DO NOWDO NOW WOULD YOU CONTINUE TO STAND BY A BELIEF WOULD YOU CONTINUE TO STAND BY A BELIEF

THAT YOU FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT (FOR EXAMPLE THAT YOU FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT (FOR EXAMPLE YOUR RELIGION OR GOVERNMENT) IF THE FEDERAL YOUR RELIGION OR GOVERNMENT) IF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT THREATENED TO DEPORT YOU (SEND GOVERNMENT THREATENED TO DEPORT YOU (SEND YOU TO ANOTHER COUNTRY); OR TO SEND YOU TO YOU TO ANOTHER COUNTRY); OR TO SEND YOU TO PRISON FOR THAT BELIEF? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.PRISON FOR THAT BELIEF? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

HOW WOULD YOU FEEL ABOUT OUR FEDERAL HOW WOULD YOU FEEL ABOUT OUR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IF THEY IMPRISONED YOU OR SENT GOVERNMENT IF THEY IMPRISONED YOU OR SENT YOU TO ANOTHER COUNTRY BASED ON YOUR YOU TO ANOTHER COUNTRY BASED ON YOUR POLITICAL OR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. EXPLAIN YOUR POLITICAL OR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.ANSWER.

Chapter 12: Politics of the Chapter 12: Politics of the Roaring TwentiesRoaring Twenties

During the 1920s and 1930s, Irving Fajans, a department During the 1920s and 1930s, Irving Fajans, a department store sales clerk in New York City, tried to persuade fellow store sales clerk in New York City, tried to persuade fellow workers to join the Department Store Employees Union. workers to join the Department Store Employees Union. During the war, worker’s rights had been suppressed. In During the war, worker’s rights had been suppressed. In 1919, workers began to cry out for fair pay and better working 1919, workers began to cry out for fair pay and better working conditions. Tensions arose between labor and management, conditions. Tensions arose between labor and management, and a rash of labor strikes broke out across the country. The and a rash of labor strikes broke out across the country. The public, however, was not supportive of striking workers. Many public, however, was not supportive of striking workers. Many citizens longed to get back to normal, peaceful living—they citizens longed to get back to normal, peaceful living—they felt resentful of anyone who caused unrest.felt resentful of anyone who caused unrest.

Section 1: Americans Struggle Section 1: Americans Struggle with Postwar Issueswith Postwar Issues

1. postwar 1. postwar issues in issues in American American societysociety

2. farmers 2. farmers & factory & factory workers workers

1. 1. debate over League of Nations debate over League of Nations divided U.S.; returning soldiers faced divided U.S.; returning soldiers faced unemployment or took their old jobs unemployment or took their old jobs away from women or minorities; cost away from women or minorities; cost of living doubledof living doubled

2. 2. suffered as wartime orders suffered as wartime orders diminished (became less); lost diminished (became less); lost guaranteed buyer (gov)guaranteed buyer (gov)

World War I had left much of the American public exhausted. The debate over the League of Nations had deeply divided World War I had left much of the American public exhausted. The debate over the League of Nations had deeply divided America. Further, the Progressive Era had caused numerous wrenching changes in American life. The economy too, was America. Further, the Progressive Era had caused numerous wrenching changes in American life. The economy too, was in a difficult state of adjustment. Returning soldiers (2 million) faced unemployment or took their old jobs away from in a difficult state of adjustment. Returning soldiers (2 million) faced unemployment or took their old jobs away from women (1 million) and minorities. Also, the cost of living had doubled. Farmers and factory workers suffered as wartime women (1 million) and minorities. Also, the cost of living had doubled. Farmers and factory workers suffered as wartime orders diminished. Many farmers were deeply in debt because they borrowed money to buy land and machinery so that orders diminished. Many farmers were deeply in debt because they borrowed money to buy land and machinery so that they could produce more crops during World War Ithey could produce more crops during World War I

Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-fearful of outsiders. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation. So, too, did a belief in isolationism, a born people, swept the nation. So, too, did a belief in isolationism, a

policy of pulling away from involvement of world affairs. One policy of pulling away from involvement of world affairs. One perceived threat to American life was the spread of communism, an perceived threat to American life was the spread of communism, an economic and political system based on a single-party government economic and political system based on a single-party government

ruled by a dictatorship. In order to equalize wealth and power, ruled by a dictatorship. In order to equalize wealth and power, Communists would put an end to private property substituting Communists would put an end to private property substituting

government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses.government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses. 3. Americas 3. Americas

response to response to stressful stressful postwar postwar conditionsconditions

4. nativism 4. nativism 5. isolationism5. isolationism

6. communism6. communism

3. 3. becoming fearful of outsiders; becoming fearful of outsiders; nativism; adopting isolationismnativism; adopting isolationism

4. 4. or prejudice against foreign-or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation born people, swept the nation

5. 5. a policy of pulling away from a policy of pulling away from involvement of world affairsinvolvement of world affairs

6. 6. an economic and political an economic and political system based on a single-party system based on a single-party government ruled by a government ruled by a dictatorship (absolute rule)dictatorship (absolute rule)

APPLYING COMMUNISM TO APPLYING COMMUNISM TO THE CLASSROOMTHE CLASSROOM

WHAT IF ALL STUDENTS RECEIVED A WHAT IF ALL STUDENTS RECEIVED A C IN THE CLASS NO MATTER WHAT C IN THE CLASS NO MATTER WHAT QUALITY OF WORK WAS COMPLETEDQUALITY OF WORK WAS COMPLETED

American public really felt the need to avoid global issues after dealing with WWI. After World War I, most Americans wanted to avoid future wars by adopting a policy which described the idea

known as isolationism. The cartoon below shows Lady Liberty and Uncle Sam trying to cover their ears to the complaints of other

countries in particular other European nations.

The panic in the United States began in 1919, after revolutionaries in The panic in the United States began in 1919, after revolutionaries in Russia overthrew the czarist regime. Vladimir I Lenin and his Russia overthrew the czarist regime. Vladimir I Lenin and his followers, or Bolsheviks (“the majority”), established a new followers, or Bolsheviks (“the majority”), established a new

Communist state. Waving their symbolic red flag, Communists, or Communist state. Waving their symbolic red flag, Communists, or “Reds,” cried out for a worldwide revolution that would abolish “Reds,” cried out for a worldwide revolution that would abolish

capitalism everywhere. A Communist Party formed in the United capitalism everywhere. A Communist Party formed in the United States. Seventy-thousand radicals joined, including some from the States. Seventy-thousand radicals joined, including some from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). When several dozen bombs Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). When several dozen bombs were mailed to government and business leaders, the public grew were mailed to government and business leaders, the public grew

fearful that the Communist were taking over. U.S. Attorney General fearful that the Communist were taking over. U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer took action to combat this “Red Scare.”A. Mitchell Palmer took action to combat this “Red Scare.” 7. communist 7. communist

“Reds” “Reds” economy economy

8. Russian 8. Russian leader Lenin leader Lenin

and Bolsheviksand Bolsheviks 9. “Red Scare”9. “Red Scare”

7. 7. would put an end to private would put an end to private property substituting government property substituting government ownership of factories, railroads, ownership of factories, railroads, and other businessesand other businesses

8. 8. cried out to abolish (end) cried out to abolish (end) capitalism everywhere (world-capitalism everywhere (world-wide revolution)wide revolution)

9. 9. fear of a potential rise of fear of a potential rise of communism in U.Scommunism in U.S

Following the end of World War I, in 1919 and over the next few years, the United States experienced an economic recession and a

large number of labor strikes. Meanwhile, the 1917 Russian Revolution had brought the anti-capitalist Bolsheviks, or Communists,

to power. The result was a “red scare” in which many Americans feared that radical immigrants and home-grown revolutionaries

threatened the U.S. government and capitalist economy. As a result of the red scare, some immigrants were deported and the 1921

immigration law limited the number of foreign born who could come to the United States.

The Palmer raids occurred between 1919 and 1920. After Palmer’s house The Palmer raids occurred between 1919 and 1920. After Palmer’s house was bombed on June 2, 1919, the raids intensified. Union offices and was bombed on June 2, 1919, the raids intensified. Union offices and

headquarters of communist and socialist organizations were targets. In headquarters of communist and socialist organizations were targets. In August 1919, Palmer appointed J. Edgar Hoover as his special assistant. August 1919, Palmer appointed J. Edgar Hoover as his special assistant. Palmer, Hoover, and their agents hunted down suspected Communists, Palmer, Hoover, and their agents hunted down suspected Communists,

socialists, and anarchists—people who opposed any form of government. socialists, and anarchists—people who opposed any form of government. Attorney General Palmer also focused on aliens since they had fewer Attorney General Palmer also focused on aliens since they had fewer

rights. They trampled people’s civil rights, invading private homes and rights. They trampled people’s civil rights, invading private homes and offices and jailing suspects without allowing them legal counsel. offices and jailing suspects without allowing them legal counsel.

