1 grain, oil, and specialty field- crop production by larry stine estherville lincoln central high...

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Grain, Oil, and Specialty Field-Crop Production

Grain, Oil, and Specialty Field-Crop Production

By Larry StineBy Larry Stine

Estherville Lincoln Central High SchoolEstherville Lincoln Central High School

Original Power Point Created by Larry StineOriginal Power Point Created by Larry Stine

Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum OfficeModified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office

June 2002June 2002

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Competencies:Competencies:

define important terms used in crop define important terms used in crop productionproduction

identify major crops grown for grain, oil, and identify major crops grown for grain, oil, and special purposesspecial purposes

classify field crops according to use and classify field crops according to use and thermo requirementsthermo requirements

describe how to select field crops, varieties, describe how to select field crops, varieties, and seedand seed

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Competencies:Competencies:

prepare proper seedbeds for grain, oil, and prepare proper seedbeds for grain, oil, and specialty cropsspecialty crops

plant field cropsplant field crops describe current irrigation practices for field describe current irrigation practices for field

crops to meet their water needscrops to meet their water needs control pests in field cropscontrol pests in field crops harvest and store field cropsharvest and store field crops

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Terms to KnowTerms to Know

Field CropsField Crops Grain CropsGrain Crops MaltingMalting ForageForage Cover CropsCover Crops Green Manure CropsGreen Manure Crops Oilseed CropsOilseed Crops

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LinenLinen Linseed OilLinseed Oil GinningGinning Seed PiecesSeed Pieces Cash CropCash Crop ThermoThermo Cereal CropsCereal Crops

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Seed Legume CropsSeed Legume Crops Root CropsRoot Crops Sugar CropsSugar Crops Tuber CropsTuber Crops Stimulant CropsStimulant Crops Conventional TillageConventional Tillage No-tillNo-till

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Term to KnowTerm to Know

Row Crop PlantersRow Crop Planters Drill PlantersDrill Planters Broadcast PlantersBroadcast Planters IrrigationIrrigation SprinklersSprinklers Surface IrrigationSurface Irrigation Mechanical Pest ControlMechanical Pest Control

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Cultural ControlCultural Control Biological ControlBiological Control Genetic ControlGenetic Control Chemical ControlChemical Control ThreshingThreshing

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History of Crop ProductionHistory of Crop Production

Began about 10,000 years agoBegan about 10,000 years ago Changed early humans from hunters to Changed early humans from hunters to

farmersfarmers Observed what animals were eatingObserved what animals were eating Trial and error and thousands of years of Trial and error and thousands of years of

selectionselection

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In the United StatesIn the United States

Occupies more than 450 million acresOccupies more than 450 million acres Acreage represents about 20% of the U.S.Acreage represents about 20% of the U.S. About 2% of American workers are in About 2% of American workers are in

production agricultureproduction agriculture 11% of personal income in U.S. spent on 11% of personal income in U.S. spent on

foodfood Helps to maintain balance of tradeHelps to maintain balance of trade

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Major Field Crops in the United States

Major Field Crops in the United States

Seven major grain crops in the United Seven major grain crops in the United StatesStates

Are grasses grown for their edible seedsAre grasses grown for their edible seeds Major Grain Crops:Major Grain Crops:

CornCorn OatsOats

WheatWheat RyeRye

BarleyBarley RiceRice

Grain SorghumGrain Sorghum

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CornCorn

Most important field Most important field crop in the U.S.crop in the U.S.

35-40% of total 35-40% of total production from production from midwestmidwest

50% of corn produced 50% of corn produced in the worldin the world

Origin in Central Origin in Central AmericaAmerica

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CornCorn

Less than 10% of U.S. production is for Less than 10% of U.S. production is for human consumptionhuman consumption

Major classifications:Major classifications:

Dent cornDent corn

Flint cornFlint corn

PopcornPopcorn

Sweet cornSweet corn

Flour or soft cornFlour or soft corn

Pod cornPod corn

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WheatWheat

Most important grain crop in Most important grain crop in the worldthe world

2nd to corn in U.S.2nd to corn in U.S. Primarily for human Primarily for human

consumptionconsumption Ground into flour:Ground into flour:

breadbread

cakescakes

cerealcereal

macaroni/noodlesmacaroni/noodles

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WheatWheat

Types of Wheat:Types of Wheat:

CommonCommon PoulardPoulard

DurumDurum PolishPolish

ClubClub EmmerEmmer

SpeltSpelt Classes of Common Wheat:Classes of Common Wheat:

Soft red winterSoft red winter Hard red winterHard red winter

Hard red springHard red spring WhiteWhite

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BarleyBarley

Ranks fifth among Ranks fifth among grain crops in U.S.grain crops in U.S.

