1. how would you feel if your husband spent his entire paycheck at the saloon (bar)? how would you...
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How would you feel if your husband spent his entire paycheck at the saloon (bar)?
How would you feel if you had to work 10 to 12 hours a day, 6 days a week in a noisy, dangerous factory instead of going to school?
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• Progressivism = making progress or reforming imbalances created during the period of industrial growth after the Civil War
• Four Goals– Protect social welfare– Promote moral improvement– Create economic reform– Foster efficiency
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Settlement houses Florence Kelley -> Illinois Factory Act (1893) -
> prohibits child labor and limits women’s working hours
YMCA – Young Men’s Christian Association
Salvation Army -> soup kitchens
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• Prohibition – banning alcohol
• Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)– founded in Cleveland
1864 – 245,000 members (1911) – opened kindergartens– visited inmates– Anti-saloon league help
pass laws banning alcohol
– Problems with certain immigrant groups
Carry Nation
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Capitalism = Big business -> use economic power to limit competition
Socialism founder of the American Socialist Party (1901)
Muckrakers = journalists who exposed the dangers and corruptions of business
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Brandeis – research about high cost of working long hours
“Taylorism” – scientific management -> how quickly a task could be performed -> leads to assembly lines -> people worked like machines
Henry Ford reduces work day to 8 hours Decent pay Many injuries
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Explain the four goals of Progressivism and explain which one you think was the most important in helping society.
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Discovery of oil -> oil becomes cheap -> gasoline is made -> used in cars -> Henry Ford’s Model T cars -> more jobs -> more factories -> more immigrants -> rise of cities -> racial tension -> urbanization -> big businesses -> monopolies -> imbalances -> Progressivism = settlement houses + YMCA (SOCIAL REFORM) -> Christian Temperance Union (MORAL IMPROVEMENT) -> leads to rise of organized crime -> socialism vs. capitalism (ECONOMIC REFORM) -> assembly lines (FOSTER EFFICIENCY)
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Early 1900s -> immigrants, sharecroppers, African Americans moved to the cities to find jobs
Children as young as three years old worked in factories
Progressivist leaders wanted to make the workplace more sufficient -> break tasks into simpler parts -> assembly line speeds up production but people work like machines
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1. What type of work took place in the factory?
2. Would you have enjoyed working in the factory?
3. Why were workers replaced? 4. Who replaced them? 5. What would you have done if you were
fired? 6. Would you have supported legislation
to limit working hours? 11
Workers at the Ford flywheel factory made $5 a day - a good wage in 1914. Was it worth it? Why or why not?
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Natural disasters lead to council-
manager (city council) form of govt.
Reform mayors in Detroit and Chicago Organize work relief Dismiss
greedy/private owners of utilities (gas, water)
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Reform Governors Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin taxes railroad property commission to regulate rates no free passes to state officials
Reforming Elections Secret ballot Initiative – a bill organized by people rather than lawmakers
placed on ballot Referendum – a vote on the initiative Recall – voters could remove public officials by vote before the
end of their term Primary system – vote for candidates of public office instead of
selection by political machines Direct Election of Senators
17th Amendment (1913) – instead of selection by state legislature (party bosses)
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Small hands needed
Low pay for adults -> everyone in the family works
1904 National Child Labor Committee -> gathered evidence -> laws passed to ban child labor
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Louis Brandeis argues in Supreme Court for workers Ten-hour workday for women + men = state
law
Progressives Workers’ compensation Death benefits
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You are a muckraker – journalist in early 1900s who wrote about the corrupt side of politics, business, public life
Write one paragraph about a specific abuse (poor management of relief efforts, high rates for public transportation, greedy private owners of utilities, high railroad rates, child labor, long hours for women, lack of workers’ compensation, reforming elections)
One paragraph about the reforms that you hope will take place as a result of your writing
One paragraph about why these reforms are important
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Before World War I, the term "muckraker" was used to refer in a general sense to a writer who investigates and publishes truthful reports to bring about reforms.
http://history.journalism.ku.edu/1900/multimedia/video/pltzrCrusades.mov
http://history.journalism.ku.edu/1900/multimedia/video/muckrakers.mov
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Journal 12/3 Do boys and girls have the same
opportunities? Do men and women have equal rights in
public? Would you vote for a female president?
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Active on farms Mainly servants in mid 1800s Poor and middle class in cities had job
opportunities -> work for less pay than men-> 1900 -> 1 of 5 had jobs
Garment industry Telephone operators High school education -> teachers,
bookkeepers, typists, stenographers Domestic work -> cooks and maids -> blacks
and immigrants
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In the mid 1800s most women worked as _____________, but as they moved into the cities they found jobs such as _____________________.
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Poor women -> low wages + long hours Middle + upper class women discuss
reforms in women’s clubs Vassar College (1865) = first women’s
college Women become more independent
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No political power 1869 - Susan B. Anthony + Elizabeth
Cathy Stanton found National Women Suffrage (voting) Association (NWSA)
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Who would not want women to have voting power? What did women want to limit?