Hundreds of foreign-born radicals were deported without trials. The most Hundreds of foreign-born radicals were deported without trials. The most famous raid took place in December 1919, when 249 resident aliens were famous raid took place in December 1919, when 249 resident aliens were

rounded up and placed on a ship headed for the Soviet Union. But rounded up and placed on a ship headed for the Soviet Union. But Palmer’s raids failed to turn up evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy—Palmer’s raids failed to turn up evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy—

or even explosives. Many thought Palmer was just looking for a or even explosives. Many thought Palmer was just looking for a campaign issue to gain support for his presidential aspirations. Soon, the campaign issue to gain support for his presidential aspirations. Soon, the

public decided that Palmer didn’t know what he was talking about.public decided that Palmer didn’t know what he was talking about. 10. U.S. 10. U.S. Attorney Attorney General General Palmer Palmer “Palmer “Palmer Raids”Raids”

11. anarchists11. anarchists

10. 10. and his agents hunted down and his agents hunted down suspected Communists, socialists, suspected Communists, socialists, and anarchists; deported and anarchists; deported hundreds of foreign-born radicalshundreds of foreign-born radicals

11. 11. anarchists—people who anarchists—people who opposed any form of governmentopposed any form of government

Bill of RightsBill of Rights First Amendment - Freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable

assembly, and to petition the government Second Amendment - Right for the people to keep and bear arms, as well as to

maintain a militia Third Amendment - Protection from quartering of troops Fourth Amendment - Protection from unreasonable search and seizure Fifth Amendment - Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination,

private property Sixth Amendment - Trial by jury and other rights of the accused Seventh Amendment - Civil trial by jury Eighth Amendment - Prohibition of excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual

punishment Ninth Amendment - Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of

Rights Tenth Amendment - Powers of states and people

DO NOWDO NOW DO YOU BELIEVE WE SHOULD CLOSE OUR DO YOU BELIEVE WE SHOULD CLOSE OUR

BOARDERS TO IMMIGRATION TODAY OR DOES BOARDERS TO IMMIGRATION TODAY OR DOES EVERYONE HAVE A RIGHT TO COME TO AMERICA? EVERYONE HAVE A RIGHT TO COME TO AMERICA? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHAT IF OUR COUNTRY EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHAT IF OUR COUNTRY BEGAN STRUGGLING ECONOMICALLY (FINANCIALLY) BEGAN STRUGGLING ECONOMICALLY (FINANCIALLY) AND UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE? WHAT IF OUR NATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE? WHAT IF OUR NATION WAS UNDER ATTACK BY TERRORISM? EXPLAIN WAS UNDER ATTACK BY TERRORISM? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.YOUR ANSWER.Ellis Island

Civilization

DO NOWDO NOW DO YOU BELIEVE WE SHOULD CLOSE OUR DO YOU BELIEVE WE SHOULD CLOSE OUR

BOARDERS TO IMMIGRATION TODAY OR DOES BOARDERS TO IMMIGRATION TODAY OR DOES EVERYONE HAVE A RIGHT TO COME TO AMERICA? EVERYONE HAVE A RIGHT TO COME TO AMERICA? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHAT IF OUR COUNTRY EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHAT IF OUR COUNTRY BEGAN STRUGGLING EONOMICALLY (FINANCIALLY) BEGAN STRUGGLING EONOMICALLY (FINANCIALLY) AND UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE? WHAT IF OUR NATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE? WHAT IF OUR NATION WAS UNDER ATTACK BY TERRORIST? EXPLAIN WAS UNDER ATTACK BY TERRORIST? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.YOUR ANSWER.

Ellis Island

Poor Man’s Labor

Civilization

DO NOWDO NOW DO YOU BELIEVE WE SHOULD CLOSE OUR DO YOU BELIEVE WE SHOULD CLOSE OUR

BOARDERS TO IMMIGRATION TODAY OR DOES BOARDERS TO IMMIGRATION TODAY OR DOES EVERYONE HAVE A RIGHT TO COME TO AMERICA? EVERYONE HAVE A RIGHT TO COME TO AMERICA? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHAT IF OUR COUNTRY EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHAT IF OUR COUNTRY BEGAN STRUGGLING EONOMICALLY (FINANCIALLY) BEGAN STRUGGLING EONOMICALLY (FINANCIALLY) AND UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE? WHAT IF OUR NATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT ROSE? WHAT IF OUR NATION WAS UNDER ATTACK BY TERRORIST? EXPLAIN WAS UNDER ATTACK BY TERRORIST? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.YOUR ANSWER.

Ellis Island

Poor Man’s Labor

Civilization

Representing nativism, fear and suspicion

Sacco and VanzettiSacco and VanzettiAlthough short-lived, the Red Scare Although short-lived, the Red Scare fed people’s suspicions of foreigners fed people’s suspicions of foreigners and immigrants. This nativist and immigrants. This nativist attitude led to ruined reputations and attitude led to ruined reputations and wrecked lives. The two most famous wrecked lives. The two most famous victims of this attitude were Nicola victims of this attitude were Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a shoemaker and a fish peddler. Both shoemaker and a fish peddler. Both were Italian immigrants and were Italian immigrants and anarchists; both had evaded the draft anarchists; both had evaded the draft during World War I. In May 1920, during World War I. In May 1920, Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and charged with the robbery and murder charged with the robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and his guard of a factory paymaster and his guard in South Braintree, Massachusetts. in South Braintree, Massachusetts.

Witnesses had said the criminals appeared to be Italians. The Witnesses had said the criminals appeared to be Italians. The accused asserted their innocence and provided alibis; the evidence accused asserted their innocence and provided alibis; the evidence

against them was circumstantial; and the presiding judge made against them was circumstantial; and the presiding judge made prejudicial remarks. Nevertheless, the jury still found them guilty and prejudicial remarks. Nevertheless, the jury still found them guilty and

sentenced them to death. Protests rang out in the United States, sentenced them to death. Protests rang out in the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Many people though Sacco and Vanzetti Europe, and Latin America. Many people though Sacco and Vanzetti were mistreated because of their radical beliefs; others asserted it were mistreated because of their radical beliefs; others asserted it

was because they were immigrants. The poet Edna St. Vincent Millay was because they were immigrants. The poet Edna St. Vincent Millay donated proceeds from her poem “Justice Denied in Massachusetts” donated proceeds from her poem “Justice Denied in Massachusetts”

to their defense. She personally appealed to Governor Fuller of to their defense. She personally appealed to Governor Fuller of Massachusetts for their lives. However, after reviewing the case and Massachusetts for their lives. However, after reviewing the case and interviewing Vanzetti, the governor decided to let the executions go interviewing Vanzetti, the governor decided to let the executions go forward. The two men died in the electric chair on August 23, 1927. forward. The two men died in the electric chair on August 23, 1927. 12. Sacco and 12. Sacco and

VanzettiVanzetti 12. 12. Italian immigrants Italian immigrants

accused of robbery and accused of robbery and murder; were not given a murder; were not given a fair trial because they were fair trial because they were anarchists & immigrants; anarchists & immigrants; sentenced to deathsentenced to deathIn 1961, new ballistics tests showed that the

pistol found on Sacco was in fact the one used to murder the guard. However, there was no proof that Sacco had actually pulled the trigger.

The painting by Ben Shan shows (right to left) Nicola The painting by Ben Shan shows (right to left) Nicola Sacco, Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a miniature Governor Fuller, Sacco, Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a miniature Governor Fuller,

and a group of Sacco and Vanzetti supporters. and a group of Sacco and Vanzetti supporters. Why do you think Shahn depicts Sacco and Vanzetti as so Why do you think Shahn depicts Sacco and Vanzetti as so

much larger than Governor Fuller?much larger than Governor Fuller?

Before he was executed, Before he was executed, Vanzetti made a statement:Vanzetti made a statement:

In all my life I have never stole, killed, never spilled In all my life I have never stole, killed, never spilled blood….We were tried during a time…when there was blood….We were tried during a time…when there was hysteria of resentment and hate against the people of our hysteria of resentment and hate against the people of our principles, against the foreigner…I am suffering because I principles, against the foreigner…I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I was an Italian and indeed I am an Italian…If you because I was an Italian and indeed I am an Italian…If you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done other times, I would live again to do what I have done already.already.

On August 23, 1977, exactly 50 years after the executions, On August 23, 1977, exactly 50 years after the executions, Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis declared that Sacco and Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis declared that Sacco and Vanzetti had not been given a fair trial.Vanzetti had not been given a fair trial.

http://http://www.mrmichaelstuart.com/www.mrmichaelstuart.com/

turn-of-century-lesson-6.htmlturn-of-century-lesson-6.html

During the wave of nativist sentiment, “Keep America for Americans” During the wave of nativist sentiment, “Keep America for Americans” became the prevailing attitude. Anti-immigrant attitudes had been became the prevailing attitude. Anti-immigrant attitudes had been

growing in the United States ever since the 1880s, when new growing in the United States ever since the 1880s, when new immigrants began arriving from southern and eastern Europe. Many immigrants began arriving from southern and eastern Europe. Many of these immigrants were willing to work for low wages in industries of these immigrants were willing to work for low wages in industries such as coal mining, steel production, and textiles. But after World such as coal mining, steel production, and textiles. But after World War I, the need for unskilled labor in the United States decreased. War I, the need for unskilled labor in the United States decreased.

