1 grain storage - store pests and diseases. describe common pests of a given crop group. describe...
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Grain Storage - Store pests and diseases
Describe common pests of a given crop group.
Describe best practice in relation to pesticide usage
Grain storage pests Field pests
◦ Slugs◦ Leatherjackets◦ Aphids
Pests of oilseed rape Potato pests – PCN Pesticide best practice – The Basics
Saw tooth grain beetle
Grain Weevil
Grain mites
Rats/Mice
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Prior to filling, grain stores should be:
◦Thoroughly cleaned
◦Fumigated
◦Vermin proof
◦Weather proof
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Saw-toothed grain beetle◦ Survive in previous grain
residues.
◦ Multiply at MC above 14% and temperatures from 17.5 - 40°C.
◦ Feed on the grain in both adult and larvae stages causing hotspots.
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Control by:◦ Store hygiene
◦ Drying grain below 14% MC and cool to 15°C.
◦ Apply insecticide to grain
8Saw toothed grain beetle – Oryzaephilus surinamensis
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Control:
◦Store hygiene
◦Store below 12 °C
◦Apply insecticide to grain
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Survive in store and on residues of previous crop.
Brought in on grain.
Adult females bore holes in grain and lay eggs.
Larvae eat the grain from inside.
Grain Weevil
11Grain weevil -Sitophilus granarius
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Grain Mites Enter store on grain or
survive in store residues.
Damage grain by eating the germ and causing taints and fungal infections.
Multiply rapidly in moist conditions.
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Control by
Keeping the grain dry – 14% MC
Maintain store RH below 65%
Store hygiene
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Grain mite – Glycyphagus species
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1. Primary pests – these live, feed and develop in grain stocks - the most serious group
Beetles Mites
Size <2mm diametre
<5mm length
0.5mm
Multiplication rate
60x per mth 2,000 x per mth
Min breed oC Weevils 13oCBeetles 18oC
5oC
Min MC% 2-12% 15%
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2 Secondary pests – feed on crop residues and mould
Often present with nesting birds Usually a high fungal content in the crop Often slower breeding and few generations Tend to have a lower min breeding temp and
prefer moister conditions
3 Strays – enter from outside store or brought in at harvest
Seldom cause damage but may lead to rejection of crop
House/field mice
Norway/Brown Rat
Where possible, ensure that all doors are tight fitting and access to sheds is limited.
Need to ensure that all bait points are monitored on a regular basis and all baits points are recorded on farmyard layout.
Slugs
Leatherjackets
Grain Aphids
Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN)
Mollusca
Soft slimy bodies,
Prone to drying out and must retreat to damp places when weather dries up.
Controlled by cultural (rove beetles) and slug pellets (metiocarb, methalyhde, etc. )
Bait to assess numbers
Threshold for treatment
◦ Winter Wheat 4 slugs/trap
◦ WOSR 1 slug/trap
Size of trap, 30cm x 30cm. Metaldehyde stewardship
Larvae of cranefly (daddy long legs)
Feeds on roots of grasses
Feeds directly on seeds in the soil.
Adults lay eggs in Aug-Oct◦ Depending on weather damage is seen as feeding
in following spring
Monitor to assess levels
Reseeds & cereals exiting long term leys highest risk
Chlopyrifos
Feed on all cereal crops
Feeds on phloem of plant by using spikelet to burrow down into get sugar from plant.
Primary cause of BYDV in cereals
Activity will increase in warm weather.
BYDV controlled by Long cultivation window – 3 weeks Bury grass + trash Seed treatment to control virus vectors Monitor aphid migration + Spray aphicide
Potato Cyst Nematodes (PCN) also known as eel worms.
Feed on roots of Solanaceae Family(potatoes and tomatoes)
Can cause a yield reduction in up to 60% in infected fields.
Rotation
Plant certified basic seed
PCN soil sampling when using farm saved seed
Clean shared machinery
Dispose of grader waste to an on-farm tip or field of origin
Do not feed or spread untreated vegetable waste
Be wary of imported animal manures
Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle
Pollen Beetles
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Prior to filling, grain stores should be:
33Grain weevil -Sitophilus granarius
34Grain mite – Glycyphagus species
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Name this store pest
From 26th Nov 2015 only sprayer operators with a PA1 & PA2 will be legally be able to apply chemicals.
To apply pesticides must have a recommendation from a BASIS qualified adviser
Treatments must be recorded in the pesticides application record book.
It also helps you use the pesticide:
◦Safely
◦Effectively
◦Accurately
Contains information to help you get the
best performance from the pesticide
PESTICIDE PRODUCT LABEL
Contains a lot of information Some information legally binding.
Read and Understand
the product label
Main categories of text:
1. Important information – eg dose rates, application rates, etc
2. Advisory Information – eg compatability, timings, etc
Product Name: Agritox Approval Number: MAPP 14894 Active Ingredient: MCPA Pesticide Type: Herbicide What insects are controlled by this product: Broad-leaved weeds Crops on which product may be used: Winter and Spring Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats and Grassland Product Form (Liquid or Powder): Liquid Product Hazard Symbol: Harmful and Dangerous for the Environment Approved Field of Use: As an Agricultural Herbicide to control Broad-leaved weeds on
Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats and Grassland.
PESTICIDE LABELPLEASE FIND THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
• Restrictions (give 3): Any 3• Sprayer Application Rate /Ha (litres): Not Less than 200L/Ha• Spray Quality: Medium / Coarse• Is Agritox compatible with other products? Yes• What Advice is given? Consult Manufacturer or Agronomist• List Operator PPE: Coveralls, Gloves, Face Shield • Environmental Protection
• List Buffer Zones for this product: Flowing Water 5 metres• Dry Ditch 1 metre
• Can Buffer zone be reduced under LERAP Yes• What is an Adjuvant? A wetter or sticker to improve product effectiveness
Application Of ProductMaximum Individual
DoseMaximum Total
DoseLatest Time of
Application
Winter & Spring Wheat, Barley, Rye & Oats
3.3 L/Ha 3.3 L/Ha/CropBefore 1st Node
Detectable (GS 31)
Undersown Cereals (as above) with Red Clover
1.4 L/Ha 1.4 L/Ha/CropBefore 1st Node
Detectable (GS 31)
Grassland 3.3 L/Ha 6.6 L/Ha/Crop Not Applicable
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Coverall Gloves Face shield
Goggles Dust mask Footwear
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)
Waterproof apron
Pesticide Application RecordDate
Site of Application
Crop Treated
Reason for Treatment
Pesticide Used
Pesticide Dose Rate (l/ha or kg/ha)
Spray Application Rate (l/ha)
Nozzle type and Code
Spray Pressure (bar)
Weather Conditions
Start Time
Finish Time
Other Relevant Information
Operators Name
Operators Signature