1. intro_level of petroleum investigation
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1. Intro_Level of Petroleum InvestigationTRANSCRIPT
GEOFISIKA HIDROKARBONIntroduction: Level of Petroleum Investigation
Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT
Semester Ganjil_2014 - 2015
Program Studi Teknik GeologiFakultas Teknologi Kebumian
dan EnergiUniversitas Trisakti
1
CURRICULUM VITAE Name : Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MTPlace of Birth : Semarang, 3 September 1955Marital Status : MarriedAddress : Rancho Indah, Jl. Tanjung 19 / Blok G-21 Tanjung Barat, Jakarta Selatan 12530 Email : [email protected]
Education 1982 : Bachelor Degree in Geology of UGM 2000 : Magister Degree in Applied Geophysics of ITB
2008 : Doctoral Degree in Applied Geophysics of ITBWork History1982 – 1985 : Pertamina Exploration Division Jakarta1986 – 1993 : Pertamina Exploration Department Plaju1993 – 1994 : Pertamina BPPKA Jakarta1994 – 1997 : Head of Exploration Planning Jakarta1998 – 2000 : Exploration Manager JOB Pertamina – Greka Energy2000 – 2002 : Chief Geophysic Pertamina Upstream
President of Indonesian Association of Geophysicists (HAGI)2002 – 2006 : General Manager of JOB Pertamina-ConocoPhillips (Sakakemang) Ltd.2006 : Vice President of Pertamina Upstream New Venture Business Development2006 – 2007 : Board of Director of Joint Venture Pertamina – Petronas – Petro Vietnam2006 – 2008 : Vice President of EP Technology Center2009 – 2011 : Senior Geophysicist2011 – now : Lecturer of Geology Engineering of Trisakti Universty
Lecturer of Geophysic Engineering of Bandung Institute of Technology
Lecturer of Geology Engineering of Gadjahmada Universty 2
Pendahuluan Pada kuliah pertama, Dosen wajib memberitahukan:
a) Rencana Pembelajaran b) Daftar buku acuan (buku teks / referensi) yang digunakanc) Tata tertib Perkuliahan dan Sistem penilaian dan (serta)
pembobotan masing-masing komponen penilaian yang digunakan
d) Ada atau tidaknya kuis (ujian-ujian kecil)e) Tata tertib dan peraturan yang berlaku di Universitas Trisaktif) Bahaya penyalahgunaan Narkoba dan sanksinyag) Menunjuk salah seorang mahasiswa peserta mata kuliah
tersebut sebagai ketua kelas.
Ketentuan Pelaksanaan Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan Praktikum
•Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan Praktikum harus dilaksanakan tepat waktu sesuai dengan jadwal.
•Mahasiswa diwajibkan hadir mengikuti Kuliah, Asistensi / Responsi dan Praktikum sesuai dengan yang tercantum dalam Kartu Rencana Studi masing-masing. Kehadiran mahasiswa dicatat dalam daftar hadir mahasiswa.
Jika Dosen berhalangan,
sehingga kehadirannya tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan jadwal perkuliahan, maka Dosen tersebut wajib:a. Memberitahukan ketidakhadirannya kepada Subbag Perkuliahan
dan Ujian di Fakultas atau Sekretariat Program Studi.b. Menggantikan kuliahnya pada kesempatan yang lain atau diisi
dengan kegiatan yang sama oleh dosen pengganti.
•Mahasiswa wajib menunggu kehadiran dosen di kelas dalam waktu 15 menit. Apabila sesudah 15 menit ternyata dosen belum juga hadir tanpa pemberitahuan, maka ketua kelas melaporkan kepada Subbag Perkuliahan dan Ujian di Fakultas atau Sekretariat Program Studi. Apabila sudah ada kepastian bahwa dosen pengganti belum (tidak) ada, mahasiswa dapat meninggalkan ruang kuliah, setelah menandatangani daftar hadir.
Mahasiswa wajib menunggu kehadiran dosen di kelas dalam waktu 15 menit. Apabila sesudah 15 menit ternyata dosen belum juga hadir tanpa pemberitahuan, maka ketua kelas melaporkan kepada Subbag Perkuliahan dan Ujian di Fakultas atau Sekretariat Program Studi. Apabila sudah ada kepastian bahwa dosen pengganti belum (tidak) ada,
mahasiswa dapat meninggalkan ruang kuliah, setelah menandatangani daftar hadir.