Nativists believed that because the United States now had fewer jobs Nativists believed that because the United States now had fewer jobs available, fewer immigrants should be let into the country. Nativists available, fewer immigrants should be let into the country. Nativists feelings were fueled by the fact that some of the people involved in feelings were fueled by the fact that some of the people involved in the postwar labor disputes were immigrant anarchists and socialists, the postwar labor disputes were immigrant anarchists and socialists,

who many Americans believed were actually Communists. who many Americans believed were actually Communists. 13. many 13. many

immigrantsimmigrants

14. post WWI14. post WWI

15. nativists 15. nativists feelingsfeelings

13. 13. were willing to work for were willing to work for low wages in industries such low wages in industries such as coal mining, steel plants, as coal mining, steel plants, and textilesand textiles

14. 14. need for unskilled labor need for unskilled labor decreased; jobs became decreased; jobs became limitedlimited

15. 15. felt that immigration felt that immigration should be limitedshould be limited

E Pluribus Unum: An Irishman kicks up a row as immigrants from various countries try to sleep at Uncle Sam's lodging house. 'Puck' cartoon, 1882.

As a result of the Red Scare and anti-immigrant feelings, As a result of the Red Scare and anti-immigrant feelings, different groups of bigots used anti-communism as an different groups of bigots used anti-communism as an excuse to harass any group unlike themselves. Once such excuse to harass any group unlike themselves. Once such group was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The KKK was devoted to group was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The KKK was devoted to “100 percent Americanism.” By 1924, KKK membership “100 percent Americanism.” By 1924, KKK membership reached 4.5 million “white male persons, native-born gentile reached 4.5 million “white male persons, native-born gentile citizens.”citizens.”

The Klan Rises AgainThe Klan Rises Again

The Klan also believed in keeping blacks “in their place,” destroying The Klan also believed in keeping blacks “in their place,” destroying saloons, opposing unions, and driving Roman Catholics, Jews, and saloons, opposing unions, and driving Roman Catholics, Jews, and

foreign-born people out of the country. KKK members were paid to foreign-born people out of the country. KKK members were paid to recruit new members into their world of secret rituals and racial recruit new members into their world of secret rituals and racial

violence. violence. Though the Klan dominated state politics in many Though the Klan dominated state politics in many states, by the end of the decade its criminal activity led to a states, by the end of the decade its criminal activity led to a

decrease in power.decrease in power. 16. KKK16. KKK 16. 16. used anti-communism as used anti-communism as an excuse to harass minority an excuse to harass minority groups: blacks, Roman groups: blacks, Roman Catholics, Jews, other Catholics, Jews, other foreignersforeigners

Why do groups demonstrate or Why do groups demonstrate or march in Washington D.C.?march in Washington D.C.?

In 1925, nearly 60,000 In 1925, nearly 60,000 Ku Klux Klan members Ku Klux Klan members marched along marched along Pennsylvania Avenue in Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

Remember the first Remember the first Amendment protects the Amendment protects the rights of groups to rights of groups to assemble freely. The Ku assemble freely. The Ku Klux Klan, in the 1920s, Klux Klan, in the 1920s, had an estimated 4 to had an estimated 4 to five million members. It five million members. It controlled politics in controlled politics in many areas of the many areas of the country.country.

From 1919 to 1921, the number of immigrants had grown almost From 1919 to 1921, the number of immigrants had grown almost 600% from 141,000 to 805,000 people. Congress, in response to 600% from 141,000 to 805,000 people. Congress, in response to

nativist pressure, decided to limit immigration from certain countries, nativist pressure, decided to limit immigration from certain countries, namely those in southern and eastern Europe. The Emergency Quota namely those in southern and eastern Europe. The Emergency Quota

Act of 1921 set up a quota system. This system established the Act of 1921 set up a quota system. This system established the maximum number of people who could enter the United States from maximum number of people who could enter the United States from

each foreign country. The goal of the quota system was to cut each foreign country. The goal of the quota system was to cut sharply European immigration to the United States. The system sharply European immigration to the United States. The system

would eventually achieve that goal. As amended in 1924, the law would eventually achieve that goal. As amended in 1924, the law limited immigration from each European nation to 2 percent of the limited immigration from each European nation to 2 percent of the number of its nationals living in the United States in 1890s. This number of its nationals living in the United States in 1890s. This

provision discriminated against people from eastern and southern provision discriminated against people from eastern and southern Europe—mostly Roman Catholics and Jews—who had not started Europe—mostly Roman Catholics and Jews—who had not started

coming to the United States in large numbers until after 1890. Later, coming to the United States in large numbers until after 1890. Later, the base year was shifted in 1920. In 1927, the law reduced the total the base year was shifted in 1920. In 1927, the law reduced the total

number of persons to be admitted in any one year to 150,000. number of persons to be admitted in any one year to 150,000. 17. 17. Emergency Emergency Quota Act of Quota Act of 19211921

17. 17. established the maximum established the maximum number of people who could enter number of people who could enter the U.S. from each foreign country the U.S. from each foreign country (namely southern and eastern (namely southern and eastern Europe) to 3%Europe) to 3%The national origins quota system did not apply to immigrants from

the Western Hemisphere, however. During the 1920s, about a million Canadians and almost 500,000 Mexicans crossed the nation’s borders.

In February we asked readers to come up with a caption for the image above: a 1909 US cartoon depicting Uncle Sam as the Pied Piper, a commentary on 'Lax

Immigration Laws'.The winner was Deb Marshman, with this effort:

Townspeople: "It's working. Europe's politicians are leaving, too".

Second caption reads: "The American Wall Goes Up as the Chinese Original Comes Down."

Although the ugliest and most racist caricatures are probably those of Chinese, here caricature is utilized sympathetically, showing the irony of

European immigrants helping Uncle Sam to prohibit immigration from China.Each brick bears a reason that the Chinese were not accepted in this country.

Great Website for analysis and questionsGreat Website for analysis and questionshttp://www.tolerance.org/lesson/editorial-cartoons-historical-example-immigration-debates

Second caption reads: "The American Wall Goes Up as the Chinese Original Comes Down."

Although the ugliest and most racist caricatures are probably those of Chinese, here caricature is utilized sympathetically, showing the irony of

European immigrants helping Uncle Sam to prohibit immigration from China.Each brick bears a reason that the Chinese were not accepted in this country.

Great Website for analysis and questionsGreat Website for analysis and questionshttp://www.tolerance.org/lesson/editorial-cartoons-historical-example-immigration-debates

Rock, Paper, Scissors Activity: Rock, Paper, Scissors Activity: (Capitalism, Socialism, and (Capitalism, Socialism, and

Communism)Communism) http://oregonteacherblog.chalkboard

project.org/teaching-strategies/rock-paper-scissors-how-not-to-bore-your-students-with-a-lecture-on-communism-socialism-and-capitalism/

1. Russia1. Russia 2. American 2. American

capitalismcapitalism 3. Russia’s 3. Russia’s

governmentgovernment

4. America’s 4. America’s governmentgovernment

1. state controlled all property 1. state controlled all property and economic activityand economic activity

2. 2. private citizens controlled private citizens controlled almost all economic activityalmost all economic activity

3. 3. Communist party has a Communist party has a totalitarian gov. w/total control totalitarian gov. w/total control over its citizensover its citizens

4. 4. democracy (voting by the democracy (voting by the people)people)

Capitalism vs. Capitalism vs. Socialism/Communism Socialism/Communism

ActivityActivity

Capitalism vs. Capitalism vs. Socialism/Communism Socialism/Communism Reflection QuestionsReflection Questions

 How did you feel at the start of the game? How did you feel when you ran out of

candy and had to sit down? What tactics could you have used to get

back into the game? (Steal, bargain, buy someone off, lie)

Was the game fair? What could the teacher have done to make

it fair and should she do it?

Capitalism SocialismPhilosophy:

Private ownership: individual profit rather than on workers or society as a whole (starting w/own candy)

Government ownership: profit being distributed among the society or workforce (teacher collecting the candy)

Freedom of Competition(playing rock, paper, scissors for candy)

All people should be given an equal opportunity to succeed (teacher redistributing the candy equally)

Government

Laissez Faire “let it be” meaning government does not pick winners and losers (competition regulates business)

Government Regulation is necessary (teacher monitoring ensuring equality of candy)

Economic System:

Free-Market Economy Wealth redistributed so that everyone in society is given somewhat equal shares of the benefits derived from labor, but people can earn more if they work harder. (option of playing rock, paper, scissors to earn more candy)

Class System (Society):

Class Struggle. Unequal classes: “haves and have nots” (some students won, most students lost)

Classless society (students refusing to play rock, paper scissors and share candy)

Communism/SocialismCommunism/SocialismRock, Paper Scissors for Rock, Paper Scissors for

CandyCandy1. How do you feel now that you all 1. How do you feel now that you all have equal pieces of candy? Was have equal pieces of candy? Was this fair?this fair?

