1 presentation emep sb emissions intro v2 [read …...b. an introduction to the tfeip c. products...

Emission Inventories:From Science to Policy

Chris Dore (UK)Martin Adams (EEA)

Kristina Saarinen (Finland)Katarina Mareckova (CEIP)

a. What is an Emissions Inventory?• Definition, Why? How? What?

b. An Introduction to the TFEIPc. Products and Guidanced. Driving Progress in Knowledge

• Annual Reporting• Promoting Innovation• EMEP/EEA Inventory Review Process• Challenges and the Way Forward

Session 1: An Introduction to Inventories

“Emission inventories…… it’s all a bit boring, isn’t it?!”

Session 1: An Introduction to Inventories

DefinitionAn Emissions Inventory is a dataset of all quantified emissions, expressed by source for:

• A particular location (COUNTRY)• A particular time span (YEAR – past/future)• A particular pollutant

Large variation in detail levels

Quality: Transparent, Accurate, Complete, Consistent, Comparable.

1a. What is an Emission Inventory?

Who wants our data?!

1a: Why Bother!?

Public Information

Research Programmes

International Commitments& Legislation

National Policy Formation

Health Impact Studies

Econometric Studies

Env. Impact Assessments

Local Government Air Quality

Point Sources

Modelling Studies(TFIAM, TFHTAP)

Climate Change

Emission Inventories

Policy Support1a. Why Bother?!

Drivers

Pressures

State

Impacts

ResponseEcon. Indicators,

Activity/Consumption

Emission Inventories

Monitoring Data, Modelling Results

Health, Ecosystem & Crop Studies

Policies, Measures,

Legislation...

1a. How Do We Estimate Emissions?Basic premise

Emission = Emission Factor x Activity

Pollutant? Timescale? Source?UK Emission of SO2 = S content x tonnes of petrolfrom petrol cars of UK petrol (2008) used in the UK in 2008in 2008

Easy!

Emission per unit of activity.Typically from the literature

e.g. tonnes of fuel, no. of cowsTypically national statistics

1a. How Do We Estimate Emissions?But, consider NOx ... • NOx road transport emission factors depend on:

– Vehicle type, Euro standard, engine size, vehicle age, petrol/diesel, speed and journey length;

• Some other considerations:– Based on fuel sales, or vehicle kms?(Fuel tourism);– Test cycles vs real world performance;– Lubricants, LPG, CNG...

1a. How Do We Estimate Emissions?... and also... • Proximity to population is important

– The modellers want mapped emissions

• ... and that’s just road transport. The inventory needs to capture ALL of the sources!– The NFR format has 109 different sources– Most emission inventories have even more detail

• Emission projections, for future years.

CLRTAP Coverage:

1a. Scope of Emission Inventories

AQ “Health” PollutantsPM10 PM2.5 TSP CO (BC)Acidifying Pollutants

& Ozone PrecursorsNOX SO2 NMVOC NH3 Persistent Organics

PAH x 4 PCDD/F HCB HCB HCH

“HeavyMetals”

As Cd Cr Cu PbHg Ni Se Zn

• 1980 – 2010• NFR (109 different sources)• Annual Inventory report (NIR)• Emission maps (5 yearly).

Take-away Message• An emission inventory is not just a dataset...

• ... it is a powerful tool that provides support/input into many different areas of the CLRTAP.

1a. What is an Emission Inventory?

1b. An Introduction to the TFEIP

Definition and Remit• The TFEIP supports Parties in the reporting of emissions and projections data to the Convention

• EMEP/EEA Emissions Inventory Guidebook

• It provides a technical forum and expert network• Establish/develop methodologies, new emission factors, identifies problems/issues

• It supports EMEP bodies on technical issues as needed.


Organisation•Annual Taskforce Meeting (and Workshop)

- Attended by 100-150 experts- Inventory compilers, industrial representativesresearchers, international organizations etc.

•Expert Panels: methodology development, technical support, strong links etc.

- Combustion and Industry- Transport- Agriculture and Nature- Projections.


Outreach• Website• Web Forum• Newsletter• Liaison with compilers of the not so “strong” national

inventories

Funding• No Convention funding• Completely reliant on contributions from the Parties


Strengths and Benefits• Well organised/co-ordinated network (EEA, CEIP, IIASA staff attend the TFEIP).

• Central contact point for comprehensive technical support to compilers.

• Excellent links to research/development through expert panels.

• Strong outreach and communications allows a relatively quick response to technical queries.


Challenges• No central funding

• Difficult to plan work.• Increasing demands

• A bigger and more detailed Guidebook• Revision to Gothenburg Protocol, “Adjustments”, Projections, Black Carbon.

• Meeting the needs of our users (e.g. modellers)

• Are the current working practices sustainable?


How Do We Address These Challenges?• Opportunities to work more with research funded at the national level.

• Should there be an EMEP budget for maintenance of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook?

• Some interesting comparisons with (and lessons to be learned) from the climate change community

• Opportunity for discussion after lunch!


There are many sources of guidance and practical tools available for both new and expert inventory compilers:

• TFEIP website and discussion forum• EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook

(the ‘Guidebook’)• Online emission factor database• Software tools and emission models• Annual review exercise

1c. Products and Guidance

TFEIP website: http://www.tfeip-secretariat.org/


TFEIP Discussion Forum• A place to ask

general or specific questions about emission inventories to Expert Panel leaders and other users


Emission Reporting Guidelines 2009

• Provide Parties with the formal guidance for the reporting of emissions inventory and projections data under the LRTAP Convention

• Document ECE/EB.AIR/97


EMEP/EEA Guidebook

What is it?