Apabila Dosen melalaikan kewajiban-kewajiban tersebut di atas (memberikan kuliah kurang dari 70% tatap muka terjadwal dalam satu semester), pimpinan fakultas/Program Studi dapat memberikan teguran/peringatan dan sanksi mulai dari yang ringan sampai dengan yang berat (dalam bentuk pemberhentian).
3. Kehadiran Mahasiswa Dalam Perkuliahan
Mahasiswa diwajibkan hadir minimal 70 % dari jumlah tatap muka.Petugas administrasi perkuliahan akan menghitung jumlah kehadiran tiap mahasiswa yang digunakan sebagai prasyarat untuk dapat mengikuti Ujian Akhir Semester.
4. Kesetaraan jam perkuliahan dengan bobot sks.
Sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Trisakti, maka tabel berikut memberi pedoman untuk mengatur jam masing-masing jenis perkuliahan dalam hubungannya dengan bobot sks mata kuliah yang bersangkutan dalam satu semester.
Komponen Rentang Nilai
% Bobot
Terstruktur: Tugas, Kuis, Makalah,
Presentasi dan Partisipasi Aktif di
kelas serta absensi kehadiran kuliah
0 –100 5 - 30 %
Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) 0 – 100 20 - 40 %
Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) 0 – 100 20 - 50 %
Absensi 10 %
Jumlah nilai dalam angka 100 %
Tabel :Pedoman Penentuan Bobot Penilaian
Keterangan :Dalam sistem SKS, komponen penilaian harus termasuk didalamnya tugas terstruktur.Untuk memperoleh nilai akhir maka jumlah nilai angka dikonversi menjadi nilai huruf.
Evaluasi Hasil Belajar (EHB)
• Evaluasi hasil belajar dapat dilaksanakan dengan berbagai cara ujian dan kegiatan terstruktur sesuai dengan jenis serta tingkat kompetensi yang dituntut dalam Kurikulum Operasional (KO).
• Macam-macam Evaluasi Hasil Belajar: a. Ujian terdiri dari:
– Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS)– Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS)– Ujian Komprehensif – Ujian Tugas Akhir
EHB lanjutan
b.Evaluasi kegiatan terstruktur Selain ujian-ujian tersebut di atas terdapat
kegiatan-kegiatan terstruktur lain yang berbentuk: 1). Penulisan karangan ilmiah/ makalah2). Pekerjaan rumah/ tugas/ kuis3). Partisipasi aktif dalam kelas 4). Presentasi dan sebagainya
Persyaratan peserta ujian:
» Terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa yang sah pada program studi
» Memenuhi jumlah kehadiran kuliah minimal 70 % dari jumlah seluruh perkuliahan atau jumlah tatap muka
» Membawa Kartu Peserta Ujian (KPU) / Kartu Rencana Studi (KRS) yang berlaku.
» Mentaati tata tertib ujian
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1 • Introduction: Level of Petroleum Investigation
2 • Geophysics and Reservoir Management
3 • Field Discovery and Delineation Problem
4 • Development and Production Problem
5 • Reservoir Geophysics Technologies
6 • Seismic Attributes and Inversion
7 • DHI and Seismic Pitfalls
8 • Reservoir Modeling
9 • Reservoir Monitoring10
• Emerging Technologies11
• 4D Seismic Data: Case History
LECTURE MATERIALS
14
IndonesiaResources and
Reserves7/9/14
15
1. Oil Production Declining. Oil production in Indonesia is dominated by onshore mature fields that are experiencing rapid rates of decline (5 – 15%), yet hold significant remaining reserves.
2. Less new giant field discovery.3. Some of the current obstacles to brown fields
revitalization in Indonesia.4. Common blockers include a lack of
appropriate technology, poor process, conflicting objectives, unacceptable risk, and economic disincentives.