2. How many students wish to play 2. How many students wish to play again?again?

CommunismCommunismGovernment Communism

Philosophy: Public Ownership: profit being distributed among the society or workforce All people should be given an equal opportunity to succeed Wealth redistributed so that everyone in society is given somewhat equal shares of the benefits derived from labor

Economic System Wealth is distributed equallyGovernment: No government is necessary

(teacher no longer needs to supervise)

Class System (Society): Classless Society (students refuse to play the game and agree to share the candy)

AnarchyAnarchyGovernment Communism

Philosophy: Anarchists believe that government is both harmful and unnecessary

Economic System ChaoticGovernment: No government ExistsClass System (Society): Classless Society

Reflection QuestionsReflection Questions 1. Which type of government/economy appears more 1. Which type of government/economy appears more

fair to you? (Capitalism or Socialism/Communism) fair to you? (Capitalism or Socialism/Communism) Explain your answer.Explain your answer.

2. Which government allows society to prosper (to 2. Which government allows society to prosper (to become better) to its fullest? become better) to its fullest?

3. Would Capitalism or Socialism/Communism 3. Would Capitalism or Socialism/Communism advocate (support) the idea of Social Darwinism? advocate (support) the idea of Social Darwinism? Explain your answer.Explain your answer.

4. Why is it unrealistic to not have any government 4. Why is it unrealistic to not have any government control or involvement in a society (meaning control or involvement in a society (meaning anarchy)?anarchy)?

http://hti.osu.edu/opper/lesson-plans/the-red-scare

DO NOWDO NOW WHAT WERE SOME OF THE MAJOR WHAT WERE SOME OF THE MAJOR

REASONS THAT NATIVISTS (NATIVE BORN REASONS THAT NATIVISTS (NATIVE BORN AMERICANS) WERE WANTING TO LIMIT AMERICANS) WERE WANTING TO LIMIT IMMIGRATION FORCING CONGRESS TO IMMIGRATION FORCING CONGRESS TO CREATE IMMIGRATION LAWS SUCH AS THE CREATE IMMIGRATION LAWS SUCH AS THE EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT OF 1921?EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT OF 1921?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGES 414-415 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED 414-415 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “LIMITING IMMIGRATION”“LIMITING IMMIGRATION”

DO NOWDO NOW WHEN DO YOU THINK THAT LABORERS WHEN DO YOU THINK THAT LABORERS

(WORKERS/UNION MEMBERS) HAVE THE RIGHT TO GO (WORKERS/UNION MEMBERS) HAVE THE RIGHT TO GO ON STRIKE? DOES MANAGEMENT HAVE THE RIGHT TO ON STRIKE? DOES MANAGEMENT HAVE THE RIGHT TO FIRE UNION LABORERS AND HIRE NEW PEOPLE DURING FIRE UNION LABORERS AND HIRE NEW PEOPLE DURING A STRIKE? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHEN DO YOU A STRIKE? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHEN DO YOU THINK THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD GET INVOLVED?THINK THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD GET INVOLVED?

A Time of Labor UnrestA Time of Labor Unrest Another severe Another severe

postwar conflict postwar conflict formed between labor formed between labor and management. and management. During the war, the During the war, the government wouldn’t government wouldn’t allow workers to strike allow workers to strike because nothing could because nothing could interfere with the war interfere with the war effort. The American effort. The American Federation of Labor Federation of Labor (AFL) pledged to avoid (AFL) pledged to avoid strikes.strikes.

Management

Laborers

Reserved for Capitalists

Subsidized Press

Corruption of the Legislature (Congress: the law making body)

Monopoly

Labor

Poverty

Arrogance

Strike

Management

However, 1919 saw more than 3,000 strikes during which some 4 However, 1919 saw more than 3,000 strikes during which some 4 million workers walked off the job. Employers didn’t want to give million workers walked off the job. Employers didn’t want to give

raises, nor did they want employees to join unions. Some employers, raises, nor did they want employees to join unions. Some employers, either out of sincere belief or because they saw a way to keep wages either out of sincere belief or because they saw a way to keep wages

down, attempted to show that union members were planning a down, attempted to show that union members were planning a revolution. Employers labeled striking workers as Communists. revolution. Employers labeled striking workers as Communists. Newspapers screamed, “Plots to Establish Communism.” Three Newspapers screamed, “Plots to Establish Communism.” Three strikes in particular grabbed public attention: The Boston Police strikes in particular grabbed public attention: The Boston Police

Strike, The Steel Mill Strike, and the Coal Miners Strike.Strike, The Steel Mill Strike, and the Coal Miners Strike. 18. labor vs. 18. labor vs. managementmanagement

19. 19. employers employers (bosses)(bosses)

20. 20. employees & employees & unionsunions

18. 18. tensions b/t labor and tensions b/t labor and management increased after management increased after WWI; more than 3,000 strikes WWI; more than 3,000 strikes occurred in 1919occurred in 1919

19. 19. labeled striking workers as labeled striking workers as Communists and claimed these Communists and claimed these workers were planning a workers were planning a revolutionrevolution

20. 20. just wanted better working just wanted better working conditions & shorter work daysconditions & shorter work days

"Holding the Door Shut," a political cartoon depicting the cruelty of management in the 1911

Triangle Shirtwaist fire, in New York City.

The Boston Police StrikeThe Boston Police Strike The Boston police had not been given a raise since the The Boston police had not been given a raise since the

beginning of World War I. Among their many beginning of World War I. Among their many grievances was that they had been denied the right to grievances was that they had been denied the right to unionize. When representatives asked for a raise and unionize. When representatives asked for a raise and were fired, the remaining policemen decided to strike. were fired, the remaining policemen decided to strike. Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge called out for Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge called out for the National Guard. He said, “There is no right to strike the National Guard. He said, “There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time.” The strike ended but members weren’t allowed time.” The strike ended but members weren’t allowed to return to work; new policemen were hired instead. to return to work; new policemen were hired instead. People praised Coolidge for saving Boston, if not the People praised Coolidge for saving Boston, if not the nation, from communism, and anarchy.nation, from communism, and anarchy.

Workers in the steel mills wanted the right to negotiate for shorter Workers in the steel mills wanted the right to negotiate for shorter working hours and a living wage. They also wanted union recognition working hours and a living wage. They also wanted union recognition and collective bargaining rights. In September 1919, the U.S. Steel and collective bargaining rights. In September 1919, the U.S. Steel

Corporation refused to meet with union representatives. In response, Corporation refused to meet with union representatives. In response, over 300,000 workers walked off their jobs. Steel companies hired over 300,000 workers walked off their jobs. Steel companies hired

strikebreakers—employees who agreed to work during the strike—and strikebreakers—employees who agreed to work during the strike—and used force. Striking workers were beaten by police, federal troops, and used force. Striking workers were beaten by police, federal troops, and state militias. Then the companies instituted a propaganda campaign, state militias. Then the companies instituted a propaganda campaign,

linking the strikers to Communists. In October 1919, negotiations linking the strikers to Communists. In October 1919, negotiations between labor management produced a deadlock. The steel strike ended between labor management produced a deadlock. The steel strike ended

in January 1920. In 1923, a report on the harsh working conditions in in January 1920. In 1923, a report on the harsh working conditions in steel mills shocked the public. The steel companies agreed to an eight-steel mills shocked the public. The steel companies agreed to an eight-

hour day, but the steel workers remained without a union.hour day, but the steel workers remained without a union. 21. steel 21. steel mill strike mill strike (1919)(1919)

22. Steel 22. Steel CorporatioCorporations ns responseresponse

23. strike 23. strike breakersbreakers

21. 21. steel workers went on strike for steel workers went on strike for shorter working hours, and a living shorter working hours, and a living wage & union recognitionwage & union recognition

22. 22. hired strikebreakers, used violent hired strikebreakers, used violent force, called news claiming the force, called news claiming the strikers to be communistsstrikers to be communists

23. 23. employees who agreed to work employees who agreed to work during the strikeduring the strike

The Coal Miners StrikeThe Coal Miners Strike Unionism was more successful in America’s coalfields. In Unionism was more successful in America’s coalfields. In

1919, the United Mine Workers of America, organized since 1919, the United Mine Workers of America, organized since 1890, got a new leader, John L. Lewis. In protest of low wages 1890, got a new leader, John L. Lewis. In protest of low wages and long workdays, Lewis called his union’s members out on and long workdays, Lewis called his union’s members out on strike on November 1, 1919. Attorney General Palmer strike on November 1, 1919. Attorney General Palmer obtained a court order sending the miners back to work. Lewis obtained a court order sending the miners back to work. Lewis declared it over, but he quietly gave the word for it to declared it over, but he quietly gave the word for it to continue. In defiance of the court order, the mines stayed continue. In defiance of the court order, the mines stayed closed another month. Then President Wilson appointed an closed another month. Then President Wilson appointed an arbitrator, or judge, to put an end to the dispute. The coal arbitrator, or judge, to put an end to the dispute. The coal miners received a 27% wage increase, and John L. Lewis miners received a 27% wage increase, and John L. Lewis became a national hero. The miners; however, did not achieve became a national hero. The miners; however, did not achieve a shorter workday and a five-day workweek until the 1930s.a shorter workday and a five-day workweek until the 1930s.

