  LARGER  than  the  other.  

Form  5     Similar  Triangles  

 

2  

 

Example  1  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In  the  given  diagram  prove  that  triangles  ABC  and  PQR  are  SIMILAR.  

 

To  prove:  Triangles  ABC  and  PQR  are  SIMILAR  

 

Proof:  

∠A  =  ∠P = 30 (given)

∠R = ∠C = 100 (given)

∠Q = ∠B (remaining angles of triangles are equal)

Therefore, triangles ABC, PQR are SIMILAR by A.A.A.

A.A.A. is the most common condition used to prove that two triangles are SIMILAR.

 

 

 

P  

Q  R  

A  

B   C  

100°  

100°  

30°  30°  

Form  5     Similar  Triangles  

 

3  

Example  2  

To  prove:  Triangles  ABC  and  PQR  are  SIMILAR  

 

Proof:    

𝐵𝐶𝑅𝑄

=64=32  

𝐴𝐶𝑃𝑅

=96=32  

𝐴𝐵𝑃𝑄

=128=32  

Therefore,  triangles  ABC  and  PQR  are  SIMILAR  by  R.R.R.  

 

• The  3  pairs  of  corresponding  sides  are  in  the  same  ratio.  • This  ratio  represents  the  SCALE  FACTOR    of  ENLARGEMENT.  

 

Example  3    

To  prove:  Triangles  ABC  and  PQR  are  SIMILAR  

 

Proof:  In  triangles  ABC  and  PQR  

𝐵𝐶𝑅𝑄

=96=32  

𝐴𝐶𝑃𝑅

=1510

=32  

∠  C  =  ∠  R  =  100  (given)  

Therefore  triangles  ABC,  PQR  are  SIMILAR  (R.A.R)  

 

Support  Exercise  Handout  

P  

Q  R  

A  

B   C  

6  8  

4  

6  

9  12  

P  

Q  R  

A  

B   C  

100°  

100°  

10  

15  

6  

9  

Form  5     Similar  Triangles  

 

4  

Section 2 Finding missing sides of similar triangles

 

Considering  triangles  APQ  and  ABC  

Angle  A  (Common)  

Angles  APQ  =  ABC  (Corresponding  angles)  

Angles  AQP  =  ACB  (Corresponding  angles)  

 

Therefore,  triangles  APQ  and  ABC  have  equal  angles  (A.A.A.)  and  hence  they  are  SIMILAR.  

 

Hence,    

𝑎𝑏=𝑐𝑑  

𝑚𝑛=

𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏

=𝑐

𝑐 + 𝑑  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A  

B   C  

P   Q  

a  

b  

c  

d  

m  

n  

Form  5     Similar  Triangles  

 

5  

 

Example  1  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Find  x  and  y:  

Triangles  APQ  and  ABC  are  SIMILAR  as  proved  earlier.  

Finding  x:    

!"!= !

!         (Cross  Multiplication)  

10x  =  12  

x  =  12/10  

x  =  1.2  

 

𝑦15

=10

10 + 2  

!!"= !"

!"       (Cross  Multiplication)  

12y  =  10  ╳  15  

12y  =  150  

y  =  150/12  

y  =  12.5  

 

 

A  

B   C  

P   Q  

10  

2  

6  

x  

y  

15  

Form  5     Similar  Triangles  

 

6  

 

Example  2  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Find  x  and  y:  

 

610

=12𝑥

𝑎!𝑎!

=𝑏!𝑏!

 

6x  =  120  

x  =  120/6  

x  =  20  

 

 

610

=12𝑥

𝑎!𝑎!

=𝑐!𝑐!

 

6y  =  90  

y  =  90/6  

y  =  15  

Support  Exercise  Handout  

12  

6  

9  

10  

x  y  

a1  

a2  

b1  

b2  

c1  

c2  

Form  5     Similar  Triangles  

 

7  

Section 3 Similarity involving areas and volume (2a)

• When  figures  are  similar,  the  ratio  of  their  areas  is  equal  to  the  ratio  of  the  square  of  corresponding  sides.  

• When  solid  objects  are  similar,  the  ratio  of  their  volume  is  equal  to  the  ratio  of  the  cubes  of  corresponding  sides.    

Note:  If  you  are  given  the  ratio  of  the  areas  of  two  similar  figures,  you  have  to  find  the  square  root  to  obtain  the  ratio  of  the  sides.  

Note:  If  you  are  given  the  ratio  of  the  volumes  of  two  similar  objects,  you  have  to  find  the  cubre  root  to  obtain  the  ratio  of  the  sides.  

Example  1:  Triangles  ABC  and  PQR  are  similar,  with  angle  A  =  angle  P  and  angle  C  =  angle  R.  If  AC  =  4cm,  PR  =  3  cm  and  area  of  triangle  PQR  is  4.5cm2,    find  the  area  of  triangle  ABC.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

AC  and  PR  are  corresponding  sides  and  !"!"=   !

!  

Therefore,  !"#!  !"  !"#$%&'(  !"#!!"#  !"  !"#$%&'(  !"#

=   !"!  

Hence,   !!.!=   !"

!  

𝑥 =  16  ×  4.5

9  

x  =  8  

Therefore,  area  of  triangle  ABC  =  8  cm2  

Support  Exercise:  Handout  

4.5  cm2  

3  cm  P  

Q  

R  

x  cm2  

4  cm  A  

B  

C