5. Declining the National Oil R/P.
Indonesia Oil and Gas Situation
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16Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)
19801981
19821983
19841985
19861987
19881989
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
20122013
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
INDONESIAOil Production and Consumption
Oil Production Oil Consumption
Year
Thou
sand
s Ba
rrel
s /
Day
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17
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)
19701972
19741976
19781980
19821984
19861988
19901992
19941996
19982000
20022004
20062008
20102012
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
INDONESIAGas Production and Consumption
Gas Production Gas Consumption
Year
BCM
7/9/14
18
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)
19801981
19821983
19841985
19861987
19881989
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
20122013
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
INDONESIAOil and Gas Reserves
Gas Reserve Oil Reserve
Year
Rese
rves
(BBO
E)
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19
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)
19801981
19821983
19841985
19861987
19881989
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
20122013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
INDONESIAR/P Ratio of Oil and Gas
Gas Oil
Year
Year
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20
19651967
19691971
19731975
19771979
19811983
19851987
19891991
19931995
19971999
20012003
20052007
20092011
2013-
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
INDONESIAContribution of CO2 Emission
Year
Mill
ion
Tone
s
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)
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Peak Oil
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg
Hubbert (1903-1989)
Era ofenergycrisis
In 1956, Hubbert predicted that global oil production would peak around the Year 2000 and trigger an Energy Crisis with power blackouts and rising costs of energy and fuel
21
Projection of world oil supply and demand up to 2025 (Energyfiles Ltd) 22
Projected World Energy Demand
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 3000
20
40
60
80
100100 BILLION
BARRELS
(BBOE/Year)Natural
GasNatural
Gas
Hydroelectric
Crude Oil
Solar, Wind Geothermal
Nuclear Electric
1993
CoalCoal
Decreasing
Fossil F
uelsN
ew
Tech
nolo
gies
World Energy Demand
after Edwards, AAPG 8/97
Careers inOil & Gas
Remain Important
80
23
24
Resource Scarcity
Note that reserves are defined as the known amount of a (mineral) resource that can be profitably recovered. This means that new technology, concept innovation, new discoveries, higher prices for the resource, all lead to an expansion in reserves, as we see in the case of oil.
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Onset – Key Variables
New Discoveries
Recovery Efficiency
Reserves In Place
Rate of Depletion
Technologies
Competition from Alternative Energies
Un forecasted Events
Rate of Consumption
Environmental Factors
Prices
M o d i fi e d f r o m ( S a l e r i , N . G . , 2 0 0 8 )
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Current Assumptions
RIP - Resource in Place, Trillion Barrels (includes future discoveries)RE - Recovery Efficiency UER - Ultimate Estimate of Recoverable Resource, Trillion Barrels
S a l e r i , N . G . , 2 0 0 8
26
27
Peak Oil Range Pe
ak O
il Ra
nge
S a l e r i , N . G . , 2 0 0 8
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287/9/14
Declining Oil and Gas
Reserves and Production
Are still have possibility to increase its? Where, how much and what concept and technology to be applied
?
Level of Petroleum Investigation
Geophysics Geology Petroleum Engineering
Exploration ------ Development ------
Production ------
Discovery made
Production begins
First Well Drilled
------- Time ten of years
----
---
Man
hou
rs
Acquisition of Concession
Exploration / Production
Transportation Refining Sale
All operation subject to legal, political and economic constraints
Geophysics Petroleum Geology Petroleum Engineering
Chemical and Mechanical Engineering Marketing
In the petroleum industry, petroleum geology is only one aspect of petroleum exploration and production
(Selley, 1998)
Structural Geology
Geophysical Exploration & Logging
Sedimentology Petrography StratigraphyOrganic Geochemistry Paleontology
Physics Chemistry Biology
Evaluation of Sedimentary
Basins
Structural and Stratigraphic trap
location
Porosity and permeability
within reservoir
Source rocks and the generation of
petroleum
Carbonates
PURE
SCI
ENCE
SG
EOLO
GY
APPL
ICAT
ION
Petroleum Geology is branch of geology which study petroleum in the earth from its generation up to exploitation
The relationship of petroleum geology to the pure science (Selley, 1998)
1st
• SEDIMENTARY BASIN
2nd
• PETROLEUM SYSTEM
3rd
• EXPLORATION PLAY
4th
• PROSPECT
Magoon and Dow (1994)
Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation
ECONOMICSNOT
IMPORTANT
ECONOMICSVERY
IMPORTANT
33
1st
• SEDIMENTARY BASIN
2nd
• PETROLEUM SYSTEM
3rd
• EXPLORATION PLAY CONCEPT
4th
• PROSPECTS GENERATION
5th
• DELINEATION
6th
• DEVELOPMENT
7th
• PRODUCTION
Magoon and Dow (1994)
Seven Levels of Petroleum Investigation
EXPLORATIONPHASE
DEVELOPMENT AND
PRODUCTION PHASES
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Sedimentary basins, petroleum systems, plays, and prospect can be view as separate levels of investigation, all of which are needed to better understand the genesis and habitat of hydrocarbons.
