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Jeffersonian EraJeffersonian Era 1800- 18231800- 1823

This era represented This era represented the Presidencies of the Presidencies of Jefferson, Madison Jefferson, Madison and Monroe.and Monroe.

In part it represented In part it represented a revolution because a revolution because it demonstrated a it demonstrated a smooth transition of smooth transition of power from one party power from one party to another to another

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Major Topics during the Major Topics during the Jeffersonian Era:Jeffersonian Era:

I. Jeffersonian Democracy-Limited GovernmentI. Jeffersonian Democracy-Limited Government

II. Judicial Powers StrengthenedII. Judicial Powers Strengthened

III. Territorial Expansion and Indian III. Territorial Expansion and Indian SettlementsSettlements

IV. International ChallengesIV. International Challenges

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I. Democracy and Limited GovernmentI. Democracy and Limited Government

Election of 1800-The Revolution of 1800-Election of 1800-The Revolution of 1800- After a controversial After a controversial election, Jefferson is the first President to be inaugurated in election, Jefferson is the first President to be inaugurated in Washington DC. Washington DC.

The new 3The new 3rdrd President and the Democratic Republicans take President and the Democratic Republicans take control of the government from the Federalists.control of the government from the Federalists.

The election also represented the first party election and The election also represented the first party election and

demonstrated a peaceful transition of demonstrated a peaceful transition of power from one party to another.power from one party to another. Tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Decided in Tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Decided in

House after 35 ballots.House after 35 ballots. Jefferson becomes President.Jefferson becomes President. (the controversial) Aaron Burr becomes Vice President(the controversial) Aaron Burr becomes Vice President

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Jeffersonian DemocracyJeffersonian Democracy

Jefferson favored a Jefferson favored a strict interpretationstrict interpretation or or strict constructionists viewstrict constructionists view of the of the Constitution.Constitution.

Favored a nation of farmers, the Favored a nation of farmers, the agrarian agrarian yeoman society, yeoman society, and the interests of the and the interests of the West and South over the industrial North.West and South over the industrial North.

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Condemned Hamilton’s financial plan, but Condemned Hamilton’s financial plan, but incorporated the US Bank.incorporated the US Bank.

Reduced the number of Federal employees.Reduced the number of Federal employees.

Reduced Government Expenses – cut the Reduced Government Expenses – cut the military budget from 7.5 million to 3 millionmilitary budget from 7.5 million to 3 million

Jefferson demonstrated a less formal style as Jefferson demonstrated a less formal style as President.President.

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Cut the National Debt from 83 million to 45 Cut the National Debt from 83 million to 45 million.million.

Believed in strong local and state governmentsBelieved in strong local and state governments

Repealed the Alien and Sedition ActsRepealed the Alien and Sedition Acts

Repealed the Whiskey TaxRepealed the Whiskey Tax

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Questions:

1. List at least 3 things Jefferson completed in order to limit government:

1.

2.

3.

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4. Jefferson favored what type of interpretation of the Constitution?

5. Jefferson favored what parts of the nation over the industrial northeast?

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II. Strengthening the JudiciaryII. Strengthening the JudiciaryThe Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall strengthend the Supreme Court as an equal branch of strengthend the Supreme Court as an equal branch of government:government:

Before leaving office, President Adams wished to pack the Before leaving office, President Adams wished to pack the court with Federalists Judges, thus undermining the Presidency court with Federalists Judges, thus undermining the Presidency of Jefferson.of Jefferson.

These appointments by Adams were called These appointments by Adams were called midnight midnight appointments.appointments.

Judiciary Act of 1801-Judiciary Act of 1801- Repealed by Jefferson. Jefferson and his Repealed by Jefferson. Jefferson and his Secretary of State James Madison, also refused to issue the Secretary of State James Madison, also refused to issue the appointed commissions.appointed commissions.

One possible new judge, Mr. Marbury , sued for his One possible new judge, Mr. Marbury , sued for his

promised job and the case went to the Supreme Court.promised job and the case went to the Supreme Court.

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Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison-Marbury v. Madison- Supreme Court decision ( under Supreme Court decision ( under Chief Justice John Marshall) that declared the former Chief Justice John Marshall) that declared the former Judiciary Act passed by Congress unconstitutional.Judiciary Act passed by Congress unconstitutional.

