1 is5600 - 5 knowledge management. 2 example 1 i have been searching for a solution to a problem all...
TRANSCRIPT
1
IS5600 - 5
Knowledge Management
2
Knowledge Management
Example 1I have been searching for a solution
to a problem all day. Eventually, I find the answer on a website – and the author is … my colleague from two-doors away down the corridor!
Why didn’t I know?
3
Knowledge ManagementExample Two
I am the senior partner of a global headhunting firm. We have reasonable information management (industry analysis, market research, resumé databases) but do nothing to tap into the vast knowledge resources held in the brains of our consultants. Each time a consultant leaves, our firm’s collective brain is drained. What can I do to manage our knowledge resources better?
4
KM Example 3• In my team-based work environment,
none of my immediate colleagues can help me.– The corporate knowledge base is out of date
(as usual)! No one ever wastes time on that!• So, I jump over the corporate firewall –
and ask my external friends– In fact, I ask 15 of them!
• In minutes, I have several good answers– And 3 minutes later, one of those friends
asks me for helpWhat’s going on here?
5
KM Fundamentals
• What is knowledge ?• Why is it important?
• What do we have to do in order to understand our knowledge
resources• How are we going to be able to manage our distributed knowledge
resources?
6
Knowledge• Knowledge is
– Information that is contextual, experiential, relevant, and recontextualisable for action taking
– A representation of skilled practices• Knowledge can be
– Tacit or explicit– Operational or strategic– Emergent or static– Communicated or hidden
7
How do we conceptualise knowledge?• As a formal organisational resource?• As a community resource?• As an individual resource?
• As something that can be codified in documents?
• As something that is best explained person-to-person?
• Or as something that is totally inexplicable?!
8
Knowledge Needs, Validity & Use• What are the knowledge needs of
employees?• How quickly does knowledge
change, degrade, become invalid…– When is its “use by date”?
• How can knowledge be communicated?
• What does knowledge recontextualisation involve and cost?
9
Does your Organisation (Try to)
Manage Knowledge?
How?
10
Knowledge Organisation and Delivery
• Hierarchies• Communities• Markets
• Codification-based systems• Personalisation-based systems
11
Knowledge Hierarchies• Specific knowledge that is customised
for target users and often reused• Hierarchies imply a consistent storage
mechanism that is easily searchable• High creation costs
– Accuracy, completeness and integrity (of knowledge and source) are important
• Quality is high, but validity may be short
12
Knowledge Communities• Knowledge is shared among community
members, with trust-supported sharing• Community norms are influential• A coordinator will facilitate the
community’s access to knowledge• Feedback mechanisms will validate the
knowledge• Quality is variable, but validity is often
longer– Short-validity knowledge requires too much
effort to update on a regular basis.
13
Knowledge Networks
• It can be very informal– Practice Area Networks – PANs
• Groups of people with ideas to share that form voluntarily
• May be industry specific or focused on a specific topic
– DIY – Do it Yourself• With management support, but not
control• Help people to help themselves
Source: http://www4.cio.com/article/27088/Do_It_Yourself_Knowledge_Management
14
Knowledge Markets• A market will focus on capture, not
creation of knowledge• Each individual employee acts alone• With little formal KM, there is little
validation/organisation– This reduces creation costs, but increases
search and recontextualisation costs• This is a chaotic market, where quality
is an unknown factor– Wiki Answers– Baidu Zhidao
15
Codification-Based Delivery 1• Expert System
– Formally codified knowledge; automated search/dissemination
• Knowledge Repository– Text database of documents; quite
easy to locate knowledge • Document Repository
– Text database of documents, but no specific knowledge examples
16
Codification-Based Delivery 2• Exemplars and Templates
– Text database of best practices for specific tasks• Exemplars are examples that illustrate
best practices• Templates involve step-by-step scripts
• Tips, Stories, Opinions, Principles, Heuristics, Patterns– Example/scenario-based text similar
to exemplars/templates, but less structured
17
Personalisation-Based Delivery
• Expert Directory– Managed and validated database of
people formally recognised as being experts
• People Directory– Organised list of people with
espoused interest in a particular area, but little validation/verification of their knowledge
18
Personalisation-Based Delivery• Reference centre
– Chauffeured access point to knowledge
– Knowledge comes from a designated expert
• Q&A Forum– Web-based discussion site or blog
• Community Calendar– Shared calendar of events of interest
to the community
19
KM, KS and Communities
• KM needs sharing of ideas.– A notoriously difficult barrier to
effective KM implementation.– KS needs to be rewarded; KS failure
must also be rewarded.– KS needs to be easy, not time/energy
consuming.• Sharing is often easier in
communities.• Do some communities find it easier
to share than others?
20
Systematic Knowledge Processes
• Does the firm have systematic processes for – Capturing, organizing and sharing
• external and internal knowledge?
• Are there processes for enhancing knowledge creation and innovation?
• Are there procedures governing the protection of knowledge assets?
• Does senior management actively promote and engage in a knowledge sharing culture?
• Are knowledge contributions measured or linked to financial performance indicators?
Pushing Knowledge
• Could we push useful knowledge to the people who need it most?– Tell them what they need before they
know that they need it!• Look at Microsoft’s Delve tool.
– http://www.businessinsider.com/nadella-bets-heavily-on-delve-2014-7
21
22
Knowledge and Privacy• http://www.aclu.org/pizza/• What kind of knowledge can we see
here?– Types– Examples
• How is this knowledge used for decision making?