Most is used in Most is used in livestock feedlivestock feed

Same feed value as Same feed value as corncorn

Production for malting Production for malting is also important is also important

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OatsOats

Fourth in acres produced in the United StatesFourth in acres produced in the United States Value is well documented for livestock:Value is well documented for livestock:

Adding bulk to the dietAdding bulk to the diet

Adding protein to the dietAdding protein to the diet 5% is made into oatmeal and cookies5% is made into oatmeal and cookies Used in production of plastics, pesticides, and Used in production of plastics, pesticides, and

preservativespreservatives Important in paper and brewing industriesImportant in paper and brewing industries

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RyeRye

Least economically important grain cropLeast economically important grain crop 25-35% of rye acreage used for grain25-35% of rye acreage used for grain Remainder used for forage:Remainder used for forage:

Cover cropCover crop

Green manure cropGreen manure crop Rye grown for grain is used for livestock Rye grown for grain is used for livestock

feed, flour, whiskey & alcohol productionfeed, flour, whiskey & alcohol production

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RiceRice

Major grain crop grown for food for over half Major grain crop grown for food for over half the people in the worldthe people in the world

Only commercially grown grain crop that can Only commercially grown grain crop that can grow and thrive in standing watergrow and thrive in standing water

Types grown in U.S.:Types grown in U.S.:

Short grainShort grain

Medium grainMedium grain

Long grainLong grain Majority used for human consumptionMajority used for human consumption

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SorghumSorghum

In U.S. used primarily for livestock feedIn U.S. used primarily for livestock feed About equal to corn in food valueAbout equal to corn in food value Other uses include:Other uses include:

ForageForage

Manufacture of syrup or sugarManufacture of syrup or sugar

Making of broomsMaking of brooms Third most important U.S. grain cropThird most important U.S. grain crop

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SorghumSorghum

Types of sorghum:Types of sorghum:

GrainGrain

ForageForage

SyrupSyrup

GrassGrass

BroomcornBroomcorn

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Oilseed CropsOilseed Crops

Crops grown for the production of oil from Crops grown for the production of oil from their seedstheir seeds

Growing in importance each yearGrowing in importance each year Important crops are:Important crops are:

SoybeansSoybeans SafflowerSafflower

PeanutsPeanuts FlaxFlax

CornCorn SunflowerSunflower

CottonseedCottonseed

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SoybeansSoybeans

60 million acres in U.S.60 million acres in U.S. Average yield 34 bu/acreAverage yield 34 bu/acre Gross $11 billion/yearGross $11 billion/year Oil and grain products are Oil and grain products are

major usesmajor uses Meal fed to livestockMeal fed to livestock Also used for hay, pasture, Also used for hay, pasture,

and other forageand other forage 100’s of other uses100’s of other uses

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PeanutsPeanuts

Actually a pea and not a nutActually a pea and not a nut Grown primarily in the SouthGrown primarily in the South One ton will yield:One ton will yield:

500 lbs. oil500 lbs. oil

800 lbs. meal800 lbs. meal

700 lbs. shell700 lbs. shell

Meal used for livestock feed and Meal used for livestock feed and in human dietsin human diets

Other foods include peanut Other foods include peanut butter and dry roasted peanutsbutter and dry roasted peanuts

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SafflowerSafflower

Production for oil occurs mainly in Production for oil occurs mainly in CaliforniaCalifornia

Plants grow 2 to 5 feet high with heads Plants grow 2 to 5 feet high with heads resembling Canadian thistlesresembling Canadian thistles