Most importantly, it established the principle of Most importantly, it established the principle of Judicial Judicial Review : Review : the Supreme Court had the authority to judge if the Supreme Court had the authority to judge if laws passed by Congress or state legislatures were laws passed by Congress or state legislatures were constitutional or not. This decision is generally regarded constitutional or not. This decision is generally regarded as the most important opinion in US History as it as the most important opinion in US History as it established the Supreme Court as the established the Supreme Court as the supreme law in supreme law in the land.the land.

Also, strengthened the Supreme Court and Executive Also, strengthened the Supreme Court and Executive Branch.Branch.

McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland

This Supreme Court Case under John This Supreme Court Case under John Marshall established the Marshall established the Doctrine Implied Doctrine Implied Powers. Powers. It established the authority of the It established the authority of the national government over state national government over state governments and other levels of governments and other levels of government. The state of Maryland lost government. The state of Maryland lost their claim to tax federal property.their claim to tax federal property.

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Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

This case established a broadly national This case established a broadly national view of economic affairs and also view of economic affairs and also established national authority over established national authority over competing business interests.competing business interests.

The Court ruled that the US Government, The Court ruled that the US Government, under the Commerce Clause had the right under the Commerce Clause had the right to regulate interstate commerce.to regulate interstate commerce.

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Marbury v. Madison = Judicial ReviewMarbury v. Madison = Judicial Review

McCulloch v. Maryland = Implied PowersMcCulloch v. Maryland = Implied Powers

Gibbons v. Ogden = Interstate CommerceGibbons v. Ogden = Interstate Commerce

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Questions

1.What supreme court decision established the principle of Judicial Review?

2. What is Judicial Review?

3. What were the midnight appointments?3. What were the midnight appointments?

4. What Supreme Court case established 4. What Supreme Court case established the principle of implied powers?the principle of implied powers?

5. What Supreme Court case established 5. What Supreme Court case established US authority to regulate interstate US authority to regulate interstate commerce?commerce?

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III. Territorial ExpansionIII. Territorial Expansion

Louisiana Purchase 1803Louisiana Purchase 1803 The United States purchased from France the The United States purchased from France the

Louisiana Territory, more than 2 million square Louisiana Territory, more than 2 million square miles of land extending from the Mississippi River miles of land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, for 15 million dollars.to the Rocky Mountains, for 15 million dollars.

President Jefferson had sent James Monroe and President Jefferson had sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to negotiate with Napoleon. As a Robert Livingston to negotiate with Napoleon. As a result of this purchase the US had doubled in result of this purchase the US had doubled in size, and established its position on the continent size, and established its position on the continent with less fear of European intervention.with less fear of European intervention.

Louisiana Purchase 1803Louisiana Purchase 1803

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Lewis and Clark Expedition 1803-06Lewis and Clark Expedition 1803-06

Even before the purchase of Louisiana, Jefferson Even before the purchase of Louisiana, Jefferson sent a government party led by sent a government party led by Meriwether Lewis Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and William Clark along with approximately forty along with approximately forty explorers on an expedition to explore the West. This explorers on an expedition to explore the West. This expedition was called the Corps of Discovery and expedition was called the Corps of Discovery and would explore the territory from St. Louis to the would explore the territory from St. Louis to the Pacific. Pacific.

The expedition now became even more important, The expedition now became even more important, as it was to also discover exactly what we had as it was to also discover exactly what we had purchased.purchased.

US 2011-12\Jefferson Era 2010\The Map of The Lewis and Clark Expedition.mht

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US 2011-12\Interactive Maps.mht

In addition, Jefferson sent Zebulon Pike to In addition, Jefferson sent Zebulon Pike to explore West and South along the Arkansas explore West and South along the Arkansas River and into present day Colorado.River and into present day Colorado.

The Louisiana Territory would eventually be The Louisiana Territory would eventually be divided into 13 new states and established the divided into 13 new states and established the concept that the United States would eventually concept that the United States would eventually expand to the Pacific.expand to the Pacific.

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Questions

1. In 1803, the US purchased the Louisiana Territory from what European nation?

2. What was the most important result of the Louisiana Purchase?

3. Who was sent to lead the Corps of Discovery?

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III. Indian Policy

Since the Revolution, white settlers in North America had ruthlessly dislodged Indian tribes to make room for expansion.

Indians had looked to the British in Canada for support and protection.

In 1801, Jefferson appointed William Henry Harrison of Virginia as Governor of Indiana Territory to administer the proposed solution to the “ Indian Problem”

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Jefferson’s Assimilation Proposal offered two plans:

1. Indians would have to convert to settled farmers and become part of white society

or 2. They would be moved to the areas West of

the Mississippi

In either case, Indians would have to give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest.

