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Show your work, so I can give partial credit
Turn it in early in case you need to make corrections
Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help
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Weight – gram (g, gm)
Volume – liter (L)
Length – meter (m)
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______ mL = 4 L
_____ g = 200 mg
______ cm = 0.5 m
_____ L = 300 mL
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Remember 1kg=2.2lbs
How much will a 160lb patient weigh in kilograms? __________
How much will a 37.6 kg patient weigh in lbs? ________
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Questions
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ANTIMICROBIALS, ANTIFUNGALS, ANTIVIRALS
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Antimicrobial Broader class includes: antibiotics, antifungals,
antiparasitics, antivirals
Antibiotic is anti (against) + Greek bios (life) Antibiotic is: against life.
Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria.
Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms. There are families of antibiotics all similar to the
original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections. 8
-cidal Causes the ________ of the organism Causes the ________ of the organism
-static Inhibits the ________ of organism Allows body’s own defenses to remove the
organism
Both Agents may be –cidal or –static Depending on dosage or concentration of drug. Depending on virulence of organism
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Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.
Match bug to drug, if possible by knowing: What the organism is, What drugs is it sensitive to, The host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient,
including immune status.
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The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.
Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.
No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
Can lead to a:
______________
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First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s Remain the most effective and least toxic of
available antimicrobials. Changes in the chemical structure of the
penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.
Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while many trade names have pen in their names
penicillin V (generic) Pen-VEE-K (trade)
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Narrow-spectrum First generation
Narrow-spectrum anti-staphylococcal Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
Broad-Spectrum Second generation Effective against a broader spectrum
Extended-spectrum Third generation Wider antimicrobial action than second
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SIDE EFFECTS Nausea and Vomiting Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and
tongueWhy? ________________________________________,
ALLERGIC REACTION Rashes and hives Tend to precipitate more severe allergic
reactions than other medications A patient allergic to one should be considered
allergic to all Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.
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Derived from mold – related to penicillin Give with caution to patients with pcn allergy
Four Generations increased activity against gram-negative
bacteria Patient education:
Take with food if gastric upset occurs Keep medication refrigerated Do not drink alcohol Can intensify bleeding tendencies
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“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin
Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)
Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage Side Effects: GI symptoms, headaches
First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline Short Acting : Tetracycline Do not give with dairy products or antacids.
Can decrease effectiveness Harmful if used after the expiration date. Side effects
Sun sensitivity Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8
yrs. Broad spectrum can cause super-infection
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Floroquinolones Generic ends in –floxacin Broad spectrum Cipro (ciprofloxacin), Levaquin (levofloxacin) Antimycrobial
Lincomycins Vancomycin:
Toxic drug reserved for treating serious infections MRSA (methicillin resistant
staph aureus) Bacteriocidal VRE – Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
For topical use – dermatologic infections Bacitracin Neomycin Neosporin Polymyxin B
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Antibacterial drug (not antibiotic) Used in areas of the body that can flush
away wastes of infection - kidneys Long term use has resulted in resistance Used in combination to increase action Patient education:
Drink large amounts of fluids to flush kidneys avoid soda and citrus fruits – make urine
alkaline Take medication on empty stomach May cause photosensitivity
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Used to treat fungus (mycotic) infections Resulting from overuse of antibiotics Immunosuppressed patient Can be systemic or topical
Antifungals can be fungistatic or fungicidal
Prescription and OTC
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Less successful than antibiotics
Very limited use, narrow spectrum
Must adhere very closely to schedule
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ANTISEPTIC DISINFECTANT
Applied to living skin Decreases number of
bacteria & allows normal body defenses to work
Used to eliminate disease Limited use in treatment Types
Alcohol Hexachlorophene Hydrogen peroxide Silver and mercury
preparations
Applied to inanimate objects to reduce bacteria growth
May not kill all types of microorganisms (spores, viruses, fungi)
Types Formaldehyde Bleach Alcohol
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Germicides kill microorganisms on either living or nonliving objects