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Dr Rachel Bragg University of Essex Green care: An overview

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Page 1: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Dr Rachel BraggUniversity of Essex

Green care: An overview

Page 2: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

• So many different  ‘nature’ initiatives

• Being run by and for many different people

• Increasing interest in using nature for health 

• But there is sometimes confusion

• Where to start?

How can we make green care a natural part of the health service?

Page 3: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

What is green care?

Nature‐based interventions or therapy  for a variety of vulnerable groups

“Green care utilises plants, animals and landscapes to create interventions to improve health and wellbeing (i.e. it does not represent a casual encounter with nature).” Sempik and Bragg, 2013

A range of different green care interventions available

Page 4: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Animalassisted 

interventions

Nature arts 

and crafts

Care Farming environmental 

Facilitatedenvironmental conservation

Green Care

Ecotherapy

Green Exercisetherapy

Wilderness therapy;Nature therapy

Range of different contexts, activities, health benefits, clients, motivations and needs.

Food growing (as an 

intervention)

Source: Adapted from Hine et al., 2008; Bragg et al., 2013 and Bragg 2014

EcopsychotherapyEcopsychotherapy

Page 5: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

INTERA

CTIVE

Interaction with

 nature

PASSIVE

Expe

riencing na

ture

Everyday life Health promotion Green Care –Therapy or treatment

Healing landscapes and gardens 

Green exercise Green exercise therapy

Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy

Social and Therapeutic Horticulture (STH)

Food growing (as an intervention)

Facilitated environmental conservation

Animal Assisted Interventions

Horticultural therapy

Ecotherapy

Care FarmingAnimal‐based green exercise (dog walking, fishing, horse riding)

Animal Assisted Therapy

View from window at home or work

Gardening, Community food growing,Horticulture (at home or work )

Farming

Forestry (at work or at home)

Differing roles, contexts and engagement levels of green exercise and green care approaches. Source: Bragg, 2015, 2014; adapted from Haubenhofer et al., 2010; and Sempik and Bragg, 2013.

Page 6: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

The benefits of green care…………

Psychological restoration

Increases in:social inclusion and social 

contactsocial and work skillsempowermentsocial functioning coping abilitysocial rehabilitation 

Improvements in:cognitive functioning and 

wellbeingself‐efficacyself‐esteem moodpersonal and social identityquality of life

Reduction in depression and anxiety related symptoms

Page 7: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Further benefits………Where green care involves food growing it can also lead to healthier lifestyles:

• Increases in physical activity • contribute to maintaining a healthy weight ‐

reduces the risk of obesity.

• Provides access to locally grown, fresh produce • helps increase the consumption of fruit and 

vegetables,• improves attitudes to healthy eating

Page 8: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Green care – wellbeing research

• Ecominds

• First study of different types of green care in the UK

• Longitudinal & acute effect study

• Using both recognised outcome measures and bespoke tools

Page 9: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Wellbeing – longitudinal/ trait • WEMWBS• Significant increase 

in participant wellbeing over the course of the programme

• Improvements in the proportion of participants in each wellbeing category after taking part in green care

20

30

40

50

60

Baseline Endpoint

Mean

 WEM

WBS

 score 

Time point

Represents  an increase in  wellbeing of 5.3, significance tested with a 2‐tailed t test (p<.001)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Poor wellbeing Average wellbeing Good wellbeing

Perce

nt of

 particip

ants 

%

Wellbeing category

Beginning of programme

End of programme

Page 10: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Self‐esteem – Longitudinal/ trait

• RSES (Trait)• Significant 

increase in participant self‐esteem over the course of the programme

• Change in each participant’s RSES score from baseline to endpoint

Page 11: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Some key findings….• Findings similar for all 3 types of green care

• Wellbeing and self‐esteem significantly improved over the course of the green care programmes. 

• Increases occurred simultaneously with increases in social engagement, connection to nature and aspects of a healthy lifestyle.

• Social engagement significantly increased from the beginning to the end of the green care programmes.

• Increases in the frequency of participants taking part in community activities were also found. 

Page 12: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Implications…. • Links between nature and  attention restoration  recovery from stress  mindfulness   wellbeing

• Treatment for those with existing mental health problems

Another tool in the tool box for mental healthcare

An enjoyable option  to help people feel better

Leaving the diagnosis at the gate

Helps reduce social isolation

Page 13: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Multiple outcomes

Multiple outcomes from green care 

– simultaneously produces other positive life outcomes

– wider than clinical outcomes

– Is therefore cost‐effective

– Also enjoyable – people go back!

• Need to raise awareness ‐practitioners and patients alike

Page 14: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Source: Bragg et al, 2014; Adapted from Naylor et al, 2013.

Page 15: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Three main issues• different types of green care mobilise to collectively promote the 

sector – to give a clear message• Collective name – green care, nature‐based interventions, ecotherapy

• But many different settings and contexts under the umbrella

• make a distinction between specifically designed and commissioned interventions for the vulnerable and public health initiatives for the general population 

• providers of nature‐based interventions should work together to provide a larger ‘offer’ to commissioners such as CCGs (Clinical Commissioning Groups)

Page 16: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Online Survey for Green Care•Green care, Ecotherapy or Nature‐based interventions? ‐ Your thoughts please!

•There are now numerous local and national organisations offering a range of nature‐based interventions (also known as green care)

•We are asking people working in the field of green care for their opinions regarding the development of a common language in order to communicate more effectively with commissioners. 

•We would be most grateful if you could spare the time to complete our short questionnaire (only 9 questions), by following the link below:

https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VXQ87FB

Page 17: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Dr Rachel BraggSenior researcher, Green Exercise Research Team andDeputy Director, Essex Sustainability InstituteUniversity of [email protected] www.greenexercise.org

Page 18: 1. Green Care an overview - sustainweb.org · Healing landscapes and gardens Green exercise Green exercise therapy Nature therapy; Wilderness therapy Social and Therapeutic Horticulture

Full references for figures• Please include short reference underneath the figures whenever you use them – many thanks

• Full references are as follows:Bragg R (2014). Nature‐based interventions for mental wellbeing and sustainable behaviour: the potential for green care in the UK. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences, University of Essex (unpublished).

Bragg, R., Wood, C. and Barton, J. (2013a) Ecominds: Effects on Mental Wellbeing. London: Mind

Bragg, R., Wood, C., Barton, J. and Pretty, J. (2014) Wellbeing benefits from natural environments rich in wildlife: A literature review for The Wildlife Trusts. The Wildlife Trusts: London

Haubenhofer, D. K., Elings, M., Hassink, J. and Hine, R. (2010) The devlopment of green care in Western European countries. Explore, 6,106‐111.

Hine R, Peacock J and Pretty J (2008). Care farming in the UK: Contexts, benefits and links with therapeutic communities. International Journal of Therapeutic Communities, 29: 221‐347.

Naylor C, Imison C, Addicott R, Buck D, Goodwin N, Harrison T, Ross S, Sonola L, Tian Y and Curry N. (2013b) Transforming our health care system: Ten priorities for commissioners. London: The Kings Fund. Available at: http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/field/field_publication_file/10PrioritiesFinal2.pdf

Sempik, J. and Bragg, R. (2013). Green Care: origins and activities. In Gallis C. (Eds) 2013. Green Care: for Human Therapy, Social innovation, Rural economy, and Education. NOVA Science Publishers, New York.