1 the first industrial revolution
TRANSCRIPT
PowerPoint Presentation
The First Industrial RevolutionBy Jack Garrity
Book pages 578-605
Humanism and the Enlightenment led to scientific discoveries that advanced Europe technologically past the achievements of China, India, and the Ottoman Empires.
During the Industrial Revolution, Europe saw a shift from an economy based on farming and handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machines in factories.
Coal and steam replaced wind and water as new sources of energy and power. Cities grew as people moved from the country to work in factories and a new Industrial Class arose.
The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainIn the 1780s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, then spread to Europe and North America.
Causes, contributions in Great BritainIn England, a domestic market grew for cotton cloth rather than wool.
Causes, contributions in Great BritainThe English perfected scientific agriculture (begun in the Netherlands), which increased food production dramatically.
Causes, contributions in Great BritainNew crops like the potato from the Columbian made food production much easier.
Causes, contributions in Great Britain More people could be fed at lower prices with less labor.
Causes, contributions in Great BritainSuccessful famers could use some of their income to buy cotton and other manufactured goods.
Causes, contributions in Great BritainThe population grew, supplying the new factories with workers.
Causes, contributions in Great BritainBritain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest in the new industrial machines and the factories needed to house them.
An entrepreneur class became important, people interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make money.
Causes, contributions in Great Britain
Britain had the natural resources necessary.
Causes, contributions in Great Britain
Britain also had abundant supplies of coal and iron ore, essential in manufacturing processes.
Causes, contributions in Great Britain
The countrys many rivers provided water power and transporting raw materials and finished products from one place to another..
Causes, contributions in Great Britain
Lastly, Britain's colonies provided markets of finished goods, and cheap supply centers for raw materials.
Causes, contributions in Great Britain
A growing demand for cotton cloth led British manufacturers to begin to look for ways to increase production. Causes, contributions in Great Britain
Traditionally, producing cotton cloth was a two step method.
Changes in Cotton Production
First, spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton. Then, weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms.
Changes in Cotton Production
First, spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton. Then, weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms.
Changes in Cotton Production
These jobs were done by individuals in their rural homesa production method known as cottage industry.
Changes in Cotton Production
Technological advances in the eighteenth century ended these cottage industries.
Changes in Cotton Production
The flying shuttle made weaving faster, increasing the demand for thread from spinners because they could produce cloth at a faster rate.
Changes in Cotton Production
In 1764 James Hargreaves had invented a spinning machine called the spinning jenny, which made thread faster.
Changes in Cotton Production
Next, Edmund Cartwright invented a water-powered loom in 1787.
Changes in Cotton Production
Entrepreneurs built factories near rivers and brought workers into them using all the machines of production.
Changes in Cotton Production
Raw cotton went in one side, and finished cloth came out the other all under one roof.
Changes in Cotton Production
The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainThe cotton industry became even more productive when the steam engine was improved in the 1760s by a Scottish engineer, James Watt.
The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainIn 1782, Watt made changes that enabled the engine to drive machinery.
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Steam power could now be used to spin and weave cotton.
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Soon, cotton mills using steam engines were found all over Britain. Factories built increasing the population density to areas not exclusively on rivers.
The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainFactories could be set up anywhere , as steam engines ran on coal not water movement.
The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainBritish cotton cloth production increased dramatically.
The Coal and Iron Industries The success of the steam engine increased the need for coal and led to an expansion in coal and iron production.
The Coal and Iron Industries Both natural resources that Great Britain had in abundance.
The Coal and Iron Industries In 1780, Henry Cort developed a new process of producing iron called puddling.
The Coal and Iron Industries Coke (from coal) burns away impurities in crude iron (pig iron), producing high quality iron.
The Coal and Iron Industries In 1740, Britain had produced 17,000 tons (15,419 t) of iron. After Corts process came into use in the 1780s, production jumped to nearly 70,000 tons (63,490 t). In 1852, Britain produced almost 3 million tons (2.7 million t)more iron than was produced by the rest of the world combined.
RailroadsHigh quality iron and the steam engine led to the development of railroads.
RailroadsIn 1804, the first steam-powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail-line in Britain. It pulled 10 tons (9 t) of ore and 70 people at 5 miles (8.05 km) per hour.
Railroads Within 20 years, locomotives were able to reach 50 miles (80.5 km) per hour, an incredible speed to passengers.
RailroadsChanged the face of the world, people no longer had to live on major rivers.
RailroadsCreated many new jobs and industries.
Railroads Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods, thus creating larger markets.
RailroadsMore sales meant more factories and more machinery.
RailroadsBusiness owners could reinvest their profits in new equipment, adding to the growth of the economy.