The ‘EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook’ (the ‘Guidebook’) provides information on emission inventory principles and specific methods for emission sources

Where: www.eea.europa.eu/emep-eea-guidebook


EMEP/EEA GuidebookWhy is it needed?The Guidebook assists Parties to the LRTAP Convention and EU Member States to meet their emission inventory reporting obligations

It has just one main function:• to provide default methods and emission factors for

inventory compilers at various levels of sophistication

In addition, the Guidebook is used to report certain pollutants to the UNFCCC and to other international bodies (UNEP Stockholm Convention, PRTRs etc.)


EMEP/EEA GuidebookUNECE Reporting Guidelines 2009 ECE/EB.AIR/97

11. Parties shall as a minimum use the methodologies in the latest version of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook… to estimate emissions and projections for each source category…

…Parties can use national or international methodologies that they consider better able to reflect their national situation, provided that the methodologies produce more accurate estimates than the default methods, are scientifically based, are compatible with the Guidebook, and are documented in their IIRs…[informative inventory reports]


EMEP/EEA Guidebook


EMEP/EEA GuidebookPart A – General guidance chaptersIntroduce the general principles and good practice requirements

Closely aligned to the international reporting requirements under UNFCCC as defined in IPCC Guidelines etc.

Part A Contents1. Foreword and introduction 2. Key Category Analysis and Methodological Choice3. Data Collection4. Time Series Consistency5. Uncertainties6. Inventory Management, Improvement and QA QC7. Spatial Emissions Mapping8. Projections


1c. Products and GuidancePart B – Sectoral guidance chapters

EMEP/EEA GuidebookEach sectoral guidance chapter provides different types of methods for estimating emissions.

Simple (Tier 1) methods are given for all sources and substances

More advanced (Tier 2) methods are given that should be used for key categories.

Further information is given for advanced (Tier 3) approaches for key categories where suitable methods are available (e.g. road transport).


EMEP/EEA GuidebookThe guidebook follows the example of the IPCC Guidelines by

providing decision treesThese assist inventory compilers to make the most appropriate

methodological choice, taking into account data availability and the importance of the source

In general, it is good practice to use higher tier methods (T2, T3) for key categories.

Importance of transparency – informative inventory reports should describe the methods and data used to estimate emissions.


EMEP/EEA Guidebook


Example decision tree for

2.A.1 Cement production

Air Pollutant Emission Factor library

• A collection of information from various sources such as the Guidebook, international organisations' guidebooks, databases, informative inventory reports (IIRs), research studies and data from the literature.

• http://www.apef-library.fi/


Air Pollutant Emission Factor library


Software tools - examples


Sector specific tools e.g. COPERT road transport emission inventory software.• Developed for Europe’s vehicle fleets,

used by majority of EU Member States for LRTAP and UNFCCC GHG inventories. (estimates real-world emissions as far as scientific data allows)

Emission database/spreadsheet systems• CollectER emission inventory database system• GAP Forum emission spreadsheets• Complete commercial systems

EEA provides regular training workshops and technical helpdesk support to COPERT & CollectERusers

Annual emission inventory review process (– how?)


Annual emission inventory review process

• The annual review process is not just ‘compliance’ focused• It provides an expert peer-review of the submitted inventories,

with recommendations on what improvements might be implemented.

• Participating in the annual review, as an expert reviewer, is also an excellent way for national experts to learn what others are doing, and how difficult issues are solved in different countries.


Summary• There are many experts in the TFEIP pleased to help with enquiries, or provide guidance – just ask!

• Use the TFEIP discussion forum or contact one of the TFEIP co-chairs for advice.

• TFEIP workshops (often in cooperation with other TFs eg TFMM) and Expert Panel meetings are often held to address specific technical issues


Annual ReportingPresentation by CEIP

1d. Driving Progress in Knowledge

Promoting/Celebrating Innovation and Good Work• The TFEIP recognises, promotes and celebrates innovation.

• Examples are often presented at the annual meeting:- German National Report Wiki- French system that delivers GHGs and AQ pollutants- The “Justin” awards to highlight good practice- Recognition that some countries only have small teams.


The Quality of National Reporting - Challenge• The non-reporting “vicious circle” for some countries

- Won’t ratify Protocol because don’t have the data.- Can’t get the data without the driver of a Protocol!

• The review process has driven some improvement in emission estimates and national reports...

• ... but it is very slow

• The current model is not very effective at driving improvements.


The Quality of National Reporting – Solution?• The experience from the GHG community is clear:

• Mandatory reporting drives improvements to national reporting

• Adjustments that are proposed/enforced by the review team drive improvements in quality.


Improving Methodologies - Challenge• Understanding uncertainty in inventories is complex.

- We need to improve the way information is presented

• We have areas where there is on-going concern over emission estimates- Metal emissions estimates, road transport, diffuse sources…- What is the plan to address these in the Guidebook?


Improving Methodologies – Solution?• We will continue to maintain and improve the

EMEP/EEA Guidebook as best as we can…

• … but note that (after the current update) there is no secured funding for Guidebook updates.


Emission Inventories:The North American Perspective

1 presentation emep sb emissions intro v2 [read …...b. an introduction to the tfeip c. products...

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