In spite of limited gains, the 1920s hurt the labor movement badly. In spite of limited gains, the 1920s hurt the labor movement badly. Over the decade, union membership dropped from more than 5 Over the decade, union membership dropped from more than 5 million to around 3.5 million. Membership declined for several million to around 3.5 million. Membership declined for several reasons (see definition below). By 1929, about 82,000 African reasons (see definition below). By 1929, about 82,000 African

Americans—or less than 1% of their population held union Americans—or less than 1% of their population held union memberships. By contrast, just over 3% of all whites were union memberships. By contrast, just over 3% of all whites were union

members. However, African Americans joined some unions like mine members. However, African Americans joined some unions like mine workers’, longshoremen’s and railroad porters’ unions. In 1925, A. workers’, longshoremen’s and railroad porters’ unions. In 1925, A.

Philip Randolph founded the Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters Philip Randolph founded the Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters to help African Americans gain a fair wage. While America’s attitude to help African Americans gain a fair wage. While America’s attitude toward unions was changing, so, too, was its faith in the presidency.toward unions was changing, so, too, was its faith in the presidency.

24. reasons 24. reasons labor unions labor unions decline decline during during 1920s1920s

24. 24. (1) immigrants were willing to (1) immigrants were willing to work for low wages and poor work for low wages and poor conditions; conditions;

(2) difficult to organize immigrants (2) difficult to organize immigrants who spoke different languages; who spoke different languages;

(3) farmers who worked in factory (3) farmers who worked in factory jobs were used to relying on jobs were used to relying on themselves themselves

(4) most unions excluded African (4) most unions excluded African AmericansAmericans

DO NOWDO NOW WHEN DO YOU THINK THAT LABORERS WHEN DO YOU THINK THAT LABORERS

(WORKERS/UNION MEMBERS) HAVE THE RIGHT TO GO (WORKERS/UNION MEMBERS) HAVE THE RIGHT TO GO ON STRIKE? DOES MANAGEMENT HAVE THE RIGHT TO ON STRIKE? DOES MANAGEMENT HAVE THE RIGHT TO FIRE UNION LABORERS AND HIRE NEW PEOPLE DURING FIRE UNION LABORERS AND HIRE NEW PEOPLE DURING A STRIKE? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHEN DO YOU A STRIKE? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. WHEN DO YOU THINK THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD GET INVOLVED?THINK THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD GET INVOLVED?

Section 2: The Harding Section 2: The Harding PresidencyPresidency Warren G. Harding was described as a Warren G. Harding was described as a

good-natured man who “looked like a good-natured man who “looked like a president ought to look.” When the silver-president ought to look.” When the silver-haired Ohio senator assumed the haired Ohio senator assumed the presidency in 1921, the public yearned for presidency in 1921, the public yearned for what Harding described as “normalcy,” or what Harding described as “normalcy,” or the simpler days before the Progressive the simpler days before the Progressive Era and the Great War. His words of peace Era and the Great War. His words of peace and calm comforted the healing nation. and calm comforted the healing nation. Despite Harding’s soothing speeches, his Despite Harding’s soothing speeches, his judgment turned out to be poor. The judgment turned out to be poor. The discord among the major world powers and discord among the major world powers and the conduct within his own cabinet would the conduct within his own cabinet would test his politics and his character.test his politics and his character.

After World War I, problems surfaced relating to arms control, war After World War I, problems surfaced relating to arms control, war debts, and the reconstruction of war-torn countries. In 1921, debts, and the reconstruction of war-torn countries. In 1921,

President Harding invited several major powers to the Washington President Harding invited several major powers to the Washington Naval Conference. Russia was left out because of its Communist Naval Conference. Russia was left out because of its Communist government. At the conference, Secretary of State Charles Evans government. At the conference, Secretary of State Charles Evans

Hughes urged that no more warships be built for ten years. He Hughes urged that no more warships be built for ten years. He suggested that the five major naval powers—the United States, Great suggested that the five major naval powers—the United States, Great

Britain, Japan, France and Italy—scrap many of their battleships, Britain, Japan, France and Italy—scrap many of their battleships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers. Conference delegates cheered, wept, cruisers, and aircraft carriers. Conference delegates cheered, wept,

and threw their hats into the air. For the first time in history, and threw their hats into the air. For the first time in history, powerful nations agreed to disarm. Later, in 1928, fifteen countries powerful nations agreed to disarm. Later, in 1928, fifteen countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which renounced war as a national signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which renounced war as a national

policy. However, the pact was futile, as it provided no means of policy. However, the pact was futile, as it provided no means of enforcement. enforcement.

1. Washington 1. Washington Naval Naval Conference Conference

2. Kellog-2. Kellog-Briand PactBriand Pact

1. 1. U.S., Great Britain, Japan, U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy met in France, and Italy met in Washington to discuss peaceWashington to discuss peace

2. 2. renounced (give up) war as renounced (give up) war as a national policy; however, a national policy; however, had no means of enforcementhad no means of enforcement

Washington Naval Washington Naval ConferenceConference

New conflicts arose when it came time for Britain and France to pay New conflicts arose when it came time for Britain and France to pay back the $10 billion they had borrowed from America. They could do back the $10 billion they had borrowed from America. They could do this in two ways: by selling goods to the United States or by collecting this in two ways: by selling goods to the United States or by collecting reparations from Germany. However, in 1922, America adopted the reparations from Germany. However, in 1922, America adopted the

Fordney-McCumber Tariff, which raised taxes on some U.S. imports to Fordney-McCumber Tariff, which raised taxes on some U.S. imports to 60%--the highest level ever. The tax protected U.S. businesses—60%--the highest level ever. The tax protected U.S. businesses—

especially in the chemical and metals industries—from foreign especially in the chemical and metals industries—from foreign competition, but made it impossible for Britain and France to sell competition, but made it impossible for Britain and France to sell enough goods in the U.S. to repay its debts. The two countries enough goods in the U.S. to repay its debts. The two countries

looked to Germany, which was experiencing terrible inflation. When looked to Germany, which was experiencing terrible inflation. When Germany defaulted on (failed to make payment), French troops Germany defaulted on (failed to make payment), French troops

marched in. marched in. 3. Britain and 3. Britain and FranceFrance

4. U.S. adopted 4. U.S. adopted Fordney-Fordney-McCumber TariffMcCumber Tariff

3. 3. had to pay back U.S. for had to pay back U.S. for WWI: by either selling goods to WWI: by either selling goods to U.S. or collecting money from U.S. or collecting money from GermanyGermany

4. 4. raised taxes on U.S. imports raised taxes on U.S. imports to 60% forcing U.S. citizens to to 60% forcing U.S. citizens to buy domestic (home) productsbuy domestic (home) products

Consider the impact of sky-rocketing inflation that hit Germany in Consider the impact of sky-rocketing inflation that hit Germany in 1923. Inflation was so high that it was as if $10 and $20 bills were 1923. Inflation was so high that it was as if $10 and $20 bills were

only nickels and dimes. How do you think rich and poor people were only nickels and dimes. How do you think rich and poor people were affected by such economic conditions?affected by such economic conditions?

To avoid another war, American banker Charles G. Dawes was sent to To avoid another war, American banker Charles G. Dawes was sent to negotiate loans. Through what came to be known as the Dawes Plan, negotiate loans. Through what came to be known as the Dawes Plan, American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale. Those countries and France with annual payments on a fixed scale. Those countries then paid the United States. Thus, the United States arranged to be then paid the United States. Thus, the United States arranged to be

repaid with its own money. The solution caused resentment all repaid with its own money. The solution caused resentment all around. Britain and France considered the United States a miser (a around. Britain and France considered the United States a miser (a hoarder of wealth) for not paying a fair share of the costs of World hoarder of wealth) for not paying a fair share of the costs of World War I. Further, the U.S. had benefited from the defeat of Germany, War I. Further, the U.S. had benefited from the defeat of Germany,

while Europeans had paid for the victory with millions of lives. At the while Europeans had paid for the victory with millions of lives. At the same time, the United States considered Britain and France same time, the United States considered Britain and France

financially irresponsible.financially irresponsible. 5. France & 5. France &

Britain turn to Britain turn to GermanyGermany

6. France 6. France

7. U.S. 7. U.S. respond w/ respond w/ Dawes PlanDawes Plan

5. 5. for reparations (payment) for reparations (payment) from WWI; Germany defaulted from WWI; Germany defaulted (failed to pay)(failed to pay)

6. 6. threatened to move troops in threatened to move troops in GermanyGermany

7. 7. U.S. loans Germany money to U.S. loans Germany money to pay Britain and France; Britain pay Britain and France; Britain and France pay U.S. w/that and France pay U.S. w/that moneymoney

United States Europe

Money made from WWI

Germany

France England

DO NOWDO NOW WHAT WERE THE REASONS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WHAT WERE THE REASONS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

SUCH AS BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE NOT PAYING SUCH AS BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE NOT PAYING THEIR WAR DEBTS TO THE U.S.?THEIR WAR DEBTS TO THE U.S.?

LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 420 UNDER THE LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 420 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “HIGH TARIFFS AND REPARATIONS”SECTION TITLED “HIGH TARIFFS AND REPARATIONS”

EnglandFranceGermany

Germany

France England

Harding’s CabinetHarding’s Cabinet President Harding appointed Charles Evan Hughes as President Harding appointed Charles Evan Hughes as

secretary of state. Hughes later went on to become secretary of state. Hughes later went on to become chief justice of the Supreme Court. The president made chief justice of the Supreme Court. The president made Herbert Hoover the secretary of commerce. Hoover Herbert Hoover the secretary of commerce. Hoover had done a masterful job of handling food distribution had done a masterful job of handling food distribution and refugee problems during World War I. Andrew and refugee problems during World War I. Andrew Mellon, one of the country’s wealthiest men, became Mellon, one of the country’s wealthiest men, became secretary of treasury and set about drastically cutting secretary of treasury and set about drastically cutting taxes and reducing the national debt. However, the taxes and reducing the national debt. However, the cabinet also included the so-called Ohio gang, the cabinet also included the so-called Ohio gang, the president’s poker-playing cronies, who would soon president’s poker-playing cronies, who would soon cause a great deal of embarrassment.cause a great deal of embarrassment.

The president’s main problem was that he didn’t understand many of The president’s main problem was that he didn’t understand many of the issues. He admitted as much to a secretary: “John, I can’t make a the issues. He admitted as much to a secretary: “John, I can’t make a

…thing out of this tax problem. I listen to one side and they seem …thing out of this tax problem. I listen to one side and they seem right, and then…I talk to the other side and they seem just as right…I right, and then…I talk to the other side and they seem just as right…I

know somewhere there is an economist who knows the truth, but I know somewhere there is an economist who knows the truth, but I don’t know where to find him and haven’t the sense to know him and don’t know where to find him and haven’t the sense to know him and

trust him when I find him…What a job!trust him when I find him…What a job! Harding’s administration began to unravel as his corrupt friends used Harding’s administration began to unravel as his corrupt friends used their offices to become wealthy through graft. Charles R. Forbes, the their offices to become wealthy through graft. Charles R. Forbes, the head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught illegally selling government head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught illegally selling government

and hospital supplies to private companies. Colonel Thomas W. and hospital supplies to private companies. Colonel Thomas W. Miller, the head of the Office of Alien Property, was caught taking a Miller, the head of the Office of Alien Property, was caught taking a

bribe.bribe. 8. Ohio gang8. Ohio gang 9. Charles 9. Charles

Forbes Forbes (Veterans (Veterans Bureau)Bureau)

10. Colonel 10. Colonel Thomas MillerThomas Miller

8. 8. president’s poker-playing friends president’s poker-playing friends who were appointed to cabinet who were appointed to cabinet positions in the White House positions in the White House causing scandalscausing scandals

9. 9. was caught illegally selling was caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies government and hospital supplies to private companies (graft)to private companies (graft)

10.10. caught taking a bribe; sold caught taking a bribe; sold German products seized from WWIGerman products seized from WWI

Ohio Gang’s ScandalsOhio Gang’s Scandals There were other scandals involving the Ohio Gang. There were other scandals involving the Ohio Gang. Jesse Jesse

Smith, assistant to Attorney General Harry M. Cramer was Smith, assistant to Attorney General Harry M. Cramer was exposed as a "exposed as a "bagmanbagman." He was carrying bribes to and from ." He was carrying bribes to and from the Attorney General's office. After he was banished from the Attorney General's office. After he was banished from Washington he committed suicide. Washington he committed suicide. Charles Cramer, legal Charles Cramer, legal advisor to the Veterans Bureau was also exposed for taking advisor to the Veterans Bureau was also exposed for taking bribesbribes, he too committed suicide. , he too committed suicide. Charles Forbes, head of the Charles Forbes, head of the same bureau, was convicted of taking at least $250 million same bureau, was convicted of taking at least $250 million dollars in kickbacks and bribesdollars in kickbacks and bribes. . Colonel Thomas W. Miller, Colonel Thomas W. Miller, head of the Office of Alien Property was convicted of fraudhead of the Office of Alien Property was convicted of fraud. He . He had sold valuable German patents seized in the war for far had sold valuable German patents seized in the war for far below market price. He too had taken bribes.below market price. He too had taken bribes.

The most spectacular example of corruption was the Teapot Dome The most spectacular example of corruption was the Teapot Dome scandal. The government had set aside oil-rich public lands at scandal. The government had set aside oil-rich public lands at

Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California for use by the U.S. Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California for use by the U.S. Navy. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall, a close friend of various Navy. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall, a close friend of various oil executives managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the oil executives managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the navy to the Interior Department. Then, Fall secretly leased the land navy to the Interior Department. Then, Fall secretly leased the land to two private oil companies, including Henry Sinclair’s Mammoth Oil to two private oil companies, including Henry Sinclair’s Mammoth Oil

Company at Teapot Dome. Although Fall claimed that these Company at Teapot Dome. Although Fall claimed that these contracts were in the government’s interest, he suddenly received contracts were in the government’s interest, he suddenly received

more than $400,000 in “loans, bonds, and cash.” He was later found more than $400,000 in “loans, bonds, and cash.” He was later found guilty of bribery and became the first American to be convicted of a guilty of bribery and became the first American to be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet post. In the summer of 1923, Harding felony while holding a cabinet post. In the summer of 1923, Harding declared, “I have no trouble with my enemies…But my……friends, declared, “I have no trouble with my enemies…But my……friends,

they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor nights! Shortly they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor nights! Shortly thereafter, on August 2, 1923, he died suddenly, probably from a thereafter, on August 2, 1923, he died suddenly, probably from a

heart attack or stroke.heart attack or stroke. 11. Teapot 11. Teapot

Dome scandalDome scandal 11. 11. Secretary of Interior Secretary of Interior

secretly transferred oil secretly transferred oil reserves meant for the navy reserves meant for the navy to two private oil companies to two private oil companies in return for $400,000in return for $400,000

Section 3: The Business of Section 3: The Business of AmericaAmerica In 1927, the last Model T Ford-In 1927, the last Model T Ford-

number 15,077,033—rolled off number 15,077,033—rolled off the assembly line On the assembly line On December 2, some 1 million December 2, some 1 million New Yorkers mobbed show New Yorkers mobbed show rooms to view the new Model rooms to view the new Model A. The automobile became A. The automobile became the backbone of the American the backbone of the American economy in the 1920s (and economy in the 1920s (and remained such until the remained such until the 1970s.) It profoundly altered 1970s.) It profoundly altered the American landscape and the American landscape and American society, but it was American society, but it was only one of several factors in only one of several factors in the country's business boom the country's business boom of the 1920s.of the 1920s.

The model A was a more luxurious car than the Model T. It was introduced at $495. Model T ‘s were selling for $290.

The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit into the pro-business spirit of The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit into the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well. It was he who said, “the chief business of the the 1920s very well. It was he who said, “the chief business of the

American people is business… The man who builds a factory builds a American people is business… The man who builds a factory builds a temple—the man who works there worships there.” Both Coolidge temple—the man who works there worships there.” Both Coolidge and his Republican successor, Herbert Hoover, favored government and his Republican successor, Herbert Hoover, favored government

policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up, and give policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up, and give businesses more available credit in order to expand. Their goal was businesses more available credit in order to expand. Their goal was to keep government interference in a business to a minimum and to to keep government interference in a business to a minimum and to

allow private enterprise to flourish. For most of the 1920s, this allow private enterprise to flourish. For most of the 1920s, this approach seemed to work. Coolidge’s administration continued to approach seemed to work. Coolidge’s administration continued to

place high tariffs on foreign imports, which helped American place high tariffs on foreign imports, which helped American manufacturers. Reducing income taxes meant that people had more manufacturers. Reducing income taxes meant that people had more

money in their pockets. Wages were rising because of new money in their pockets. Wages were rising because of new technology and so was productivity.technology and so was productivity. 1. Coolidge’s 1. Coolidge’s

goalgoal

2. high tariffs2. high tariffs

1. 1. keep gov. involvement in keep gov. involvement in businesses to a minimum businesses to a minimum allowing private businesses to allowing private businesses to flourish & lower taxesflourish & lower taxes

2. 2. were placed on foreign were placed on foreign (other countries) products (other countries) products which pushed people to buy which pushed people to buy American productsAmerican products

The new president, Calvin The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit into the pro-business Coolidge, fit into the pro-business

spirit of the 1920s very well.spirit of the 1920s very well. It was he who said, “the chief It was he who said, “the chief

business of the American people is business of the American people is business… The man who builds a business… The man who builds a factory builds a temple—the man factory builds a temple—the man who works there worships there.”who works there worships there.”

Coolidge supported Coolidge supported the free enterprise the free enterprise system and big system and big business.business.

