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Nutritive AdditivesNutritive Additives

  I. Introduction and definitionsI. Introduction and definitions Food fortification or enrichment with vitamins, Food fortification or enrichment with vitamins,

minerals and other nutrients is not a new practice.minerals and other nutrients is not a new practice. Addition of Iodine to table salt to treat goiter Addition of Iodine to table salt to treat goiter

started by 1831 while addition of vitamin A to started by 1831 while addition of vitamin A to margarine started by 1917.margarine started by 1917.

Many terms related to nutritive additives are Many terms related to nutritive additives are available, those include fortification, enrichment, available, those include fortification, enrichment, standardization, restoration, nutrification ………… standardization, restoration, nutrification ………… etc. etc.

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  II. Nutrient MineralsII. Nutrient Minerals Minerals are defined as substances having specific Minerals are defined as substances having specific

physiological activities, and their availability in physiological activities, and their availability in food is considered essential to maintain good food is considered essential to maintain good health. health.

The daily human needs from some minerals is The daily human needs from some minerals is considered relatively large and exceed 100 mg. An considered relatively large and exceed 100 mg. An example for this class of minerals is Ca, P, Mg, Na.example for this class of minerals is Ca, P, Mg, Na.

Other minerals are being needed in small quantities Other minerals are being needed in small quantities and less than 1 mg/day; and less than 1 mg/day; these minerals are called trace these minerals are called trace elements and include cupper, iodine, molybdenum, elements and include cupper, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, chrome ….etc .selenium, chrome ….etc .

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III. VitaminsIII. Vitamins Vitamins are organic substances which the Vitamins are organic substances which the

human body needs in very small quantities human body needs in very small quantities and are essential for living cells. and are essential for living cells.

The human body which can not synthesize The human body which can not synthesize vitamins in sufficient quantities should be vitamins in sufficient quantities should be provided with them by food.provided with them by food.

It is well established that human body is in It is well established that human body is in need for 12 vitamins.need for 12 vitamins.

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Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)An old list (1976)An old list (1976)

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IIV. V. Enrichment ProcessEnrichment Process A. Causes behind encouraging of enrichmentA. Causes behind encouraging of enrichment 1. The new trends towards lowering the calories 1. The new trends towards lowering the calories

intakeintake 2. The huge spread of snacking2. The huge spread of snacking 3.Replacing of high nutritive value traditional food 3.Replacing of high nutritive value traditional food

with those of low nutritive value food with those of low nutritive value food 4. Reducing barriers in International food trade4. Reducing barriers in International food trade

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5. Reducing of food borne disease5. Reducing of food borne disease 6. Reducing variation in food composition due to 6. Reducing variation in food composition due to

genetic and seasonal factorsgenetic and seasonal factors 7. Food label and the nutritional facts7. Food label and the nutritional facts 8. The Dietary supplement and Intelligence 8. The Dietary supplement and Intelligence

Quotient in childrenQuotient in children

V. Stability of Nutritive AdditivesV. Stability of Nutritive Additives

  

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VI. Potential over-dosage of nutritive additives VI. Potential over-dosage of nutritive additives It is well known that over-dosage of nutritive It is well known that over-dosage of nutritive

additives such as vitamins, minerals and sometimes additives such as vitamins, minerals and sometimes amino acids are not desirable and may cause healthy amino acids are not desirable and may cause healthy problems.problems.

Overdoses of vitamins A and D proved to cause Overdoses of vitamins A and D proved to cause toxicity;toxicity;

Overdoses of some minerals may cause imbalance in Overdoses of some minerals may cause imbalance in the absorption of some nutrients. the absorption of some nutrients.

Regarding trace elements, overdosing causes toxicity Regarding trace elements, overdosing causes toxicity

and as was mentioned in the selenium toxicity event.and as was mentioned in the selenium toxicity event.  

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