1 introduction to microbiology
TRANSCRIPT
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Foundations in Microbiology
Chapter1
PowerPoint to accompany
Fifth Edition
Talaro
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Microbiology
• The study of of organisms too small to be seen without magnification– bacteria– viruses– fungi– protozoa – helminths (worms) – algae
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Branches of study within microbiology
• Immunology• Public health microbiology & epidemiology• Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology• Biotechnology• Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA
technology
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Microbes are involved in
• nutrient production & energy flow• decomposition• production of foods, drugs & vaccines• bioremediation• causing disease
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Impact of pathogens
• Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases
• 10 B infections/year worldwide• 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide
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Characteristics of microbes
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• First to observe living microbes
• his single-lens magnified up to 300X
(1632-1723)
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Scientific Method
• Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted by observation & experimentation
• A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis & testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis.
• Results must be published & repeated by other investigators.
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• If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence & survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a theory
• Evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached - it becomes a Law or principle
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Spontaneous generation
Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in
nonliving or decomposing matter. (flies from manure, etc)
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Louis Pasteur
• Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage
• Disproved spontaneous generation of m.o.
• Developed aseptic techniques.
• Developed a rabies vaccine.
(1822-1895)
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Germ theory of disease
Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins,
bad character, or poverty, etc.
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Robert Koch
• Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific m.o. causes a particular disease.
• Developed pure culture methods.
• Identified cause of anthrax, TB, & cholera.
(1843-1910)
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Taxonomy - system for organizing, classifying & naming living things
• Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya• Kingdom - 5• Phylum or Division• Class • Order• Family• Genus• species
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3 domains
• Eubacteria -true bacteria, peptidoglycan• Archaea –odd bacteria that live in extreme
environments, high salt, heat, etc• Eukarya- have a nucleus, & organelles
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Naming micoorganisms
• Binomial (scientific) nomenclature • Gives each microbe 2 names
– Genus - noun, always capitalized– species - adjective, lowercase
• Both italicized or underlined– Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)– Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)– Escherichia coli (E. coli)
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Evolution- living things change gradually over millions of years
• Changes favoring survival are retained & less beneficial changes are lost.
• All new species originate from preexisting species.• Closely related organism have similar features
because they evolved from common ancestral forms.
• Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity.
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