1 jointness & its importance to national security
TRANSCRIPT
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Jointness & its importance to National
Security
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Colonel (Ret.) Pinhas Yehezkeally – Ph.D.
• Co-founder and President of TECI, & the
Knowledge Manager of the Israel
National Defense College, IDF (INDC).
• An expert in organization’s effectiveness
and a researcher of networks, complex
systems and organizational networks (not
IT).
• Previously, Head of Strategic and Policy
Research in INSC.
• Police Commander emeritus.
• Ministry of Police R&D reward (1993).
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I am honored to be here with you
!
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This presentation is very detailed, so that you will be able to use it when you get back home ...
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Understanding Jointness
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Partnerships – between & inside Agencies – is the most important area in the field of national security
Demonstration 1
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Especially when it is a question of survival
Demonstration 1a
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Jointness
• The term “Jointness"
was born in the US
Department of
Defense.
• It express the
highest level of
Cooperation.
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Jointness is the military term for cooperation
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• In the recent days you learned that a complex system is
characterized by the dependence between its
components!
• Therefore, Jointness has a critical impact on its
effectiveness.
• However, for its components is an option only. They can
act in a selfish way too!
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Today and tomorrow, we will try to understand why!
We will investigate Jointness in many areas of
National Security.
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The purpose of Jointness is synergy:
"the whole is greater
than the sum of its
parts."
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Like a basketball team
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Jointness can be created
Top Down, Proactively
In self organizatio
n
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The first one describes a natural reaction to changes;
The other: a condition imposed from above, often against the interests of the sub-system
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Jointness in nature
Self Organization
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As if the system knows how to 'do its own thing.'
Self Organization
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The outcome of Self Organization is Emergence
Hi, I'm bald!
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המחשה
Demonstration 2
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Self Organization is one of the most important processes in Complex Systems!
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It is very important to National Security too!
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An intersection in Hanoi
Demonstration 3
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Unwillingness to clash and the relative ease to follow someone else
Pattern that attracts more and more people and vehicles that followed
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Is it significantly different from the way ants move?
Demonstration 4
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The book that describes many self- organizations between various elements in nature:
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Complex systems in nature behave similarly to human’s complex systems
Therefore, we will find self-organizing, both in the wild and in organizations
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They collaborate and influence each other in several ways; Affect the external environment and are affected by it
The classic example is the Self Organization of the genes
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Without self-organization, A single ant can not reach the industry from the floor...
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Dawkins calls Self Organization in nature “amutually beneficial relationship between two different species”
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An Example from nature of self-organization
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Demonstration 5
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30Another example: the ants and the fungi ...
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• The Ants grow a fungus garden and
nurture it. They even protect them from
bacteria.
• In return, the fungi deconstruct for ants
leaves the cellular proteins and sugars,
and neutralize the toxins of protection of
the tree from which the leaves were
taken. In addition, they grow doughy
lumps, that feed the ants.
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During this symbiosis, which began fifty million years ago, the ants have lost their enzymes and digestive juices are completely dependent on the fungi;
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• And the fungi become dependent
in terms of their defense, diets
and even its distribution.
• As evidence, when a colony of
ants split in two, the retiring
camp takes with him a pinch of
fungi, to grow a new fungus
garden…
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One more…
Demonstration 6
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There are also examples of self-organization between humans and other creatures in nature
Demonstration 7
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Back to Organizations…
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Departments & Individuals in an organization are interconnected, and conduct joint activities between them
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The connections are the infrastructure (the pipes) that pass messages between the system components, such as information, materials and energy.
They determine the strength and quality of the joint activities!
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Increasing the Jointness between essential departments raises the organization productivity
Deps. with low connectivity
Connected only to management
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Organizations are artificial systemsThey create joint actions through the hierarchy connections
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But the working connections reflect self organizations
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the working connections are the Immune System of the organization…
… because, self-organization is the best
ways to recover from surprises!
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The amount of work connections usually ranges between 25% to
60% of the potential connections, depending on the type and size
organization
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, , ל כלל בדרך זקוקים עבודה תנאי קשרילפעול סף מנת על מתאימים
באפקטיביות
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• ; נמוכות היררכיות• ; ארגוני חופש• ; שהוא סוג מכל ארגונית חרדה היעדר• ; יחסית גדול משתתפים היקף• ; גבוהה השתתפות רמת
ובחוסר באקראיות המאופיינים אלה תנאיםדטרמיניזם.
