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Peace Operations

The Changing Face of Peacekeeping

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Content

1. The UN Charter

2. The Cold War and the founding operations

3. The Golden Age of peacekeeping

4. The second generation

5. The peacekeeping crisis

6. Recent trends

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1.The UN Charter

1.1. Collective security

1.2. The Security Council

1.3. Chapter VI

1.4. Chapter VII

1.5. The Military Staff Committee

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2. The Cold War and the founding operations

2.1. Collective security: Korea

2.2. Legal creativity: « Uniting for Peace »

2.3. Operational creativity: peacekeeping 1948 : Palestine 1949 : India/Pakistan 1956 : Suez

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3. The Golden Age of peacekeeping

10 operations between 1956 and 1974 Practical experience Building of a “culture” No formal doctrine 6 principles of “traditional” peacekeeping

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The 6 principles of « traditional » peacekeeping

UN operation Established cease fire Consent of warring parties Impartiality Balanced composition Limited use of force

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Traditional Peacekeeping :an integrated strategy

2. Composition

3. Impartiality

4. Light weaponry

5. Cease fire

6. Consent 7. Interposition1. UN

ACTOR PARAMETERS PRE REQUISIT ACTIVITY

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First doctrinal attempt

An Agenda for Peace (1992)

-Conflict Prevention

-Peacemaking

-Peacekeeping

-Peacebuilding

-Peace Enforcement

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4. The Second Generation

International context : end of the Cold War

- New conflicts

- Unlocking of Security Council

Quantitative changes: number, size, cost Qualitative changes: mandate, tasks, context

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Second doctrinal attempt

Supplement to An Agenda for Peace (1995)

31 January 1988 31 January 1992

December 1994

SC Resolutions

Conflicts

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53

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78

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Ongoing Operations

TotalTraditional

Multidimensional

Personnel

Budget (millions $)

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11 121

230.4

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13 856

1 686.6

179

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77 783

3 610

MINURSO1991

UNTAC1992

UNTAG1989

UNAVEM1991

ONUSAL1991

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5. The crisis of peacekeeping

Excess of credibility High ambitions Insufficient means The fatal trilogy : UNPROFOR, UNOSOM,

UNAMIR

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6. Recent trends

Robust Operations Regionalization Unbalanced composition Wining hearts and mind Holistic approach of peace : long term,

multidimensional

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