Sedimentary basin investigations emphasize the stratigraphic sequence and structural style of sedimentary rocks.
Petroleum system study describe the genetic relationship between a pod of active source rock and the resulting oil and gas accumulations.
Investigation of play describe the present-day geologic similarity of a series of present-day traps.
Study of prospects describe the individual present-day trap
Prospect - a lead which has been fully evaluated and is ready to drill
Play - A particular combination of reservoir, seal, source and trap associated with proven hydrocarbon accumulations
Lead - a structure which may contain hydrocarbons
Exploration Play - Lead - Prospect
Factor Sedimentary Basin
Petroleum System
Play Prospect
Investigation
Economics
Geologic Time
Existence
Cost
Analysis & Modeling
Sedimentary Rock
None
Time of deposition
Absolute
Very Low
Basin
Petroleum
None
Critical Moment
Absolute
Low
System
Traps
Essential
Present-day
Conditional
High
Play
Trap
Essential
Present-day
Conditional
Very high
Prospect
Factor Comparison in the Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation
Magoon and Dow (1994)
Source Rock
Migration Route
Reservoir Rock
Seal Rock
Trap
Elements
Generation
Migration
Accumulation
Preservation
Processes
Petroleum System DefinitionGeologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons, including a mature source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of these elements and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved. The components and critical timing relationships of a petroleum system can be displayed in a chart that shows geologic time along the horizontal axis and the petroleum system elements along the vertical axis. Exploration plays and prospects are typically developed in basins or regions in which a complete petroleum system has some likelihood of existing.
Venezuela Well Evaluation Conference, 1997, p. 1-24.
40
1st
• SEDIMENTARY BASIN
2nd
• PETROLEUM SYSTEM
3rd
• EXPLORATION PLAY CONCEPT
4th
• PROSPECTS GENERATION
5th
• DELINEATION
6th
• DEVELOPMENT
7th
• PRODUCTION
Magoon and Dow (1994)
Seven Levels of Petroleum Investigation
EXPLORATIONPHASE
DEVELOPMENT AND
PRODUCTION PHASES
7/9/14
BasinReview
PetroleumSystem
Play Concept/Prospect
Geological and PetroleumGenerating Processes
Risk
Engineering
Volumetric
EconomicAnalysis
PostDrill
Review
Optimization
PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN THEEXPLORATION EVALUATION PROCESS
After Schneidermann & Robert M. Otis, IPA 1997
42
Project phase
Critical subsurface information
Technology Involvement
1) Exploration Proven Petroleum System and Play Concepts Resources and Reserves information
Geophysics Geology Concept Drilling
2) Delineation Total hydrocarbon volume Areal limits of petroleum reservoir Deliverability
Geophysics Geology Concept Drilling Reservoir
3) Development
Compartmentalization Bypass Oil Exact locations of development wells
Geophysics Development Geology Drilling Reservoir
4) Production Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure changes Flow restrictions and channeling
Production Reservoir Geophysics
Oil and gas operational phases and Technology Involvement
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Re-Mapping of Sedimentary Basins of Indonesia
Define the Petroleum System and Exploration Play Concepts of each Sub-Basins of Indonesia
Define the Oil and Gas Resources of entire Basins of Indonesia
Prove the resources to be reserves, including the areas where seismic method doesn’t work
Build reservoir model accurately
Monitor and image the dynamic properties of reservoir until field termination
Optimize production and Improve Recovery Factor
Reduce CO2 Emission
Oil and Gas Exploration and Production
Challenges and Opportunities
How we can
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What Geophysical Roleto increase Oil Resources, Reserves and Production?
Sub-Surface Data Scale
CSEG, 2011
CSEG, 2011
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