The cartoon criticizes The cartoon criticizes President Coolidge by President Coolidge by suggesting that---suggesting that---

A. Coolidge’s policies A. Coolidge’s policies benefited wealthy benefited wealthy business ownersbusiness owners

B. Coolidge was known as B. Coolidge was known as “Silent Cal” because he “Silent Cal” because he had no economic policyhad no economic policy

C. Coolidge provided cash C. Coolidge provided cash assistance to struggling assistance to struggling industriesindustries

D. Coolidge had supported D. Coolidge had supported the Immigration Act.the Immigration Act.

The automobile liberated the isolated rural family, who could now The automobile liberated the isolated rural family, who could now travel to the city for shopping and entertainment. It also gave travel to the city for shopping and entertainment. It also gave

families the opportunity to vacation in new and faraway places. It families the opportunity to vacation in new and faraway places. It allowed both women and young people to become more independent allowed both women and young people to become more independent through increased mobility. It allowed workers live miles from their through increased mobility. It allowed workers live miles from their jobs, resulting in urban sprawl as cities spread in all directions. The jobs, resulting in urban sprawl as cities spread in all directions. The

automobile even became a status symbol—both for individual automobile even became a status symbol—both for individual families and to the rest of the world. The auto industry symbolized families and to the rest of the world. The auto industry symbolized

the success of the free enterprise system and the Coolidge era. the success of the free enterprise system and the Coolidge era. Nowhere else in the world could people with little money own their Nowhere else in the world could people with little money own their own automobile. By the late 1920s, around 80% of all registered own automobile. By the late 1920s, around 80% of all registered motor vehicles in the world were in the United States—about one motor vehicles in the world were in the United States—about one

automobile for every five people.automobile for every five people. 3. impact of 3. impact of

the the automobileautomobile

4. urban 4. urban sprawlsprawl

3. 3. liberated the isolated rural liberated the isolated rural (farm) family, who could now (farm) family, who could now travel to the citytravel to the city

4. 4. cities began to expand cities began to expand outward in all directions outward in all directions (suburban) (new highway (suburban) (new highway development Route 66)development Route 66)

The automobile literally changed the American landscape. Its most The automobile literally changed the American landscape. Its most visible effect was the construction of paved roads suitable for driving visible effect was the construction of paved roads suitable for driving

in all weather. One such road was the legendary Route 66, which in all weather. One such road was the legendary Route 66, which provided a route for people trekking west from Chicago to California. provided a route for people trekking west from Chicago to California.

Gas for cars was cheap and plentiful. Gas stations sprung up on Gas for cars was cheap and plentiful. Gas stations sprung up on Route 66 charging 25 cents per gallon.Route 66 charging 25 cents per gallon.

The Young Airplane IndustryThe Young Airplane Industry Automobiles weren’t the only form of transportation Automobiles weren’t the only form of transportation

taking off. The airplane industry began as a mail taking off. The airplane industry began as a mail carrying service for the U.S. Post Office. Although the carrying service for the U.S. Post Office. Although the first flight in 1918 was a disaster, a number of first flight in 1918 was a disaster, a number of successful flights soon established the airplane as a successful flights soon established the airplane as a peacetime means of transportation. With the peacetime means of transportation. With the development of weather forecasting, planes began development of weather forecasting, planes began carrying radios and navigational instruments.carrying radios and navigational instruments.Flight

attendants train for an early United Airlines flight. When commercial airline flights began, all flight attendants were female and white. Why do you think the first flight attendants were al female and white?

Transatlantic flights by Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart helped Transatlantic flights by Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart helped to promote cargo and commercial flights. In 1927, the Lockheed to promote cargo and commercial flights. In 1927, the Lockheed

Company produced a single-engine plane, the Vega. It was one of Company produced a single-engine plane, the Vega. It was one of the most popular transport airplanes of the late 1920s. Founded in the most popular transport airplanes of the late 1920s. Founded in 1927, the Pan American Airways inaugurated the first transatlantic 1927, the Pan American Airways inaugurated the first transatlantic

passenger flights.passenger flights.

5. Charles 5. Charles Lindbergh and Lindbergh and Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart

6. Pan 6. Pan American American AirwaysAirways

5. 5. pilots who flew across the pilots who flew across the Atlantic helped promote Atlantic helped promote cargo and commercial cargo and commercial (passenger) flights(passenger) flights

6. 6. introduced the first introduced the first transatlantic passenger flights transatlantic passenger flights (1927)(1927)

DO NOWDO NOW HOW DID THE WIDESPREAD USE OF THE HOW DID THE WIDESPREAD USE OF THE

AUTOMOBILE AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT AND AUTOMOBILE AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE LIVES OF AMERICANS?THE LIVES OF AMERICANS?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 423-424 READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 423-424 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE IMPACT OF UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE IMPACT OF THE AUTOMOBILE”THE AUTOMOBILE”

DO NOWDO NOW EXPLAIN WHAT YOUR DEFINITION OF A EXPLAIN WHAT YOUR DEFINITION OF A

CREDIT CARD/PERSONAL LOAN IS AND CREDIT CARD/PERSONAL LOAN IS AND HOW IT WORKS? HOW CAN CREDIT HOW IT WORKS? HOW CAN CREDIT CARDS/PERONAL LOANS CAUSE TROUBLE CARDS/PERONAL LOANS CAUSE TROUBLE FOR PEOPLE?FOR PEOPLE?

America’s Standard of Living America’s Standard of Living SoarsSoars The years from 1920 to 1929 The years from 1920 to 1929

were prosperous ones for the were prosperous ones for the United States. The national United States. The national income had grown from $64 income had grown from $64 billion in 1921 to $87 billion in billion in 1921 to $87 billion in 1929. Americans owned around 1929. Americans owned around 40% of the world’s wealth, and 40% of the world’s wealth, and that wealth changed the way that wealth changed the way most Americans lived. The most Americans lived. The average annual income rose average annual income rose more than 35% during the periodmore than 35% during the period—from $522 to $705. People —from $522 to $705. People found it easy to spend all that found it easy to spend all that extra income and then some.extra income and then some.

Gasoline powered much of the economic boom of the 1920s, but the Gasoline powered much of the economic boom of the 1920s, but the use of electricity also transformed the nation. American factories use of electricity also transformed the nation. American factories

used electricity to run their machines. Also, the development of an used electricity to run their machines. Also, the development of an alternating electrical current made it possible to distribute electric alternating electrical current made it possible to distribute electric

power efficiently over longer distances. Now electricity was no longer power efficiently over longer distances. Now electricity was no longer restricted to central cities but could be transmitted to suburbs. The restricted to central cities but could be transmitted to suburbs. The

number of electrified households grew, although most farms still number of electrified households grew, although most farms still lacked power. By the end of the 1920s, more and more homes had lacked power. By the end of the 1920s, more and more homes had electric irons, while well-to-do families used electric refrigerators, electric irons, while well-to-do families used electric refrigerators,

cooking ranges, and toasters. These electrical appliances made the cooking ranges, and toasters. These electrical appliances made the lives of housewives easier, freed them for other community and lives of housewives easier, freed them for other community and leisure activities, and coincided with a growing trend of women leisure activities, and coincided with a growing trend of women

working outside the home.working outside the home. 7. prosperity in 7. prosperity in the U.S.the U.S.

8. electrical 8. electrical currentcurrent

9. 9. consequencesconsequences

7. 7. Americans owned about 40% Americans owned about 40% of world’s wealth during 1920sof world’s wealth during 1920s

8. 8. made it possible to distribute made it possible to distribute electric power efficiently over electric power efficiently over longer distanceslonger distances

9. 9. increase in electrical increase in electrical appliances making lives of appliances making lives of housewives easier which freed housewives easier which freed them for other activitiesthem for other activities

By the end of the 1920s, more and more homes had electric irons, By the end of the 1920s, more and more homes had electric irons, while well-to-do familes used electric refrigerators, cooking ranges, while well-to-do familes used electric refrigerators, cooking ranges,

and toasters. Eunice Fuller Barnard listed prices for electrical and toasters. Eunice Fuller Barnard listed prices for electrical appliances in a 1928 magazine article. During the prosperous years appliances in a 1928 magazine article. During the prosperous years of the 1920s, many Americans believed they were living a better life of the 1920s, many Americans believed they were living a better life than their ancestors. Electricity and appliances made life easier and than their ancestors. Electricity and appliances made life easier and more pleasant. The introduction of the installment plan made access more pleasant. The introduction of the installment plan made access

to goods once reserved for the rich a possibility for many not-so-to goods once reserved for the rich a possibility for many not-so-wealthy Americans. American consumers could purchase an electric wealthy Americans. American consumers could purchase an electric

refrigerator for as little as a dollar down and a dollar a week.refrigerator for as little as a dollar down and a dollar a week.Goods and Prices, 1900 and 1928

1900 1928Wringer and washboard $5

Washing machine $150

Brushes and brooms $5

Vacuum cleaner $50

Sewing machines (mechanical) $25

Sewing machine (electric) $60

With new goods flooding the market, With new goods flooding the market, advertising agencies no longer just advertising agencies no longer just informed the public about products and informed the public about products and prices. Now they hired psychologists to prices. Now they hired psychologists to study how to appeal to people’s desire for study how to appeal to people’s desire for youthfulness, beauty, health, and wealth. youthfulness, beauty, health, and wealth. Results were impressive. The slogan Results were impressive. The slogan “Say it with flowers” doubled florists’ “Say it with flowers” doubled florists’ business between 1912 and 1924. business between 1912 and 1924. “Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet” “Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet” lured weight-conscious Americans to lured weight-conscious Americans to cigarettes and away from candy. Brand cigarettes and away from candy. Brand names became familiar from coast to names became familiar from coast to coast, and luxury items now seemed like coast, and luxury items now seemed like necessities.necessities.

