1 mammals. 2 class mammalia includes 4000 species most dominant land animals on earth. two...
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Mammals
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Class Mammalia
•Includes 4000 species
•Most dominant land animals on earth.
•Two identifying characteristics:
•Hair/fur
•Mammary glands which produce milk
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Characteristics of Mammals
• Endothermic• Well-developed brains
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Characteristics of Mammals
• Heart has 4 chambers
• Diaphragm (muscle) aids in breathing
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Characteristics• Mammals have single lower jaw• Most species have 4 different types of teeth:
Incisors, canines, cuspids, and bicuspids • Various types of teeth for different diets
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Characteristics• Mostly viviparous (live birth)• Females secrete milk from mammary
glands to feed newborn young.
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Distinguishing FeaturesTwo features distinguish them from
other invertebrates: hair and production of milk.
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Class Mammalia• Subclass Prototheria- extinct mammals with unique skull structure
• Subclass Theria- Living mammals distinguished by skull
• Infraclass Ornithodelphia- Monotremes
• Infraclass Metatheria- Marsupials
• Infraclass Eutheria- Placentals
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Order Monotremata• Oviparous or egg laying mammals• Only 3 in existence• Duck-billed platypus and two species of spiny anteaters
called echidna.• Not completely endothermic (their body temperature is
lower and fluctuates more than other mammals)• Mammae without nipples• Edentulous as adults• Limbs modified for swimming or digging• Australia and New Guinea
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Duck-Billed PlatypusOrnithorhynchus anatinus
• Only member of the mammal family Ornithorhynchidae
• Greek platys meaning broad and pous meaning foot
• Several reptilian characteristics: same opening for reproduction and eliminating waste products, the ability to lay eggs
• The world's only venomous furred animal– Spur on hind foot– Females loose after one year
• Bill contains an electro-receptor system
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Echidna (Spiny Anteater)Tachyglossus aculeatus
• "Echidna" derives from the Latin word for "viper”– Tongue protrudes like a snake
• Nocturnal • Terrestrial and burrowing• Females normally lay only
one egg
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Monotremata
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Duck-billed platypus
Spiny anteater
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Infraclass MetatheriaInfraclass Metatheria(Marsupials)(Marsupials)
• Old classification placed all marsupials in a single order
• More recent classifications have recognized the diversity and radiation of Marsupials
• Marsupials now separated into seven orders
• Range, North America, Central America, South America, Australia, New Guinea, adjacent islands
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Subclass TheriaSubclass TheriaInfraclass Metatheria (Marsupialia) Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupialia)
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Order Didelphimorphia Order Didelphimorphia OpossumsOpossumsOrder PaucituberculataOrder Paucituberculata Rat OpossumsRat OpossumsOrder MicrobiotheriaOrder Microbiotheria Monito del monteMonito del monteOrder DasyuromorphiaOrder Dasyuromorphia Thylacines, Thylacines,
numbats, numbats, dasyuresdasyuresOrder PeramelemorphiaOrder Peramelemorphia BandicootsBandicootsOrder Notoryctemorphia Order Notoryctemorphia Marsupial moleMarsupial moleOrder DiprotodontiaOrder Diprotodontia Koalas, wombats, Koalas, wombats, kangaroos, etckangaroos, etc
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250 species of marsupial species exist in Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, And the Americas
• .
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Tasmanian Devil
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Marsupials• Give birth to tiny immature young
that crawl to a pouch on the mothers belly immediately after they are born.– Marsupium- Fold of skin protecting
nipples
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They attach themselves to milk secreting nipples nursing until they are mature enough to survive outside the pouch.
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SyndactylySyndactyly
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American Marsupial
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Order Didelphimorphia- Opossum
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Order PaucituberculataOrder Paucituberculata
• Rat Opossums
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Order Microbiotheria- Monito del Order Microbiotheria- Monito del MonteMonte
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Order DasyuromorphiaOrder Dasyuromorphia• Thylacine • Numbat
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Dasyure
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Order Peramelemorphia- Order Peramelemorphia- BandicootsBandicoots
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Order Notoryctemorphia- Order Notoryctemorphia- Marsupial MolesMarsupial Moles
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Order DiprotodontiaOrder Diprotodontia
Wombats Kangaroos
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Placental Mammals
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Characteristics of Placentals• 95% of all mammals• Carry unborn young in the uterus until
young can survive in the wild. • Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from
mother’s blood to baby’s blood
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Placental Characteristics
• The placenta is a membrane providing nutrients and waste & gas exchange between the mother and developing young
• Gestation period-is the time which mammals develop in mother’s uterus 28
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Mammals are a diverse group living on land and in water. Some
mammals can fly!
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Malaysian Fruit Bat
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Order Insectivora• Consists of 400 species• Includes shrews and moles
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Mole
Shrew
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Order Insectivora
• Small animals with high metabolic rate and found in North America, Europe, and Asia.
• Most have long pointed noses that enable them to grub for insects, worms, and invertebrates.