25-35 percent oil25-35 percent oil Used in production of paint and other Used in production of paint and other

industrial productsindustrial products Used for cooking oil and low cholesterol Used for cooking oil and low cholesterol

dietsdiets

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FlaxFlax

Originally, the production was for fiberOriginally, the production was for fiber Fibers were used to produce linenFibers were used to produce linen Oil is called linseed oilOil is called linseed oil Important raw product in many types of paintImportant raw product in many types of paint 100’s of uses in industry100’s of uses in industry Meal is excellent source of protein for animal Meal is excellent source of protein for animal

feedsfeeds

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SunflowersSunflowers

Production of oil-type Production of oil-type important in recent yearsimportant in recent years

90% of production oil-type90% of production oil-type 49-53% oil49-53% oil Meal has 14-19% proteinMeal has 14-19% protein Meal used for livestock feedMeal used for livestock feed Oil used for margarine and Oil used for margarine and

cooking oilcooking oil Oil can substitute for diesel Oil can substitute for diesel

fuel in tractorsfuel in tractors

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Specialty CropsSpecialty Crops

Include:Include:

Fiber CropsFiber Crops

Sugar CropsSugar Crops

Stimulant CropsStimulant Crops Examples include:Examples include:

CottonCotton

Sugar beetsSugar beets

SugarcaneSugarcane

TobaccoTobacco

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CottonCotton

Originated in Central and Originated in Central and South AmericaSouth America

Important crop in South since Important crop in South since colonial timescolonial times

Need warm temperatures and Need warm temperatures and a long growing seasona long growing season

Can produce up to three Can produce up to three crops per year under crops per year under irrigationirrigation

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CottonCotton

Over 15 million bales of cotton produced in U.S. Over 15 million bales of cotton produced in U.S. per yearper year

9 million bales used in textile industry, rest is 9 million bales used in textile industry, rest is exportedexported

Removing seed from cotton is called ginningRemoving seed from cotton is called ginning Seed is processed to remove the oil which Seed is processed to remove the oil which

contributes to vegetable oil needscontributes to vegetable oil needs Meal is used for animal feedMeal is used for animal feed

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Sugar BeetsSugar Beets

Accounts for about 35% of the refined Accounts for about 35% of the refined sugar produced in the U.S.sugar produced in the U.S.

Produces a thick, fleshy storage rootProduces a thick, fleshy storage root Center of production is the western states Center of production is the western states

and the upper Midwestand the upper Midwest

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Sugar CaneSugar Cane

Accounts for 65% of the sugar refined in the U.S.Accounts for 65% of the sugar refined in the U.S. Crop is a grass grown from sections of stalk called Crop is a grass grown from sections of stalk called

seed piecesseed pieces Takes about 2 years to reach harvesting stage in Takes about 2 years to reach harvesting stage in

HawaiiHawaii Takes 7 months until harvest in the southern statesTakes 7 months until harvest in the southern states Can harvest several times before replantingCan harvest several times before replanting

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TobaccoTobacco

Original North American product used by Native Original North American product used by Native AmericansAmericans

Produced as a cash cropProduced as a cash crop Production dropped in the 1980’s and increased again Production dropped in the 1980’s and increased again

in the 1990’sin the 1990’s Requires large amounts of labor and is adapted to small Requires large amounts of labor and is adapted to small

farming operationsfarming operations Warm temperatures and plenty of rainfall are required Warm temperatures and plenty of rainfall are required

for optimum productionfor optimum production

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Classification of Field CropsClassification of Field Crops

Three ways of classifying field crops:Three ways of classifying field crops:

UseUse

Thermo requirementsThermo requirements

Life spanLife span Classification by use:Classification by use:

Cereal crops-grown for their edible seedsCereal crops-grown for their edible seeds

Seed legume crops-nitrogen-fixing crops that Seed legume crops-nitrogen-fixing crops that produce edible seedsproduce edible seeds

Root crops-grown for their thick, fleshy Root crops-grown for their thick, fleshy storage rootsstorage roots

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Forage crops-grown for hay, silage, or Forage crops-grown for hay, silage, or pastures for livestock feedpastures for livestock feed

Sugar crops-grown for their ability to store Sugar crops-grown for their ability to store sugars in their stems or rootssugars in their stems or roots

Oil crops-produced for the oil content of their Oil crops-produced for the oil content of their seedsseeds