One of those “necessities” was mouthwash. A 1923 Listerine One of those “necessities” was mouthwash. A 1923 Listerine advertisement aimed to convince readers that without Listerine a advertisement aimed to convince readers that without Listerine a

person ran the risk of having halitosis—bad breath—and the results person ran the risk of having halitosis—bad breath—and the results could be a disaster.could be a disaster.

““She was a beautiful girl She was a beautiful girl and talented too. She and talented too. She had the advantages of had the advantages of education and better education and better clothes than most girls clothes than most girls of her set. She of her set. She possessed that culture possessed that culture and poise that travel and poise that travel brings. Yet in one brings. Yet in one pursuit that stands pursuit that stands foremost in the mind of foremost in the mind of every girl and women—every girl and women—marriage—she was a marriage—she was a failure”failure”

------Listerine ------Listerine AdvertisementAdvertisement

As productivity increased, businesses expanded. There were As productivity increased, businesses expanded. There were numerous mergers of companies that manufactured automobiles, numerous mergers of companies that manufactured automobiles, steel, and electrical equipment, as well as mergers of companies steel, and electrical equipment, as well as mergers of companies

that provided public utilities. Chain stores sprouted, selling that provided public utilities. Chain stores sprouted, selling groceries, drugs, shoes, and clothes. Five—and-dime stores like groceries, drugs, shoes, and clothes. Five—and-dime stores like

Woolworth’s also spread rapidly. Congress passed a law that Woolworth’s also spread rapidly. Congress passed a law that allowed national banks to branch within cities of their main office. allowed national banks to branch within cities of their main office.

But as the number of businesses grew, so did the income gap But as the number of businesses grew, so did the income gap between workers and managers. There were a number of other between workers and managers. There were a number of other

clouds in the blue sky of prosperity. The iron and railroad industries, clouds in the blue sky of prosperity. The iron and railroad industries, among others, weren’t very prosperous, and farms nation-wide among others, weren’t very prosperous, and farms nation-wide

suffered losses—with new machinery, they were producing more suffered losses—with new machinery, they were producing more food than was needed and this drove down food prices.food than was needed and this drove down food prices. 10. businesses 10. businesses

expanded as expanded as productivity productivity increased increased

11. farmers 11. farmers suffered lossessuffered losses

10. 10. automobiles, grocery stores, automobiles, grocery stores, electrical equipmentelectrical equipment

11. 11. new machinery produced new machinery produced more food than was needed, more food than was needed, drove down pricesdrove down prices

In addition to advertising, industry provided another solution to the In addition to advertising, industry provided another solution to the problem of luring consumers to purchase the mountain of goods problem of luring consumers to purchase the mountain of goods produced each year: easy credit, or “a dollar down and a dollar produced each year: easy credit, or “a dollar down and a dollar

forever.” The installment plan, as it was then called, enabled people forever.” The installment plan, as it was then called, enabled people to buy goods over an extended period, without having to put down to buy goods over an extended period, without having to put down

much money at the time of purchase. Banks provided the money at much money at the time of purchase. Banks provided the money at low interest rates. Advertisers pushed the “installment plan” idea low interest rates. Advertisers pushed the “installment plan” idea with such slogans as “You furnish the girl, we’ll furnish the home” with such slogans as “You furnish the girl, we’ll furnish the home”

and “Enjoy while you pay.” Some economists and business owners and “Enjoy while you pay.” Some economists and business owners worried that installment buying might be getting out of hand and that worried that installment buying might be getting out of hand and that it was really a sign of fundamental weaknesses behind a superficial it was really a sign of fundamental weaknesses behind a superficial

economic prosperity. economic prosperity. 12. modern 12. modern advertisingadvertising

13. 13. installment installment planplan

12. 12. hired psychologists to study hired psychologists to study how to appeal to people’s desire how to appeal to people’s desire for beauty, health, wealth and for beauty, health, wealth and youth; pushing consumers to buy youth; pushing consumers to buy luxury itemsluxury items

13. 13. enabled people to buy goods enabled people to buy goods over an extended period, without over an extended period, without having to put down much money at having to put down much money at the time of purchase (ex: loan or the time of purchase (ex: loan or easy credit)easy credit)

Issues with the Issues with the Installment Installment

PlanPlan Even with the installment plan, there were limits on how much Americans would or could buy; there were only so many kitchen appliances or cars a person needed. Buying slowed down. By 1929 the stores had built up huge inventories of goods and stopped ordering from factories. Manufacturers had overproduced, and they had to begin cutting back. Factories began laying off substantial numbers of workers, even before the stock market crash. When the crash came, many more people lost not only their jobs but their savings, too. The growing number of unemployed people bought only bare necessities. Goods sat on shelves in warehouses and stores. Manufacturing ground to a halt, and more and more people were laid off as a result. It was a vicious spiral downward.

It dates back to 1926 when it worked in exactly the same way as its modern NFC successor - you present it to buy goods or

services.

One business owner even wrote to President Coolidge and One business owner even wrote to President Coolidge and related a conversation he had overheard on a train.related a conversation he had overheard on a train.

““Have you an automobile yet?”Have you an automobile yet?” ““No, I talked it over with John and he felt we could not afford one.”No, I talked it over with John and he felt we could not afford one.” ““Mr. Budge who lives in your town has one and they are not as well Mr. Budge who lives in your town has one and they are not as well

off as you are.”off as you are.” ““Yes, I know. Their second installment came due, and they had no Yes, I know. Their second installment came due, and they had no

money to pay it.”money to pay it.” ““What did they do? Lose the car?”What did they do? Lose the car?” ““No, they got the money and paid the installment.”No, they got the money and paid the installment.” ““How did they get the money?”How did they get the money?” ““They sold the cook-stove.”They sold the cook-stove.” ““How could they get along without a cook-stove?”How could they get along without a cook-stove?” ““They didn’t. They bought another on the installment plan.”They didn’t. They bought another on the installment plan.”

Most Americans focused their attention on the present, with little Most Americans focused their attention on the present, with little concern for the future. What could possibly go wrong with the concern for the future. What could possibly go wrong with the

nation’s economy? The decade of the 1920s had brought about nation’s economy? The decade of the 1920s had brought about many technological and economic changes. And yet the Coolidge era many technological and economic changes. And yet the Coolidge era was built on paradox—the president stood for economy and a frugal was built on paradox—the president stood for economy and a frugal

way of life, but he was favored by a public who had thrown all care to way of life, but he was favored by a public who had thrown all care to the wind. Life definitely seemed easier and more enjoyable for the wind. Life definitely seemed easier and more enjoyable for

hundreds of thousands of Americans. From the look of things, there hundreds of thousands of Americans. From the look of things, there was little warning of what was to come.was little warning of what was to come.

““Yes, Sir, He’s My Baby”Yes, Sir, He’s My Baby” This cartoon depicts This cartoon depicts

Calvin Coolidge playing Calvin Coolidge playing a saxophone labeled a saxophone labeled “Praise” while a woman “Praise” while a woman representing “Big representing “Big Business” dances up a Business” dances up a storm.storm.

What do you think the What do you think the cartoonist suggests about cartoonist suggests about Coolidge’s relationship with Coolidge’s relationship with big business?big business?

Praise

Big Business

QUIZ ESSAY #1QUIZ ESSAY #1 COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE POLITICAL COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE POLITICAL

SYSTEM OF COMMUNISM AND CAPITALISM. SYSTEM OF COMMUNISM AND CAPITALISM. EXPLAIN WHAT NATIVISM MEANS. DO YOU THINK EXPLAIN WHAT NATIVISM MEANS. DO YOU THINK AMERICANS WERE JUSTIFIED IN THEIR FEAR OF AMERICANS WERE JUSTIFIED IN THEIR FEAR OF RADICALS (REBEL OR REVOLUTIONARY) AND RADICALS (REBEL OR REVOLUTIONARY) AND FOREIGNERS (IMMIGRANTS) DURING THE 1920S? FOREIGNERS (IMMIGRANTS) DURING THE 1920S? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.– THINK ABOUT:THINK ABOUT:

THE GOALS OF THE LEADERS OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONTHE GOALS OF THE LEADERS OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION THE CHALLENGES FACING THE UNITED STATES (IDEA OF JOB THE CHALLENGES FACING THE UNITED STATES (IDEA OF JOB

COMPETITION)COMPETITION)