• Live on ground, trees, in water, and underground. 31
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Order Rodentia• Largest mammalian order having over
2,400 species.• On every continent except for
Antarctica• Includes squirrels, marmots,
chipmunks, gophers, muskrats, mice, rats, and porcupines.
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Chipmunk
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Porcupine
Marmot
Squirrel
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Only two incisors in each jaw, grow as long as rodent lives, and
used for gnawing
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Order Lagomorpha• Includes rabbits, hares, and small
mountain mammals called pikas.• Found worldwide • Warrens- families of rabbits
35Pika
Hare
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Rabbits vs. Hares• Rabbits are smaller and
slower • Shorter ears and hind
legs with smaller feet• Solid colored fur• A young rabbit is a
bunny• Altricial
• Hares are generally larger and faster
• Hares have longer ears, longer hind legs, and larger feet
• Hares have black markings on their fur
• A young hare is called a leveret
• Precocial
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Order LagomorphaDouble row of incisors, large front
teeth backed with two smaller ones, adaptation for herbivorous diet.
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Order Edentata/Xenarthra• Made up of 30 living species including
anteaters, armadillos, and sloths. • The name edentate means “without
teeth”• Those with teeth have single root with
teeth and no enamel
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Anteater
39Sloths
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Edentates have adaptations for insectivorous diets, including a long, sticky tongue and clawed front paws
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Anteater feeding at a Termite
mound
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Sloths, on the other hand have continuously growing teeth as an adaptation for grinding plants
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Chiroptera• Made up of over 900 species of bats• Live throughout the world except in
polar environments
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• A bat’s wing is modified front limb which skin membrane between extremely long finger bones
• Bats use thumbs for climbing, walking, or grasping
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Order Chiroptera
• Most bats are active at night and have a special way to navigate using echolocation (bouncing off high-frequency sound waves)
• Frequency of returning sound waves with the size, distance, and rate of movement of different objects
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Order Chiroptera• Bats that use
echolocation have small eyes and large ears.
• Feed on insects and have teeth specialized for such diets
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• Some feed on fruit and flower nectar and do not use echolocation.
• These bats are sometimes called flying foxes, have large eyes and keen sense of smell.
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Orders Cetacea and Sirenia• 90 species of whales, dolphins, and
porpoises are distributed worldwide.• Cetaceans have fishlike bodies with
forelimbs modified as flippers.
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• Cetaceans divided into two groups which are toothed whales and baleen whales.
• Toothed whales include beaked whales, sperm whales, beluga whales, narwhals, killer whales, dolphins and porpoises.
• Blue whales largest animal in world ~ 100 tons
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• Have over 100 teeth• Prey on fish, squid, seals and
whales
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• Baleen whales lack teeth• Baleen-thin plates of finger like
material for filtering food from water• Shrimp and other small invertebrates
are the prey of the baleen whales.
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The Order Sirenia is made up of four species of manatees and dugongs.
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• Front limbs are flippers for swimming
• Sirenians lack hind legs but have flattened tails.
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Order Carnivora• 250 living species in carnivoria are
distributed worldwide• Most of the species mainly eat meat,
which explains the name.• About 34 species: Canids, felids, bears,
raccoons, minks, sea lions, seals, walruses, and otters
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• Some members of this order such as bears feed extensively on plant material as well as meat, so they are called omnivores.
• Carnivores generally have long canine teeth, strong jaws, clawed toes.
• Highly developed sense of smell and a large braincase
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Suborder Pinnipedia• Pinnipedia are water dwelling carnivores
and have streamlined bodies• Sea lions (ear flaps), seals (no ear flaps) and
walruses (elongated canines)
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Orders Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla
• Ungulates-hoofed mammals• These two classes are herbivores.
– Mostly grazers/browsers
• Ruminants- four chambered stomach• The first three chambers are for storage
(rumen), use cellulase (digestive enzyme) to aid in breakdown of cellulose – “Chewing the cud”
• Regurgitate, chew again, and undergoes double digestion.
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Order Artiodactyla- Ungulates with an even amount of
toes- Pigs, hippos, camels, antelope,
deer, sheep, giraffes, cattle
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Order Perissodactyla- Ungulates with an odd number of
toes- Horses, rhins, zebras, and tapirs
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Order Proboscidea• Characterized by a boneless nose or
proboscis • Elephants are the largest land dwellers
alive today, weighing more than 6 tons.– African (largest land mammal) and Indian/Asian
species
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It has modified incisors, called tusks, for digging up roots and stripping bark from branches.
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Order Primates• 200 living species of primates
classified as prosimians. • Including lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys,
gibbons, and great apes
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• Omnivorous diets• Unspecialized teeth• Grasping digits with free-moving limbs• Finger and toenails• A complex brain has enabled anthropoids to
develop behaviors and to live in highly organized social groups.– Ex: Troop- chimpanzee groups
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Order Primates
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Order Primates Most Intelligent Animals
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