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GENOCIDE

Genocide: An attempt to eliminate, in whole or in large part, a particular group of people (such as national, ethnic, racial, religious, social, or political groups).

Mass Murder: The intentional killing of a large number of people who are either unwilling or unable to defend themselves.

Ethnic Cleansing: The attempt to remove a particular group of people from a particular geographic area through the use of terror.

Discrimination: Positive or negative behavior toward a particular group

• rules or laws directed against a group or its members; • or practices that subordinate people of a particular group. • positive behaviors, policies and practices that systematically

advantage one group over another.

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GENOCIDE

Nazis: (1933-1945)

Jews, Gypsies, gays & lesbians, communists, mentally ill

KILLED: @11 MILLION

Turks: Armenians in WWI (1914-1918)

KILLED:@2 MILLION

MASS MURDER

Slave Trade

(U.S. & many W. European countries):

@1600-1850

KILLED:@20 MILLION

Turks

Armenians, 1890s

KILLED 300-400,000

ETHNIC CLEANSING

U.S. & Native Americans

Pop. of NAs reduced from about 2million to 500,000 over 300 years. -- mass murder -- starvation -- war -- forced removals -- disease

Yugoslavia Serbs in Bosnia (1980s,1990s) -- terror, expulsion, and thousands found in mass graves

DISCRIMINATION

History of many non-Northern European groups in U.S.

-- Irish, Italians, eastern Europeans, Jews, African-Americans, Latinos, Asians, etc.

Women around the world

Hindu Caste system

examples of genocide, mass murder, ethnic cleansing and discrimination

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Discrimination

EthnicCleansing

Geno-cide

Mass murder

1. Genocide is a type of ethnic cleansing, mass murder, and discrim.

2. Ethnic cleansing is a type of discrimination.

3. Mass murder can be used for genocide and ethnic cleansing, but can also occur for reasons other than genocide, ethnic cleansing, and discrimination.

4. There are many types of discrimination that have nothing to do with genocide, ethnic cleansing, or mass murder.

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Relationships between Democide, Mass Murder, and Genocide

All genocides are democides.

Most mass murder is democide.

Some mass murder is genocide, but some is not.

Democide

mass murder

Genocide

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Mass Murder and Genocide in the 20th Centuryfrom R. J. Rummel, http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills

TOTALITARIAN REGIMES

USSR, 1917-1987 62,000,000

Chinese Communists, 1923-1987 39,000,000

Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 21,000,000

AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES

Chinese Nationalists, 1928-1949 10,000,000

Japan, 1936-1945 6,000,000

Turkey, 1909-1923 2,600,000

Cambodia, 1975-1980 2,000,000

Note: These numbers are best guesstimates. In most cases, because of denials, secrecy, and coverups, it is impossible to know the exact number with precision.

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Mass Killing is common in Africa

Congo

4 million deaths since 1998, prompted by endless fighting between armed gangs/warlords.

Sudan (Darfur)

800,000 dead since 2002, in tribal/religious warfare/genocide

Uganda

Idi Amin (dictator) killed 400,000 of his own people in the 1970s and 1980s. (Last King of Scotland)

Since 2002, another 100,000 dead from rebellion in North.

Nigerian Civil War (1970s)

400,000 dead

Rwanda (1990s)

800,000 dead (about half from gov’t-sponsored genocide)

(Hotel Rwanda)

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Civilian Death Tolls by Democracies vs. Totalitarian/Authoritarian Regimes in WWII

Numbers Approximate

Civilian Dead Resulting from Civilian Dead Resulting from

Allied invasion&bombing of Germany

German Invasion, mass murder: Total German civilian dead:

@21 million @2 million

Allied bombing (including nuclear) of Japanese cities

Japanese Invasion, mass murder: Total Japanese civilian dead:

@20 million @600,000

Sources: R. J. Rummel, http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills

Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_deaths_and_atrocities_of_the_twentieth_century

J.V. O’Brien, http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html

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Civilian Deaths in the Modern Middle East, since 1975

Authoritarian Regimes:

Ethiopia: 800,000 (“class enemies,” Eritrean war)

Iraq: 100,000 (Kurds, Shi’ites, Kuwaitis)

Iran: 60,000 (Kurds, Bahai, Monarchists)

Sudan: 2,000,000 (Darfur, Africans, Christians)

Syria: 21,000 Kurds, Sunnis

Democracy:

Israel: @15,000 (Palestinians, Lebanese)

Sources: http://genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/genpolmmchart.htm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3694350.stm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War#Casualties

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Civilian Deaths by Authoritarian Regimes vs. Democracies

llustrates two key points:

1. War pushes democracies in an authoritarian direction

• democracies kill civilians mostly during wars

• willingness to cause and justify civilian deaths

2. Democracies almost never commit mass murder of their own people, whereas authoritarian and totalitarian regimes frequently do so.

WWII

Modern

Middle East

Authoritarian/Totalitarian

Regimes

35 million 3 million

Democracies 2.5-3 million @15,000