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Native American Views

Little Turtle- Accepted white culture

Handsome Lake- Advocated a rebirth of Seneca Indian culture that would combine with white culture

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Tenskwatawa known as" the Prophet”, called for the Miamis,Delawares,and Shawnees

to return to Native American ways and oppose assimilation into white culture.

Tecumseh, known as “Shooting Star”, was the Prophet’s brother, and called for Indian groups to unite and fight against the US. This was called the Tecumseh Confederacy.

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Battle of Tippecanoe: In 1811, Harrison attacked the Indian headquarters at Tippecanoe Creek and destroyed the Indian Confederacy.

To many Americans, the final solution would be to drive the British out of Canada and the removal of Indians from areas of white settlement.

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Questions

1. Which Native American leader formed a Confederacy to fight against the US?

2. What was the result of the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811?

Pinckney's TreatyPinckney's Treaty

Or the Treaty of San Lorenzo: October, 27, 1795Or the Treaty of San Lorenzo: October, 27, 1795 Treaty between Spain and the US.Treaty between Spain and the US. Settled US and Spanish territorial differences at Settled US and Spanish territorial differences at

N 31 Lat.N 31 Lat. Spain gave up land east of the Mississippi Spain gave up land east of the Mississippi

except Florida.except Florida. US allowed to use the Mississippi River and US allowed to use the Mississippi River and

port of New Orleansport of New Orleans Established US and Spanish friendship.Established US and Spanish friendship.

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Pinckney's TreatyPinckney's Treaty

Or the Treaty of San Lorenzo: October, 27, 1795Or the Treaty of San Lorenzo: October, 27, 1795 Treaty between Spain and the US.Treaty between Spain and the US. Settled US and Spanish territorial differences at Settled US and Spanish territorial differences at

N 31 Lat.N 31 Lat. Spain gave up land east of the Mississippi Spain gave up land east of the Mississippi

except Florida.except Florida. US allowed to use the Mississippi River and US allowed to use the Mississippi River and

port of New Orleansport of New Orleans Established US and Spanish friendship.Established US and Spanish friendship.

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IV. International Conflicts

War with Tripoli- by 1800, the US had paid tribute ( $ 2 million) to the Barbary States of North Africa ( Tripoli, Algiers, Morocco and Tunis) for passage to the Mediterranean Sea. They were called the Barbary Pirates.

In 1801- Tripoli declared war on the US.

Jefferson sent a Navy squadron with Marines to attack Tripoli. A solution with Algiers and Tunis would come later in 1815.

Hymn? US 2011-12\Interactive Maps.mht

US 2011-12\Jefferson Era 2010\YouTube - The Marines' Hymn.mht

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The European wars between France and England led to more International conflicts for the US:

British passed- Orders in Council- all ships sailing for Europe must first port in Britain.

French passed- Continental System- any neutral vessels that observed the Orders in Council would be seized.

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To avoid war, Jefferson initiated the Embargo Act of 1807, during his second term: All imports/exports were prohibited.

The Embargo Act almost destroyed the economy. Jefferson lost credibility during his second term because of economic difficulties.

When Madison became President, he replaced the Embargo Act with the

Non Intercourse Act- which forbid trade with France and England.

American trade continued to suffer. .

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James Madison 1809-1817

Macon’s Bill # 2- US trade would resume with England or France, as soon as the first nation agreed, and the US would end trade with the other.

France agreed first. President Madison ended trade with Britain.

Britain continued to impress American sailors on the high seas.

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Chesapeake/ Leopard Affair: British naval ship Leopard fired upon US

ship Chesapeake off the coast of Norfolk. Disaster for the US Navy, but the Captain

stated “Do not give up the ship”

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Questions 1. During the Jeffersonian Era , the US paid

tribute and fought a war with what Mediterranean nation?

2. What were the Orders in Council?

3. What was the Continental System?

4. What Act was passed under Jefferson greatly reduced American trade and reduced Jefferson’s credibility as President during his second term?

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War of 1812War of 1812

Causes for war between Britain Causes for war between Britain and the US:and the US:

British incitement of Indians against AmericansBritish incitement of Indians against Americans British impressment of Americans on the high British impressment of Americans on the high

seasseas British interference with American tradeBritish interference with American trade War Hawks wanted to obtain CanadaWar Hawks wanted to obtain Canada US declared war on Britain.US declared war on Britain.