Tuber crops-grown for their thickened, Tuber crops-grown for their thickened, underground storage stemsunderground storage stems

Stimulant crops-grown for their ability to Stimulant crops-grown for their ability to stimulate the sense of the userstimulate the sense of the user

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Thermo classifications:Thermo classifications:

Warm seasonWarm season

Cool seasonCool season Warm season crops must have warm Warm season crops must have warm

temperatures in order to live and growtemperatures in order to live and grow Cool season crops often need a period of Cool season crops often need a period of

cool weather in order to attain maximum cool weather in order to attain maximum productionproduction

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Classification by life span:Classification by life span:

AnnualAnnual

BiennialBiennial

PerennialPerennial Factors to consider for the selection of field crops:Factors to consider for the selection of field crops:

1. 1. Crops that will grow and produce the desired yields Crops that will grow and produce the desired yields under the type of climate available.under the type of climate available.

2. 2. Crops that are adapted to the type of soil available.Crops that are adapted to the type of soil available.

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3. 3. Demand on market available for the crop to be Demand on market available for the crop to be produced.produced.

4. 4. Labor requirements and availability of labor for the Labor requirements and availability of labor for the crop.crop.

5. 5. Machinery and equipment necessary to grow the crop.Machinery and equipment necessary to grow the crop.

6. 6. Availability of enough land to justify production Availability of enough land to justify production of the crop.of the crop.

7. 7. Pest-control problems.Pest-control problems.

8. 8. Expected yields.Expected yields.

9. 9. Anticipated production costs.Anticipated production costs.

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Seedbed PreparationSeedbed Preparation

Purpose is to provide Purpose is to provide conditions favorable conditions favorable for germination and for germination and growthgrowth

Eliminating Eliminating competition from competition from weeds and crop weeds and crop residues is a residues is a considerationconsideration

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Can increase availability of soil nutrientsCan increase availability of soil nutrients Should not be overworkedShould not be overworked Fineness of seedbed is dependent on size of Fineness of seedbed is dependent on size of

seedseed Should contain enough fertility to Should contain enough fertility to

encourage germination and growthencourage germination and growth Control and elimination of weeds, insects, Control and elimination of weeds, insects,

and diseases is an important considerationand diseases is an important consideration

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Three categories of tillage preparation:Three categories of tillage preparation:Conventional tillage-land is plowed with a Conventional tillage-land is plowed with a

moldboard plowmoldboard plow

Minimum tillage-seedbed is prepared only Minimum tillage-seedbed is prepared only enough so that the seed can make enough so that the seed can make

contact with contact with the soil and germinatethe soil and germinate

No-till-planting seeds directly into the No-till-planting seeds directly into the residue residue of the previous cropof the previous crop

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Planting Field CropsPlanting Field Crops

Three general types of planters:Three general types of planters:Row crop planters-plant seeds in precise rows with even spacing Row crop planters-plant seeds in precise rows with even spacing within the rowswithin the rows

Drill planters-plant seeds in narrow rows at high population ratesDrill planters-plant seeds in narrow rows at high population rates

Broadcast planters-scatter the seed in a random pattern on top of the Broadcast planters-scatter the seed in a random pattern on top of the seedbedseedbed

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Planting Field CropsPlanting Field Crops

Other considerations include:Other considerations include:

Date to plantDate to plant

Germination rate of seedsGermination rate of seeds

Uniformity of seedUniformity of seed

Weather conditionsWeather conditions

Insect and disease control problemsInsect and disease control problems

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Meeting Water Needs of CropsMeeting Water Needs of Crops

Ideally 1/2 of pore space is filled with waterIdeally 1/2 of pore space is filled with water About 1/2 of the water in the pore spaces About 1/2 of the water in the pore spaces

are available for plant useare available for plant use Factors affecting water availability include:Factors affecting water availability include:

Type of soilType of soil

Natural rainfallNatural rainfall

Water-table levelsWater-table levels

Prevailing windsPrevailing winds

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Irrigation may be the answer to obtaining profitable yieldsIrrigation may be the answer to obtaining profitable yields Irrigation has been practiced for over 5,000 yearsIrrigation has been practiced for over 5,000 years

Egyptians used water from the Nile River for irrigationEgyptians used water from the Nile River for irrigation

