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The Academic Profession and the The Academic Profession and the Managerial University: An International Managerial University: An International

Comparative Study from JapanComparative Study from Japan

Akira Arimoto

Research Institute for Higher EducationHijiyama Univeristy

Turin, March 26-28, 2009

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Academic discipline

Social side

Cognitive sideMethodology

enquiry / research

Scientific frontier

・knowledge reconstruction

Research group

・Culture

・Climate

Social changes・globalization

・Knowledge society

・Economic pressures

Scientific socialization → Identity

National policy

Figure 3 Knowledge functions

KNOWLEDGE

Teaching group

university

society government

Figure 1 Knowledge functions

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Ｔａｂｌｅ　 1 　１７ samples in ＣＡＰ survey

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Table 1-1. Selecting key administrators

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Table 1-2. Choosing new faculty

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Table 1-3 How influential are you, personally, in helping to shape key academic policies?

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (At the level of the department or similar unit)

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Table 1-4 (At the level of the faculty, school or similar unit)

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Table 1-5 (At the institutional level)

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Table 1-6 　 Top-level administrators are providing competent leadership

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Table 1-7 Lack of faculty involvement is a real problem

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Table 1-8 The administration supports academic freedom

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Table 1-9 The administration supports academic freedom

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Table 1-10 Number of universities by sector

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Table 4-1 　 Hours per week spend on administration

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7.35

5.84

9.87

7.04

5.43

7.65

10.45

8.20

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

German J apan UnitedKingdom

United States

19922007

Figure 4-1 Hours per week spend on administration (in session)

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7.47

3.97

7.86

5.49

4.40

5.80

9.47

7.06

0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00

10.00

German J apan UnitedKingdom

United States

19922007

Figure 4-2 Hours per week spend on administration 　(not in session)

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Figure B1 How many hours do you spend on the following activities in a week?

0102030405060

UK US Can J ap Korea HK China Malay Brazil Mex

Teaching Research ServiceAdministration Other academic activities Average Hours 2007

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7.335.79

6.87

5.19

7.99 8.12

6.167.24

0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00

Nat

iona

lR

esea

rch

･U

niv.

Nat

iona

lN

on-

･re

sear

ch U

niv.

Priva

teR

esea

rch

･U

niv.

Priva

teN

on-

･re

sear

ch U

niv.

19922007

Figure 4-3 Hours per week spend on administration 　 (in session, Japan)

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教育と研究との両立は非常に難しい。

　教育と研究との両立が非常に難しいか質問したところ、「全くそう思う」や「そう思う」の比率が日本において他の２か国に比べて有意に高くなっている（危険率 0.1％）。

図＊ 教育と研究の両立は困難

05

101520253035

全くそ

う思

う

そう

思う

どち

らと

も言

えな

い

そう

思わ

ない

全くそ

う思

わな

い

選択肢

％

独日本米

Figure 4-4 Difficulty of integration of teaching and research

日本＝研究と教育の分離の進行

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44%55%

31%

70%63%

37%28%

72%

45%56%

46%54%

62%

39%

59%

41%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

%

UK Ger US J ap Korea HK Brazil Mex

country

Figure B2 Your preferences (1992)

Teaching Research

37%

63%

27%

64%58%

43%35%

65%

29%

71%

32%

68%

37%

63%53%

47% 52%47% 50%49%57%

38% 43%

58%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

%

UK Ger US Can J ap Korea HK China Malay Brazil Mex Argen

country

Figure B2 Your preferences (2007)

Teaching Research

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5.5%13.1%

3.5% 5.5% 12.2% 10.9%18.7% 22.0%

24.5%23.5%

24.0% 22.8%

32.2%22.3%

30.5%33.9%

49.1%44.6%

55.3% 57.3%40.3%

44.2%

39.6%34.4%

20.9% 18.9% 17.2% 14.4% 15.3% 22.6% 11.2% 9.7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Primarily in teaching In both, but leaning towards teachingIn both, but leaning towards research Primarily in research

Figure 4-5 Regarding your own preferences, do your interests lie primarily in teaching or in research?

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

%

UK Ger US Can J ap Korea HK China Malay Brazil Mex Argen

country

Figure B2 Your preferences (2007)

Primarily in teaching In both, but leaning towards teaching In both, but leaning towards research Primarily in research

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Table 4-2. The degree to which each of the following affiliations is important to you.

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Figure 4-5 My academic discipline

1.47 1.501.35

1.551.43

1.72

1.28 1.38

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

1country and year

average

Germany(1992)" Germany(2007)" J apan(1992)"J apan(2007) UK(1992) UK(2007)US(1992) US(2007)

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Figure B7 Since you started your career, have the over all conditions in HEand research insitutes improved or declined? (improved in HE)

45.60%

8.50%

34.30%22.50%

60.90%

29.10%

11.00%

30.10%

13.10%13.20%

51.20%56.90%46.10%

14.50%

34.80%

15.10%

37.20%

0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%

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Figure B3 At this institution, how would you evaluate each of the following (% who say excellent or very good) 2007

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

UK US Can J ap Korea HK China Malay Brazil

ClassroomsTechnology for teachingLaboratoriesResearch equipment and instrumentsComputer facilitiesLibrary facilities and servicesYour office spaceSecretarial supportTelecommunications (Internet, networks, and telephones)Teaching support staffResearch support staffResearch funding

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Table 4-3 How would you rate your overall satisfaction with your current job?