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Both sides at first fought this war reluctantly:

Britain was involved in a major war with France in Europe

Many in the US opposed the war and called it “Mr. Madison’s War”

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Two Phases of the War

Phase 1: US failed to capture Canada , but do have several victories:

Captain Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813. He stated “we have met the enemy and they are ours”

William Henry Harrison defeated the British at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Tecumseh was killed at this battle.

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Phase 2: After Napoleon and the French are defeated in Europe, Britain now puts forth more effort into the War of 1812.

British drive south from Canada and North from New Orleans

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1814- British sail up the Chesapeake and burn US Government buildings in Washington DC.

Dolly Madison saves valuables from the executive mansion.

1814- British attempt to burn Baltimore, Maryland but cannot capture Fort McHenry.

During the bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key composes the “Star Spangled Banner”

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British drive south from Canada are halted at Battle of Lake Champlain.

Peace Treaty- December Treaty of Ghent is signed

January- Battle of New Orleans- ( actually after the treaty was signed) American leader Andrew Jackson ( and the pirate Jean Lafitte) defeat a large British Army ( British -2000 causalities, America- 8 causalities)

Jackson emerges as a great American Hero of the West

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Treaty of Ghent- ends War of 1812Treaty of Ghent- ends War of 1812

Established border between US and Established border between US and CanadaCanada

Oregon Territory is placed under joint US Oregon Territory is placed under joint US and British controland British control

Great Lakes would eventually be Great Lakes would eventually be demilitarized.demilitarized.

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Questions

1. List three reasons for the War of 1812 between the US and Britain?

2. What Treaty ended the war of 1812?

3. Did the treaty solve any of the issues as to why the US and Britain went to war?

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James Monroe 1816-1824

Elected President 1816- a continuation of the Virginia Dynasty.

An experienced President Election marked the end of the Federalist

Party Foreign disputes mostly over Called the “Era of Good Feelings”

The Monroe Doctrine was a major The Monroe Doctrine was a major element of American foreign policy. It element of American foreign policy. It was first proposed by U.S. Secretary was first proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. He is of State John Quincy Adams. He is shown here in a Cabinet meeting shown here in a Cabinet meeting pointing to a globe. In 1823 Russia pointing to a globe. In 1823 Russia was threatening to expand its claimed was threatening to expand its claimed territory southward along the Pacific territory southward along the Pacific Coast. President James Monroe Coast. President James Monroe warned the European powers that warned the European powers that North and South America were not North and South America were not open to further European colonization. open to further European colonization. The next year, the U.S. signed a treaty The next year, the U.S. signed a treaty with Russia about the coastal area. It with Russia about the coastal area. It set the southward boundary for set the southward boundary for Russian colonies at 54 degrees and 40 Russian colonies at 54 degrees and 40 minutes north latitude. By preventing minutes north latitude. By preventing Russian expansion, the treaty and the Russian expansion, the treaty and the Monroe Doctrine contributed to the Monroe Doctrine contributed to the eventual end of the Russian settlement eventual end of the Russian settlement at Fort Ross.at Fort Ross.

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Monroe Doctrine

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Monroe Doctrine 1823: The US would not tolerate European intervention

in the Americas

Americans and Europeans were different and experienced different governments.

The US would not interfere in European affairs

Any attack by a European nation in the Americas would be considered as an attack on the US

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Adams – Onis Treaty- 1819- US Obtained Florida from Spain and gave up claims to Texas.

Missouri Compromise 1820

Missouri would be admitted as a slave state

Maine would be admitted as a free state

Slavery would not be allowed north of Missouri’s southern border ( 36 30)

The Union would have 12 free and 12 slave states. ( Sectional lines were being drawn)

4848M and M Compromise

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Panic of 1819- After the Treaty of Ghent, Americans borrowed funds from British investors. When British banks called in their loans, it caused a depression in America known as the Panic of 1819.

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On July 4, 1826- the 50th Anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of Independence - Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died within a few hours of each other.

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Questions

1. Under what US President was a period called the Era of Good Feelings?

2. Under what treaty was Florida obtained?

3. What were the main points of the Missouri Compromise?

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4. What were the main points of the Monroe Doctrine?

5. What was the main cause of the economic Panic of 1819?

6. The Jeffersonian Era included what Presidents?

7. What two treaties helped settle territorial 7. What two treaties helped settle territorial differences with Britain and Spain before differences with Britain and Spain before 1800?1800?

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Pinckney's TreatyPinckney's Treaty

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Jeffersonian Era

1800- 1823