• What are the exact privacy concerns?
23
People, Knowledge & Technology• In order to execute a knowledge based
strategy, we need to think how to nurture people with knowledge
• Knowledge is most effectively applied through networks of people who collaborate with one another – not through networks of technology
• KM is a primarily human-human process, supported by technology. Treating KM as a technical problem and finding a technical solution is likely to result in failure.
• KM strategies are more likely to be successful if they are driven by human needs for help in solving problems, not by knowledge being pushed at people.
24
KM and Reward Structures• Both creators and users of knowledge
should be rewarded.• Mistakes are also a source of knowledge
– so reward their reporting• Knowledge sharing should be
recognised financially and publically• Failure to use/share knowledge should
be penalised• Rewards can be designed at both
individual and team levels• Time must be allocated to knowledge
creation and sharing.
25
KM, Top Management and Hiring Policies
• If people oppose KM blindly and try to destroy knowledge management efforts underway in the organisation, then don’t promote or encourage them!
• Don’t let KM initiatives be held back by old culture and old thinking– All employees from the CEO
downwards need to abandon the old and adopt the new – enthusiastically – if KM is to be successful
26
KM Initiatives and Alignment
KM Initiatives
Portal Development
Knowledge Categorization
Communities of Practice
Active Capture
KM Training
Incentive System Creation/Change
Explicit Knowledge “Tacit” Knowledge
Gap Analysis
Measurement System
Vision – How are Knowledge and Strategy Aligned?
27
Same Purpose – Different PathsEmployees write up consulting reports
KM team locates all such valuable sources
Documents are stored on a corporate portal
Indices, categoriz-ation, context is added
Users are provided with intelligent search
Knowledge portal is modified as use changes
Collection of numerical transaction data
KM team searches for patterns (data mining)
Patterns are stored in rule form (knowledge base)
Patterns are reported as business rules, or can be used to intelligently search through databases (profiling)
Knowledge is updated based on new records
Employees share advice via discussion boards
KM team locates all such discussions
Advice is categorized, reformatted
Web links to discussion board and categories
Old discussions are archived, while repeated questions are transformed into FAQs
Collection of e-mail enquiries
KM program searches for patterns (text mining)
FAQ’s and answers stored in knowledge base
Knowledge base either makes suggestions about best answers, or automatically answers 80% of e-mail inquiries.
Knowledge is updated based on new inquiries
28
The Case of Siemens – ShareNet 1 • Siemens worldwide adoption of KM• Strong German Organisational culture• Sophisticated reward point system
– Redeemable for gifts, trips, etc.• Strong sense of employee involvement
– More for kudos than rewards• Active answering of questions raised by
others
29
Siemens 2• An Italian office of Siemens was looking
for information that would help in a project bid.
• They found the information on ShareNet– The knowledge had been created by
Chinese employees.• Siemens got the project
– And rewarded those who created the knowledge.
• Overall, ShareNet helped Siemens gain €120M of projects (1998-2005)
30
Other Resources
• Knowledge Maps• Conversational Knowledge• Google
– Now search results depend on networks of links between pages and page currency, not just keyword counts anymore.
31
CategoriesCategories
Document popularityDocument popularity
Document SummaryDocument Summary
Awareness / IMAwareness / IM
Affinity rankAffinity rank
Community locationCommunity location
32
Conversational Knowledge
• Blogs, Wikis, Email, Skype,…– Conversations become persistent,
google-searchable, part of your knowledge network
33
8 Lessons for KM Implementation
• 1. Overcommunicate!– Org change is huge, so there is a
continuous need to communicate at all levels. Keep everyone in the loop. Ensure that they realise what this project will do for them and why they need it. Help them to build up a new comfort zone.
• 2. People– You need the right people for the
project. With the wrong people, you are asking for trouble.
34
• 3. Ensure that end-users are involved in solution design– Don’t exclude the end-users till the
project is ready to run. Involve them. Build their buy-in! Make them content experts who identify the right kind of content that is needed.
• 4. Content gaps, redundancies and dirt– What we don’t have, what we have in
duplicate, and what we have in the wrong format. It all has to be fixed and the sooner the better for KM users.
35
• 5. Incentivise user adoption– Reward employees who venture
outside the comfort zone and try the new KM stuff.
• 6. ROI – Measures and Requirements– Tricky, but an ROI measure is
important.• What are we looking for? How will we
measure it? Intangible and tangible measures.
– Measure the efficiency of the KM processes (content coverage and quality)
– Measure the KM impact• Work speed, resolution times, agent
productivity, …
36
• 7. Understand End-User Needs– How do end-users actually work? Are
we helping them or hindering? Different end-users in different departments do the same thing in different ways (culture), so a new KM solution has to be flexible.
• 8. What is the goal of this KM initiative?– What are we trying to achieve? Are
we getting there? Will KM actually prevent us from doing some of what we do currently? How do we work around that?
37
Discussion – Bob’s Story
• What is his working environment?• What are his knowledge tools (in 2004)
– and which different tools might he use today?
• Which skills and characteristics does Bob need to have to work? Any updates for 2014?
• What value does he bring to the company?– Could we measure the value in $? How?
• Bob’s context is limited to one country (US). How would his work change in a global sphere of operations?