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1. Women convinced some state legislatures to allow women to vote
2. Women attempted to vote -> tested the 14th Amendment
3. Pushed for national constitutional amendment to grant women voting power
Not much success
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Task: Creating placards or signs that demonstrators in favor of woman suffrage might carry
Purpose: To understand the history and goals of the woman suffrage movement
Directions: 1. Make a list of slogans with your group 2. Make 2 signs/posters that could have been
displayed at a rally for woman suffrage
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1. Name 2 of the 4 goals of progressivism. 2. What were women concerned with
reforming? 3. What reforms took place concerning the
workplace? 4. How were elections reformed? 5. What are muckrakers? 6. What opportunities did women have in
the workplace in the early 1900s? 7. What was the suffrage movement?
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1. protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, foster efficiency
2. temperance movement, opening kindergartens, visiting inmates, helping immigrants, suffrage, working conditions
3. Taylorism, Scientific management -> shorter work day, banning of child labor, 10 hour work day, workers’ compensation
4. Secret ballot, Initiative – a bill organized by people rather than lawmakers placed on ballot Referendum – a vote on the initiative Recall – voters could remove public officials by vote before
the end of their term Primary system – vote for candidates of public office instead
of selection by political machines
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5. Journalists during the beginning of the 190os who investigated and wrote about abuses (corruption, child labor, etc.) to bring about reform.
6. Garment industry, telephone operators, high school educated (teachers, bookkeepers), most were servants (cooks and maids)
7. Pursuit of voting rights for women
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Book written in 1906 Sinclair wrote the novel to portray life of
immigrants in the U.S. Most readers were concerned with section on
meatpacking Poverty, lack of social programs, unpleasant
living and working conditions Hopelessness of working class vs. corruption of
people in power Sinclair was a muckraker – journalist who
exposed corruption in government and business
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Sinclair spent 7 weeks working undercover in the meatpacking plants of Chicago
Plot Summary Main character is Jurgis Rudkus – a poor
Lithuanian immigrant in Chicago Lives with his wife in Packingtown district Works at a slaughterhouse Thought the U.S. would offer more freedom
but working conditions are harsh 35
1900 – Pres. McKinley is assassinated -> T. Roosevelt becomes Pres.
New Yorker Hunter + boxer + writer Fought against Spanish in Cuba
Rough Riders – cavalry unit Modern Pres. = active, forceful, energetic,
executive, uses his position to shape legislation and influence the media, believed in a powerful central govt.
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Trusts – legal groups created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 4/5 of industries
T. Roosevelt filed 44 suits under Sherman Antitrust Act
Northern Securities Company is broken up (railroad monopoly)
Arbitration commission settles coal strike 1902 Both sides called to white house Pres. threatens to take over the mines
Hepburn Act (1906) – limits distribution of free railroad passes + ICC sets rates
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1906 – Roosevelt appoints commission to study meatpacking industry -> urges Congress to pass Meat Inspection Act –> cleanliness requirements + federal meat inspection
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act Truthful labels
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Conservation – preserve some land and develop others
148 million acres of forest reserves, national parks
National Reclamation Act - large-scale irrigation projects – Roosevelt Dam
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Indifferent Booker T. Washington invited to dinner 1909 – W.E.B. Dubois found the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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William Howard Taft = Pres. 1908 Cautious progressive Busted 90 trusts Angered progressives by signing Payne-
Aldrich Tariff (higher tariffs) Angered conservationists -> removed 1
million acres of forest from the reserved list
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Two groups – Progressives and conservatives
1912 -> T. Roosevelt decides to run fro Pres. and is nominated by new Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) Women’s suffrage,
initiative, 8-hour work day, minimum wage for women
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Taft – conservative Roosevelt – progressive but did not
oppose all big business Eugene V. Debs – socialist – end of
capitalism Wilson – democrat - wins Woodrow Wilson -> progressive reform -
> New Freedom -> strong anti-trust legislation -> against political corruption
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Donkey = Democrats Bull Moose = Progressive Party Republican Party = Elephant/G.O.P.
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http://hti.osu.edu/opper/lesson-plans/the-election-of-1912
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Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) – strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act + protected labor unions
Federal Trade Commission (1914) – investigated unfair business practices
Lower tariffs leads to 16th Amendment (1913) – federal income tax on individuals and corporations to raise revenue
Federal Reserve Act of 1913 – nation is divided into 12 districts with a regional bank in each one
Federal Reserve System – maintain stable prices, moderate interest rates, loan money to other member banks
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College educated women Door-to-door Trolley tours Picket line around the White House WWI – knitted socks for soldiers 19th Amendment (1919)
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Opposed federal antilynching laws Segregated federal offices in Washington,
D.C. 1914 America enters WWI and reform
efforts end
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____________ was defeated in the Presidential election of 1912 because of a split in the ___________________ Party.
The _________ Amendment was passed to raise revenue after __________ had been lowered.
WWI affected the women suffragist movement because _____________________.
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