FactoriesFrom its beginning, the factory created a new labor system.
FactoriesFactory owners wanted to use their new machines constantly. So, workers were forced to work in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady rate.
FactoriesEarly rural factory workers were used to periods of hectic work, followed by periods of inactivity (Fall harvest, Winter off).
FactoriesFactory owners and managers trained employees to work regular hours and doing the same work over and over.
FactoriesThe fined and fired adult workers for serious misconduct, especially for being drunk.
Factories Child workers beaten. One early industrialist said that his aim was to make the men into machines that cannot err.
FactoriesHowever, with regular wages, workers became consumers as well.
The Spread of Industrialization Charts
Social ImpactThe Industrial Revolution drastically changed the social life of Europe and the world.
Social ImpactThe growth of cities and rise of two social classes the industrial middle and worker classes.
Elite industrialists and entrepreneurs soon had far more wealth than the old aristocratic families.
Social Impact
Social Impact
Social ImpactFrom 1750 to 1850 the population of UK and Europe almost doubled ( 140-266 million).
Social ImpactThe increase in the food supply, nearly eliminated famine, and better fed people became more resistant to diseases.
Social ImpactFamous exceptions include the Irish Potato Famine.
Social ImpactThe scientific revolution supplied cures for some diseases like small pox.
Social ImpactThe growth in population is directly related to industrialization.
Social Impactin Great Britain and Belgium, cities rapidly grew many industries.
Social ImpactOver 50 percent of the British population lived in towns and cities by 1850.
Social ImpactThe rapid growth of cities led to pitiful horrible living conditions for many workers.
Social ImpactHorrible conditions prompted urban reformers to call on local governments to clean up their cities.
Social ImpactReform movements became big in the second half of the 19th Century.
The Industrial Middle Class The Renaissance and Age of Exploration had seen the rise of commercial capitalism, an economic system based on trade.
Social ImpactThe IR produced industrial capitalism, an economic system based on industrial production.
Social ImpactIndustrial capitalism produced a new middle-class groupthe industrial middle class, factory owners and managers.
Social Impact One manufacturer said, Getting of money . . . is the main business of the life of men.
Social ImpactPeople involved in industry joined the bourgeois or middle class
Social ImpactThe demand for more bankers, lawyers, teachers, doctors, government officials increased the size of the middle class.
The Industrial Working Class Industrial workers faced wretched working conditions, yet welcomed a regular pay and city life.
The Industrial Working Class In the factories, work hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, with a half-hour for lunch and dinner.
The Industrial Working Class There were no minimum wage, and you had no job security.
The Industrial Working Class Cotton Mills had the worst conditions were in the cotton mills, with high temperatures and long day.
The Industrial Working Class Mills were hot, dirty, dusty, dangerous, and unhealthy.
The Industrial Working Class Coal mines had harsh conditions.
The Industrial Working Class Men dug coal out by hand inside the mines.
The Industrial Working Class Women and children hauled coal carts on rails to the elevators.
The Industrial Working Class Coal mines caved in, exploded, produced gas fumes, and deadly coal dust.
The Industrial Working Class In Britain, women and children made up two thirds of the cotton industrys workforce by 1830.
The Industrial Working Class The Factory Act of 1833 set the minimum age of 9 for work.
The Industrial Working Class Children between 9 and 13 could work only 9 hours a day; those between 13 and 18 could work 12 hours.
Social ImpactAs children employed declined, women took their places, making up 50 percent of the labor force in textile factories before 1870.
Social ImpactFactory owners paid women half or less than half of what men received.
Social ImpactExcessive working hours for women were outlawed in 1844.
Social ImpactFactory owners often controlled the towns around their plants. Eviction accompanied getting fired from the job.
Social ImpactSlowly, Men were now expected to earn most of the family income by working outside the home.
Social ImpactIn many cases, women took over daily care of the family and performed low-paying jobs, such as laundry work, that could be done in the home.
Early Socialism In the first half of the nineteenth century, the pitiful conditions created by the Industrial Revolution gave rise to a movement known as socialism.
Early Socialism Early socialist intellectuals believed in the equality of all people and who wanted to replace competition with cooperation.
Early Socialism Socialism is a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls some means of production, like factories and mines.
Early Socialism Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer, was one utopian socialist.
Early Socialism He believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment.
Early Socialism Owen transformed a squalid factory town into a flourishing community at New Lanark, Scotland.
Early Socialism Owen created a similar community at New Harmony, Indiana, in the United States in the 1820s, which failed.
Early Socialism Later Socialists, Karl Marx and Engels both lauded Owens labeling him a utopian socialist , a label still attached to early socialism today.
End
Next time The Rise of the Nation State and Nationalism