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Working connections need usually minimum suitable conditions to act effectively
• Low hierarchies;
• Freedom of enterprise;
• Lack of organizational anxiety of any kind;
• Relatively large number of participants;
• High participation;
National security organizations are different!
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Therefore, bureaucratic organizations suppress self-organization!
Typically, only bureaucratic organizations with existential anxiety will cooperate!
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Therefore, we can find self-organization in military & bureaucratic organizations (in matters of essence) usually, far from the center ...
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But, when there are exceptions and the system allows self-organization
It saves them many
times, from lost
situations ... For
example, Napoleon &
Marshal Dabo and the
impossible victory of
Jena & Auerstedt
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China's transition to a capitalist economy became possible, because the leader, Deng, did not stop the process of self organization – the privatization of communes
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In Cuba, poverty forced the government to allow citizens to open restaurants. The result: a huge self-organization!
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The two commanders of the Israeli army, the north and the south, in the Yom Kippur war..
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Community policing - our next lecture topic - was an attempt to motivate self-organization in the community
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We call different qualities of joint activities in separate terms
Co-
opetiti
on
Cooperati
on
-
Joi
nt
ness
Coordi
nati
on
Synchronizati
on
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outside the rules
The relations’ Nature
openness
closeness
flexibilityinside the rules
Jointness
Coordination
There is a substantial difference between the activities
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Synchronization is adding the dimension of time to the cooperation
(“Cooperation On – Line” ...)
Demonstration 8
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Co-opetition is the combination of:
• Cooperation &
• Competition
Business firms have fought for decades for creating an advantage, & in the same time, they collaborated.
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Brandenburger Adam M. ,
Nalebuff Barry J. (1996),
Co-Opetition
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This is a very good book!
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Demonstration 9
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Criminal organizations cooperate in competition;
And so law
enforcement
organizations
(when they
cooperate ...)
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Banks (ATMs)…
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Apple and Microsoft
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Dan Lewin – Microsoft’s vice President
• 96% of Microsoft’s revenue
is driven through our
partners, and for every $1
of our revenue, our partners
make $7 to $8. We know
venture-backed startups are
fundamental to Microsoft’s
long-term success
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“… We have between 7 - 11 business partners in each product. It's our business model, this is why we are so big: there are so many people and organizations who work with us. "
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Even enemy states cooperate under a survival...
באוגוסט 23הסכם ריבנטרופ מולוטוב, ה- 1939
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In World War II, the allies collaborated with the Italian Mafia and its branches in the U.S., for the invasion of Sicily ...
באוגוסט 23הסכם ריבנטרופ מולוטוב, ה- 1939
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Internet Era
Social Network
Analysis – SNA
Organizational
Network Analysis - ONA
Today, thanks to the leapfrogging that Internet has created
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We can use Organizational Network Analysis to measure Jointness
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Bet
ween
organi
zati
ons
Bet
ween depart
ments
Inside
depart
ments
Bet
ween
workers
Basic conditions to establish Jointness
Jointness can be measured at different levels
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Selfishness and betrayal
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Results
Level of cohesion
Joint operations are essential to the success of organizations
positive
negative
No-Jointness
Jointness
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Conversely, the absence of joint activities is destructive to the system and prevents effectiveness!
I am so pleased that the hole is not on our
side...
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Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
For example, restricting oxygen to the biosphere ...
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Creating Jointness is an effective way to increase strength
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To win, Hitler, Churchill was willing to ally with the devil
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But in complex systems, any purpose has a positive aspect (to gain power) and a negative aspect (to prevent power from others) ...
Therefore, powerful
factors are
reluctant to
cooperate!
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Is this true?
No!
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Only the strong one will eat!
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Preventing Jointness is the way thatPower is manifested in organizations
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How does it look on the network?
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פעולה חלש שיתוף פנימיNo Jointness
between managers
No connections between the teams
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Using Jointness for
bad purposes
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Self-organization greatly improves the organization’s immune system!
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It makes the organization powerful, flexible and Agile!
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But, Jointness can be used for bad purposes too!
Cartels, price fixing, etc.
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Factors in the organization can joint forces to prevent outputs’ uploading or changing norms of work!
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Live and let live - World War I
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I hope I was helpful
!
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