Chinese and Native Americans used irrigationChinese and Native Americans used irrigation

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Major methods of supplying irrigation Major methods of supplying irrigation water to crops:water to crops:

Sprinklers-spray water through the air, Sprinklers-spray water through the air, much much like rainfalllike rainfall

Surface irrigation-water gets to the crop by Surface irrigation-water gets to the crop by gravity, flowing over the surface of gravity, flowing over the surface of

the soil or the soil or in ditches or furrowsin ditches or furrows

Subsurface irrigation-supplies water to the Subsurface irrigation-supplies water to the roots of crops undergroundroots of crops underground

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Pest Control in Field CropsPest Control in Field Crops

Control of pests in field crops Control of pests in field crops often determines profitsoften determines profits

Pests include:Pests include:

DiseasesDiseases

WeedsWeeds

InsectsInsects

AnimalsAnimals Economic losses total billions Economic losses total billions

of dollars each yearof dollars each year

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Pest Control in Field CropsPest Control in Field Crops

Three main categories of losses:Three main categories of losses:

Reduced yieldsReduced yields

Reduced qualityReduced quality

SpoilageSpoilage Methods of controlling pests in field crops:Methods of controlling pests in field crops:

Mechanical pest controlMechanical pest control Genetic controlGenetic control

Cultural pest controlCultural pest control Chemical controlChemical control

Biological pest controlBiological pest control

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Mechanical Pest ControlMechanical Pest Control

Anything that affects the environment of Anything that affects the environment of the pest or the pest itselfthe pest or the pest itself

Cultivation is the normal mechanical Cultivation is the normal mechanical control of weedscontrol of weeds

Other types include:Other types include:Pulling or mowing weedsPulling or mowing weeds

Use of screens, barriers, traps, and Use of screens, barriers, traps, and electricityelectricity

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Cultural ControlCultural Control

Adapting farming practices to control pestsAdapting farming practices to control pests Includes:Includes:

Timing farming operations to eliminate Timing farming operations to eliminate pestspests

Rotating cropsRotating crops

Planting resistant varietiesPlanting resistant varieties

Planting trap crops that are more attractive Planting trap crops that are more attractive to to insects than is the primary cropinsects than is the primary crop

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Biological ControlBiological Control

Involves the use of predators or diseases as Involves the use of predators or diseases as the control mechanismsthe control mechanisms

Examples:Examples:Release of sterile male insectsRelease of sterile male insects

Uses of baits and repellentsUses of baits and repellents Important that the control be specific to the Important that the control be specific to the

intended pestintended pest

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Genetic ControlGenetic Control

Development of varieties of crops that are Development of varieties of crops that are resistant to pestsresistant to pests

May involve making the crop less attractive May involve making the crop less attractive to pest because of:to pest because of:

TasteTaste

ShapeShape

Blooming timeBlooming time

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Chemical ControlChemical Control

Involves the use of pesticides to control pestsInvolves the use of pesticides to control pests Excellent management practices must be Excellent management practices must be

exercisedexercised Care in pest identification and selection of Care in pest identification and selection of

the chemical are importantthe chemical are important Dosage, runoff, and pesticide residues need Dosage, runoff, and pesticide residues need

to be monitored to be monitored

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Harvesting and Storing Field Crops


Harvesting at proper Harvesting at proper stage of maturity is a stage of maturity is a key to maximizing key to maximizing profitsprofits

Culmination of a Culmination of a growing season of growing season of work and anticipation work and anticipation of the rewards of a job of the rewards of a job well donewell done

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Development of mechanical harvesting Development of mechanical harvesting equipmentequipment

Primary harvesting machine is the combine Primary harvesting machine is the combine which performs the tasks of:which performs the tasks of:

Cutting the cropCutting the crop

Threshing the cropThreshing the crop

Separating crop from debrisSeparating crop from debris

Cleaning the cropCleaning the crop

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Threats to quality of stored crops include:Threats to quality of stored crops include:HeatHeat

MoistureMoisture

FungiFungi

InsectsInsects

RodentsRodents Production of field crops generates more income for Production of field crops generates more income for

American agriculturists than any other production American agriculturists than any other production enterpriseenterprise

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