1 memory objective’s for today’s class: ‐ what are some types of memories? ‐ how can we...
TRANSCRIPT
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Memory
Objective’s for Today’s Class:‐What are some types of memories?‐How can we retrieving memories?
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Let’s Share Some Memories!
What kinds of things do you remember?
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What do you remember?
Two types of long-term memories
‐ Declarative Memories (Explicit)‐ Memories with conscious recall‐ Memories for facts
‐ Procedural Memories (Implicit)‐ Memories without conscious recall‐ Memories for actions, skills, and operations
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Declarative Memory
The ability to state a fact ‐ These memories are learned quickly but
compared to procedural memories they are more likely to be forgotten over the long term
‐ Examples:‐ Being able to tell someone your phone number‐ The meaning of the word “consciousness”
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Two Types of Declarative Memories
Semantic Memory‐ Contains general knowledge that is not tied
to the time when the information was learned
‐ Memories of general principles, facts, rules and ideas.
Episodic Memory‐ Made up of chronologically, or temporally
dated, recollections of personal experiences
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Episodic MemoryWho was the first person you kissed?What was your favorite toy in childhood?
Memories for specific events‐ Includes details of when and
where the events happened‐ Help us construct a sense of self
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Procedural MemoryIt is the repository of motor skills and habits such as handwriting or driving.
‐ These skills are essential part of our memory store, but it is difficult to describe the "know-how" in words.
‐ In this sense the memory is said to be implicit or non-declarative …you just cannot explain how to ride a bicycle.
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The skills may be difficult to acquire, but once
learned they are never forgotten, even without
occasional practice
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Retrieval
How do we get information back
out?
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What Influences Retrieval?
What’s the difference between Jeopardy and Who wants to be a millionaire?
Which game would you prefer to play? Why?
Both games are examples of retention
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How Do We Test Memory?
Recognition is a method of testing memory by asking someone to choose the correct item from a set of alternatives.
‐ Example- True-false, multiple choice and matching tests
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Recognition Task
The next time you see someone at a party who is having trouble walking properly, you might say, "He has had too much to drink, and it went right to his _____________________.”
a) Reticular formationb) Cerebellumc) Frontal lobed) Parietal lobe
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How is Information Retrieved?
Free Recall is a method of testing memory by asking someone to produce certain items without substantial hints (Lefton & Brannon, 323).
‐ Example- fill-in-the-blank, short-answer or essays exams
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How many items can you remember?
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TrafficElephant
CircusKittyMusic
JibbynessMoonBull
OceanBicycle
FantasticCourageous
LobsterFriend
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Words positioned at the beginning and the end of a list are most likely to be remembered, a phenomenon called the serial position effect.
Also, any unusual stimuli have a greater chance of being recalled, a phenomenon called the von Restorff effect (Hunt & Lamb, 2001).
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Here’s a HINT…
Cued Recall is a method of testing memory by asking someone to produce a certain item after being given a hint
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Can you name some songs from the 80’s and
90’s?
What type of memory activity is this?
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How come I can remember the words to a song from 10 years
ago?
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How about some T.V shows from the 80’s and
90’s?
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T.V TriviaName that show!
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Where were you…?
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Flashbulb MemoriesUnusually vivid and detailed memory for circumstances at the time of dramatic event.
‐ These are emotionally significant memories
Highly detailed and long-lasting
‐ Memory of Princess Diana’s death‐ Memory of the 9-11 attack‐ Memory of the Challenger explosion‐ Memory of JFK’s assassination
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How Can You Improve Your
Memory?
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Encoding Specificity PrincipleThe associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues
Mood congruence‐ If you experience something while you’re in a
particular mood – you are more likely to think of it again when you are in the same mood
State-dependent retrieval‐ The tendency to remember something better if
your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning
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Mnemonic DevicesAny memory aid that is based on encoding each item in a special way
‐ Use silly images‐ The sillier the image the more effectively you will
remember it
‐ Use pleasant images ‐ Your brain often blocks out unpleasant images
‐ Use vivid colorful images‐ They are easier to remember than boring ones
‐ Use all your senses to code information‐ Mnemonics can contain sounds, smells, tastes, touch,
movements, feelings, and pictures
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Verbal Mnemonics
Word associations (i.e., acronyms or acrostics)
Example:‐ ROY G BIV (acronym for colors of the
spectrum)
‐ King Philip Came Over For Good Sex (acrostic for order of taxonomy in biology)
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Verbal MnemonicsNarrative stories and rhymes
‐ Examples of rhymes:‐ Thirty days has September, April, June and
November. When short February’s done. All the rest have 31.
‐ Red sun at night – sailors delight, red sun in the morning – sailors take warning
‐ Righty tighty lefty loosey‐ Learning the ABCs to the tune of twinkle, twinkle
little star
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkO87mkgcNo
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How Should You Study?
Distributed practice is better than massed practice‐ Ten 1-hour blocks is better than one 10-
hour block
You should continue to rehearse the material after you first appear to have mastered it‐ Skimming or speed-reading will not
promote long-term retention
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How Should You Study?
Active is better than passive (allows you to engage in deeper processing)
‐ Writing out a detailed outline is better than passively reading over notes
‐ Try to relate material to your own life and experience rather than just memorizing material
‐ The better organized you are – the better you learn and remember
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Next ClassWhy do we forget?